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31 results for “plant functional types”
Block summaries of biomass, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus allocation among tissue types, species, and plant functional types from Arctic LTER 1981 Moist Acidic Tussock (MAT81) long-term experiment harvests: 2000 and 2015, Toolik Lake Field Station, Alaska.
A complete accounting of biomass, C, N, and P allocation both among tissue types (leaves, stems, rhizomes, roots) and among species and plant functional types from Arctic LTER 1981 Moist Acidic Tussock (MAT81) long-term experiment’s untreated control plots and plots that were fertilized annually, harvested after 20 and 35 years, near Toolik Lake Field Station, Alaska. Data are gram per meter squared summarized by block.
New woody plant functional types and parameters for the SAVANNA ecosystem model
<p>New woody plant functional types (PFTs) are defined and parameterised for use in the SAVANNA ecosystem model (Coughenour, 1992, 1993). Supplementary material used in creating the PFTs and parameters are included. Details of the methods are available from the authors on request. The new woody PFTS are defined in terms of growth form, leaf size and defences in relation to large mammal herbivores.</p> <p>1. shrub types are <4 m (Zizka et al., 2014),</p> <p>2. fine-leaf types have bipinnate leaves with leptophyllous- or nanophyllous-sized leaflets (<225 mm2) according to Raunkaier’s leaf size classes (Fuller and Bakke, 1918) given that leaflets of compound leaves are separate morphological units analogous to simple leaves (Milla, 2012; Mo et al., 2022),</p> <p>3. high chemical defence investment (CDI) types have either nitrogen:acid detergent fibre (N:ADF) <0.10 (Wallis et al., 2012) or condensed tannin (CT) >5% (Cooper and Owen-Smith, 1985) when expressed in sorghum tannin or leucocyanidin equivalents as determined by the acid-butanol assay,</p> <p>4. all types, except fine_highcdi and fine_lowcdi, have the square-root of Charles-Dominique et al.'s (2017) "investment in structural defence" (ISD) < 13.</p>
Impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the taxonomic and functional diversity of forest plants in a mediterranean-type biodiversity hotspot
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Aim</strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Diversity-rich mediterranean-type sclerophyllous forests are home to 20% of described species on Earth. In the <em>Eucalyptus marginata</em> (jarrah) forest of southwest of Western Australia diversity is being reduced by extensive human use and the introduction of the plant pathogen <em>Phytophthora cinnamomi</em>. This study investigated the influence of <em>P. cinnamomi </em>infestation on the structure, taxonomic and functional diversity, and species composition of the forest.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Location</strong>: Jarrah forest of southwestern Australia</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Species<strong> </strong>abundance, understorey cover and canopy cover were assessed along 22, 30-m long transects which crossed infested and non-infested zones in five reserves in the jarrah forest. A trait database was assembled for 137 plants using 13 traits related to nutrient- and carbon acquisition, disturbance tolerance and reproduction. The responses of canopy cover, understorey cover, species richness, Shannon diversity, evenness, abundance, and functional diversity for trait groups, and all groups combined were modelled against reserve and zone as fixed effects and transect and transect section as random effects. To assess the species composition, NMDS ordination based on Bray Curtis resemblance and indicator species analyses were used.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Results</strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Significantly higher understorey cover, species richness, Shannon diversity and evenness were recorded in non-infested compared to infested zones, but there were no changes in the canopy cover and overall abundance. In non-infested zones, the functional diversity of nutrient acquisition and reproductive traits was higher, but the functional diversity of carbon acquisition traits was lower. No difference in functional diversity was recorded in disturbance tolerance and overall traits between the two zones. NMDS ordination and ANOSIM revealed a significant difference in the species composition between the two zones, and 11 indicator species significantly associated with infested and non-infested zones were identified.<strong> </strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><em>Phytophthora cinnamomi</em> has significantly affected the forest structure, taxonomic and functional diversity, and species composition. Contrasting responses of functional trait groups obscured overall trait responses to <em>P. cinnamomi.</em></p>
Derivation of plant functional type (PFT) maps from the ESA CCI Land Cover product
<p><em>This package supplements the following paper submitted to ESSD: <strong>Gross and net land cover changes of the main plant functional types derived from the annual ESA CCI land cover maps (1992-2015).</strong></em></p> <p><em>Li, W., MacBean, N., Ciais, P., Defourny, P., Lamarche, C., Bontemps, S., Houghton, R. A. and Peng, S.: Gross and net land cover changes based on plant functional types derived from the annual ESA CCI land cover maps, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 1–23, doi:10.5194/essd-2017-74, 2017.</em></p> <p><em>This package contains the protocol of converting the original annual ESA CCI Land Cover product into plant functional types (PFTs) that can be used by land surface models and the corresponding cross-walking table.</em></p> <p><em>The original ESA LC class data and translated PFTs in 2000 as an example are attached in the .zip file. The annual ESA CCI PFT maps from 1992 to 2015 at half degree resolution are also added in a .zip file.</em></p>
Impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the taxonomic and functional diversity of forest plants in a mediterranean-type biodiversity hotspot
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Plant % cover by functional type for the ITEX CO2 flux survey plots at Toolik, Alaska; Abisko, Sweden; Svalbard, Norway; Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland; Anaktuvuk River Burn, Alaska and Barrow, Alaska 2003-2009.
Estimated aerial plant % cover by functional type in flux plots measured during the ITEX cirumarctic flux survey 2004-2006. Survey plots were located in the Toolik Lake LTER fertilization experiment in Alaska; at Imnavait Creek, Alaska; at Paddus, Latnjajaure and the Stepps site near Abisko in northern Sweden; at various sites in Adventdalen, Svalbard; in the Zackenberg valley, Northeast Greenland; at BEO near Barrow, Alaska and at the Anaktuvuk River Burn in Alaska. Measurements were made during the growing seasons 2003 to 2009.
Data from: Trait-based formal definition of plant functional types and functional communities in the multi-species and multi-traits context
<p>The concepts of traits, plant functional types (PFT), and functional communities are effective tools for the study of complex phenomena such as plant community assembly. Here, we (1) suggest a procedure formalising the classification of response traits to construct a PFT system; (2) integrate the PFT, and species compositional data to formally define functional communities; and, (3) identify environmental drivers that underpin the functional-community patterns.A species–trait data set featuring species pooled from two study sites (Eneabba and Cooljarloo, Western Australia), both supporting kwongan vegetation (sclerophyllous scrub and woodland communities), was subjected to classification to define PFTs. Species of both study sites were replaced with the newly derived PFTs and projected cover abundance-weighted means calculated for every plot. Functional communities were defined by classifications of the abundance-weighted PFT data in the respective sites. Distance-based redundancy analysis (using the abundance-weighted community and environmental data) was used to infer drivers of the functional community patterns for each site.A classification based on trait data assisted in reducing trait-space complexity in the studied vegetation and revealed 26 PFTs shared across the study sites. In total, seven functional communities were identified. We demonstrate a putative functional-community pattern-driving effect of soil-texture (clay—sand) gradients at Eneabba (42% of the total inertia explained) and that of water repellence at Cooljarloo (36%). Synthesis. This paper presents a procedure formalising the classification of multiple response traits leading to the delineation of PFTs and functional communities. This step captures plant responses to stresses and disturbance characteristic of kwongan vegetation, including low nutrient status, water stress, and fire (a landscape-level disturbance factor). Our study is the first to introduce a formal procedure assisting their formal recognition. Our results support the role of short-term abiotic drivers structuring the formation of fine-scale functional community patterns in a complex, species-rich vegetation of Western Australia.</p>
Data from: Biogenic silica accumulation varies across tussock tundra plant functional type
1. Silica (SiO2) accumulation by terrestrial vegetation is an important component of the biological silica cycle because it improves overall plant fitness and influences export rates of silica from terrestrial to marine systems. However, most research on silica in plants has focused on agricultural and forested ecosystems, and knowledge of terrestrial silica cycling in the Arctic, as well as the potential impacts of climate change on the silica cycle is severely lacking. 2. We quantified biogenic silica (BSi) accumulation in above and belowground portions of three moist acidic tundra (MAT) sites spanning a 300 km latitudinal gradient in central and northern Alaska, USA. We also examined plant silica accumulation across three main tundra types found in the Arctic (MAT, moist non-acidic tundra (MNT), and wet sedge tundra (WST)). 3. BSi concentrations in live Eriophorum vaginatum, a tussock-forming sedge that is the foundation species of tussock tundra, were not significantly (p<0.05) different across the three main sites. Concentrations of BSi in live aboveground tissue were highest in the graminoid species (0.55 ± 0.07 % BSi in sedges from WST, and 0.27 ± 0.01% in E. vaginatum across the three MAT sites). Both inter-tussock tundra species and shrubs contained substantially lower BSi concentrations than E. vaginatum. 4. Our results have implications for how shifts in vegetation cover associated with climatic warming may alter silica storage in tussock tundra vegetation. Our calculations suggest that shrub expansion via warming will increase BSi storage in Arctic land plants due to the higher biomass associated with shrub tundra, whereas conversion of tussock tundra to WST via permafrost thaw would produce the opposite effect in the terrestrial plant BSi pool. Such changes in the size of the terrestrial vegetation silica reservoir could have direct consequences for the rates and timing of silica delivery to receiving waters in the Arctic.
Datasets for "Peatland evaporation across hemispheres: contrasting controls and sensitivity to climate warming driven by plant functional types" - Version 2
<p>Version 2 of datasets used for analyses in the paper titled "Peatland evaporation across hemispheres: contrasting controls and sensitivity to climate warming driven by plant functional types" submitted to Biogeosciences. There are two datasets - one from Kopuatai bog, Aotearoa New Zealand, and one from Mer Bleue bog, Canada - which contain gap-filled and filtered data that were used to produce the results of our study.</p> <p>Due to improvements made to our methodology following the paper peer review process, the data in this version slightly differs from that of the previous version. Information on these revisions can be found in the README file below or the Discussion/Peer Review tab of our paper.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Tables S1 and S2. Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, and Function of Plant Falcarin-type Polyactylenic Lipids
<p>Table S1. Compounds and structures used to generate structural similarity network in Figure 2.</p> <p>Table S2. List of functional FAD2s used to generate Figures 4 and 5.</p>
Data from: Grassland type and seasonal effects have a bigger influence on plant functional and taxonomical diversity than prairie dog disturbances in semi-arid grasslands
<p>Prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.) are considered keystone species and ecosystem engineers for their grazing and burrowing activities (summarized here as disturbances). As climate changes and its variability increases, the mechanisms underlying organisms' interactions with their habitat will likely shift. Understanding the mediating role of prairie dog disturbance on vegetation structure, and its interaction with environmental conditions through time, will increase knowledge on the risks and vulnerability of grasslands. Here, we compared how plant taxonomical diversity, functional diversity metrics and community-weighted trait means (CWM) respond to prairie dog C. mexicanus disturbance across grassland types and seasons (dry and wet) in a priority conservation semiarid grassland of Northeast Mexico. Our findings suggest that functional metrics and CWM analyses responded to interactions between prairie dog disturbance, grassland type and season, whilst species diversity and cover measures were less sensitive to the role of prairie dog disturbance. We found weak evidence that prairie dog disturbance has a negative effect on vegetation structure, except for minimal effects on C4 and graminoid cover, but which depended mainly on season. Grassland type and season explained most of the effects on plant functional and taxonomic diversity as well as CWM traits. Furthermore, we found that leaf area as well as forb and annual cover increased during the wet season, independent of prairie dog disturbance. Our results provide evidence that grassland type and season have a stronger effect than prairie dog disturbance on the vegetation of this short-grass, water restricted grassland ecosystem. We argue that focusing solely on disturbance and grazing effects is misleading, and attention is needed on the relationships between vegetation and environmental conditions which will be critical to understand semi-arid grassland dynamics under future climate change conditions in the region. </p>
Estimating global GPP from the plant functional type perspective using a machine learning approach
<p><span>The long-term monitoring of gross primary production (GPP) is crucial to the assessment of the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, a well-known machine learning model (Random Forest, RF) is established to reconstruct the global GPP dataset named ECGC_GPP. The model distinguished nine functional plant types, including C3 and C4 crops, using eddy fluxes, meteorological variables, and leaf area index as training data of the RF model. Based on ERA5_Land and the corrected GEOV2 data, the global monthly GPP dataset at a 0.05-degree resolution from 1999 to 2019 was estimated. The results showed that the RF model could explain 74.81% of the monthly variation of GPP in the testing dataset, of which the average contribution of Leaf Area Index (LAI) reached 41.73%. The average annual and standard deviation of GPP during 1999–2019 were 117.14 ± 1.51 Pg C yr<sup>-1</sup>, with an upward trend of 0.21 Pg C yr<sup>-2</sup> (<em>p</em> < 0.01). By using the plant functional type classification, the underestimation of cropland is improved. Therefore, ECGC_GPP provides reasonable global spatial patterns and long-term trends of annual GPP.</span></p>
Data from: Biogenic silica accumulation varies across tussock tundra plant functional type
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Data from: Trait-based formal definition of plant functional types and functional communities in the multi-species and multi-traits context
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Estimating global GPP from the plant functional type perspective using a machine learning approach
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Data from: Grassland type and seasonal effects have a bigger influence on plant functional and taxonomical diversity than prairie dog disturbances in semi-arid grasslands
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Data from: Above and belowground responses of four tundra plant functional types to deep soil heating and surface soil fertilization
1.Climate warming is faster in the Arctic than the global average. Nutrient availability in the tundra soil is expected to increase by climate warming through 1) accelerated nutrient mobilization in the surface soil layers, and 2) increased thawing depths during the growing season which increases accessibility of nutrients in the deeper soil layers. Both processes may initiate shifts in tundra vegetation composition. It is important to understand the effects of these two processes on tundra plant functional types. 2.We manipulated soil thawing depth and nutrient availability at a Northeast-Siberian tundra site to investigate their effects on above and belowground responses of four plant functional types (grasses, sedges, deciduous shrubs and evergreen shrubs). Seasonal thawing was accelerated with heating cables at ~15 cm depth without warming the surface soil, whereas nutrient availability was increased in the surface soil by adding slow-release NPK fertilizer at ~5 cm depth. A combination of these two treatments was also included. This is the first field experiment specifically investigating the effects of accelerated thawing in tundra ecosystems. 3.Deep soil heating increased the aboveground biomass of sedges, the deepest-rooted plant functional type in our study, but did not affect biomass of the other plant functional types. In contrast, fertilization increased aboveground biomass of the two dwarf shrub functional types, which both had very shallow root systems. Grasses showed the strongest response to fertilization, both above and belowground. Grasses were deep-rooted, and they showed the highest plasticity in terms of vertical root distribution, as grass root distribution shifted to deep and surface soil in response to deep soil heating and surface soil fertilization, respectively. 4.Synthesis - Our results indicate that increased thawing depth can only benefit deep-rooted sedges, while the shallow-rooted dwarf shrubs as well as flexible-rooted grasses take advantage of increased nutrient availability in the upper soil layers. Our results suggest that grasses have the highest root plasticity, which enables them to be more competitive in rapidly changing environments. We conclude that root vertical distribution strategies are important for vegetation responses to climate-induced increases in soil nutrient availability in Arctic tundra, and that future shifts in vegetation composition will depend on the balance between changes in thawing depth and nutrient availability in the surface soil.
Data from: Plant functional types broadly describe water use strategies in the Caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest in northeast Brazil
<ol> <li><span>In seasonally dry tropical forests, plant functional type can be classified as deciduous low wood density, deciduous high wood density, or evergreen high wood density species. While deciduousness is often associated with drought-avoidance and low wood density is often associated with tissue water storage, the degree to which these functional types may correspond to diverging and unique water use strategies has not been extensively tested. </span></li> <li><span>We examined (1) tolerance to water stress, measured by pre-dawn and mid-day leaf water potential; (2) water use efficiency, measured via foliar δ<sup>13</sup>C; and (3) access to soil water,<i> </i>measured via stem water δ<sup>18</sup>O.</span></li> <li><span>We found that deciduous low wood density species maintain high leaf water potential and low water use efficiency. Deciduous high wood density species have lower leaf water potential and variable water use efficiency. Both groups rely on shallow soil water. Evergreen high wood density species have low<i> </i>leaf water potential, higher water use efficiency, and access alternative water sources. These findings indicate that deciduous low wood density species are drought avoiders, with a specialized strategy for storing root and stem water. Deciduous high wood density species are moderately drought tolerant, and evergreen high wood density species are the most drought tolerant group. </span></li> <li><span><i>Synthesis. </i>Our results broadly support the plant functional type framework as a way to understand water use strategies, but also highlight species-level differences. </span></li> </ol>
Functional diversity response to geographic and experimental precipitation gradients varies with plant community type
<p><span>Precipitation is a primary determinant of plant community structure in drylands. However, the empirical evidence and predictions are lacking for how plant functional diversity in desert and steppe communities respond to altered precipitation regimes. </span></p> <p><span>We examined how precipitation changes along the natural and experimental gradients affect different components of functional diversity in desert-shrub and steppe-grass communities. We compared the associations of precipitation changes with community-weighted means (CWM) of six traits, functional divergence (FDvar) of each single-trait, and multi-trait functional richness (FRic) and dispersion (FDis) for shrub and grass communities along the natural and experimental gradients. We also disentangle the roles of species turnover and intraspecific variations in affecting the responses of different functional diversity to precipitation changes. </span></p> <p><span>We found that in general, the similar responses of functional traits or diversity to both the natural and experimental precipitation gradient were dependent on plant community type. Across both two gradients, precipitation was positively associated with CWM of plant height and negatively associated with the CWM of specific leaf area and leaf thickness in grass community, while positively associated with FDvar of four traits and FDis in shrub communities. Both species turnover and intraspecific variations contributed to the responses of grass community traits to precipitation changes across both two gradients, and to functional divergence of traits and FDis in shrub community along the natural gradient. In contrast, species turnover variations contributed to functional divergence of traits and FDis in shrub community in experiment. </span></p> <p><span>These results suggest that there is better concordance between the effects of naturally and experimentally increased precipitation on functional diversity of plant communities, but different mechanisms behind the relationship of functional diversity-precipitation between shrub and grass communities. Grass communities can adapt to precipitation changes by average trait differences, while shrub communities persist through the functional divergence of single-trait and multi-trait dispersion, thus highlighting the important differences in adaptive strategies between shrub and grass communities. Our findings demonstrate that the short-term responses of plant communities to manipulative precipitation changes can reflect long-term shifts at spatial scales depending on the specific functional trait and diversity.</span></p>
Data from: Carbon versus nitrogen release from root and leaf litter are modulated by litter position and plant functional type
<p><span>Litters of leaves and roots of different qualities occur naturally above- and belowground, respectively, where they decompose in contrasting </span><span>abiotic and biotic</span><span> environments. Therefore, ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics can be strongly affected by the combination of </span><span>litter </span><span>position and quality. However, it is poorly understood how C versus N turnover of litters depends on the interplay among plant functional type (PFT), organs, traits, and litter position. </span></p> <p><span>In a semi-arid inland dune, soil surface and buried leaf litters and buried fine roots of 25 species across three PFTs (herbs, legume shrubs, and non-legume shrubs) were incubated for 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months to investigate litter decomposition and C and N dynamics. Morphological and chemical (nutrient and </span><span>NMR carbon)</span><span> traits of initial litters of leaves and fine roots were determined.</span></p> <p><span>The litter decomposition rates (k values) of surface leaves and buried fine roots did not differ, but buried fine roots and buried leaf litter decomposed faster than surface leaf litter. </span><span>Ratios of <em>k</em> values of surface leaves to buried leaves decreased with the leaf C:N ratio. </span><span>Herbs and legume shrubs decomposed faster than non-legume shrubs for buried fine roots, but not for leaves. </span><span>At given C loss, buried fine roots had higher N loss than leaf litters;</span><span> legume shrubs with relatively higher N or lower C:N ratio had higher N loss than non-legume shrubs.</span><span> Stronger positive relationships between C and N losses were shown in leaves and legume shrubs than in fine roots and non-legume shrubs, respectively.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Synthesis</strong>: The generality of faster N release of legume litters at a given C release highlights the importance of legumes in N cycling in semi-arid ecosystems where N is the limiting factor. The dynamics and coordination of C versus N release as a function of litter quality are modulated by litter position and PFT. These findings have important implications for the development of process-based models on C and N cycles in the context of ongoing global change potentially altering the functional composition of plant communities and the relative quantities and qualities of aboveground versus belowground litter.</span></p>
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