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9 results for “plant indirect defense”
Root mutualistic fungi tailor the induction of direct and indirect antiherbivore defense strategies to enhance plant resistance
<p>GCMS raw data in netCDF format for the manuscript "Root mutualistic fungi tailor the induction of direct and indirect antiherbivore defense strategies to enhance plant resistance" </p> <p>Mutualistic microbes can trigger plant defenses against herbivores. Little is known about how microbes orchestrate multiple induced defense strategies that may trade-off against each other. We investigated how two root mutualistic fungi trigger simultaneously direct and indirect antiherbivore-defenses, and the regulatory mechanisms involved</p>
Trichoderma atroviride P1 Colonization of Tomato Plants Enhances Both Direct and Indirect Defense Barriers Against Insects
<p><strong>FIGURE 1</strong> </p> <p>Survival rate of <em>S. littoralis</em> larvae, from 3rd instar (time 0) to pupation, reared on tomato leaves obtained from plants treated with <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em> P1 or untreated control plants. Asterisk indicates that the two survival curves are significantly different (LogRank test, <em>P</em> = 0.0027).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>FIGURE 3</strong> </p> <p>Survival of <em>Macrosiphum euphorbiae</em> reared on tomato plants treated with <em>T. atroviride</em> P1 or untreated control plants. Asterisk indicates that the two survival curves are significantly different (LogRank test, <em>P</em> = 0.0012).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>FIGURE 4</strong> </p> <p>Flight behavior of <em>Aphidius ervi</em> females (%) toward tomato plants inoculated with <em>T. atroviride</em> P1 and untreated controls. Asterisk indicates a significant difference, assigned by <em>G</em> test for independence (<em>P</em> < 0.001).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>TABLE 1</strong></p> <p>GC-MS detection of VOCs released by tomato plants obtained from seeds untreated (Control) and treated with <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em> strain P1.</p> <p> </p>
A non-vector herbivore indirectly increases the transmission of a vector-borne virus by reducing plant chemical defenses
<ol> <li><span><span>Vectors and viruses </span><span><span>exist</span></span><span> in communities consisting of many interacting species. Although the cascading effects of predators or parasitoids on disease spread via direct effects on vectors have been investigated, little is known about the effects of other free-living species in communities on the transmission of vector-borne viruses via </span><span><span>indirect (host-plant mediated) effects</span></span><span> on vectors.</span></span></li> <li><span><span>In the present study, we used a food web consisting of tomato plants (</span><i><span>Solanum lycopersicum</span></i><span>), two tomato herbivores (the vector whitefly,</span><i><span> Bemisia tabaci</span></i><span>, and the non-vector two-spotted spider mite, </span><i><span>Tetranychus urticae</span></i><span>), and a whitefly-vectored plant virus (</span><i><span>Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</span></i><span>, TYLCV) to study how </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span> may affect TYLCV transmission by </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i><span> via </span><span><span>host-plant</span></span><span> </span><span><span>mediated effects</span></span><span><span> on </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i></span><span>.</span></span></li> <li><span><span>We found that </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span> infestation promoted </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i><span> feeding and thereby increased TYLCV transmission to tomato plants. These increases were </span><span><span>associated with</span></span><span> </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span>-induced reductions in two flavonoids (rutin and quercetin trisaccharide) of tomato plants. Elevation of rutin and quercetin trisaccharide levels in </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span>-infested plants via exogenous stem applications reduced </span><i><span>B. tabaci</span></i><span> feeding and TYLCV transmission. Therefore, suppression of these flavonoids by </span><i><span>T. urticae</span></i><span> infestation was </span><span><span>the most likely explanation for the observed changes in </span></span><i><span><span>B. tabaci</span></span></i><span><span> feeding behavior and TYLCV transmission</span></span><span>.</span></span></li> <li> <span>Our results show that by reducing flavonoids in tomato plants, a non-vector herbivore can indirectly increase the transmission of a vector-borne plant virus. These findings indicate that species that are far removed from the direct vector–virus interactions can indirectly affect vector–borne virus transmission by altering the </span><span><span>chemical defenses</span></span><span> of the shared host plant.</span> </li> </ol>
A non-vector herbivore indirectly increases the transmission of a vector-borne virus by reducing plant chemical defenses
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Tomato Plants Treated with Systemin Peptide Show Enhanced Levels of Direct and Indirect Defense Associated with Increased Expression of Defense-Related Genes
<p>Numerical data that underlies tables, graphs and statistics of the Plants article from Coppola et al., 2019: "Tomato Plants Treated with Systemin Peptide Show Enhanced Levels of Direct and Indirect Defense Associated with Increased Expression of Defense-Related Genes".</p>
Data from: Root inoculation with beneficial soil microbes enhances indirect plant defenses induced by insect feeding and egg deposition
<p>Plants can respond to insect egg deposition by emitting oviposition-induced plant volatiles (OIPVs) recruiting parasitoids. The recruitment of carnivore insects in response to egg deposition is considered an indirect defense strategy that is widespread in the plant kingdom. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence showing that microbial colonization can influence the strength of plant responses to insect herbivory, yet no information is available on how beneficial microbes modulate indirect defenses induced by insect egg deposition. In this work, we evaluated the effects of inoculation with the beneficial soil fungus <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> strain T22 on a tritrophic system consisting of tomato, the southern green stink bug <em>Nezara viridula</em> and its associated egg parasitoid <em>Trissolcus basalis</em>. We used Y-tube olfactometer assays to evaluate the behavioral responses of the parasitoids to OIPVs emitted by plants colonized with beneficial soil microbes. We also used gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate how root inoculation with <em>T. harzianum</em> T22 affects the chemical composition of induced plant volatiles. 3. In olfactometer assays, we found that root inoculation with <em>T.</em> <em>harzianum</em> T22 enhanced the attraction of the egg parasitoid towards tomato plants induced by <em>N. viridula</em> feeding and oviposition activities. In particular, the egg parasitoid preferred OIPVs emitted by tomato plants previously inoculated with <em>T. harzianum</em> T22 over OIPVs emitted by non-inoculated plants. Furthermore, chemical analysis showed that root inoculation with <em>T. harzianum</em> T22 resulted in changes in the composition of OIPVs, which was consistent with the behavioral observations. Among the compounds that strongly contribute to the chemical differences between OIPVs from non-inoculated and inoculated plants, chemical analysis identified green leaf volatiles ((Z)-3-hepten-1-ol, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal), along with terpenoids (terpinen 4-ol, α-tujene and δ-elemene). 4. Taken together our results indicate that beneficial soil microbes enhance indirect plant defenses induced by feeding and oviposition, broadening our understanding of plant responses to insect eggs. Our results underscore the importance of taking into account the role of microorganisms to fully comprehend the intricate interactions among plants, herbivore eggs and their associated egg parasitoids.</p>
Data from: Root inoculation with beneficial soil microbes enhances indirect plant defenses induced by insect feeding and egg deposition
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Data from: Combined effects of mutualistic rhizobacteria counteract virus-induced suppression of indirect plant defenses in soybean
It is increasingly clear that microbial plant symbionts can influence interactions between their plant hosts and other organisms. Yet, such effects remain poorly understood, particularly under ecologically realistic conditions where plants simultaneously interact with diverse mutualists and antagonists. Here we examine how the effects of a plant virus on indirect plant defenses against its insect vector are influenced by co-occurrence of other microbial plant symbionts. Using a multi-factorial design, we manipulated colonization of soybean using three different microbes: a pathogenic plant virus (Bean pod mottle virus [BPMV]), a nodule-forming beneficial rhizobacterium (Bradyrhizobium japonicum), and a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) (Delftia acidovorans). We then assessed recruitment of parasitoids (Pediobious foveolatus [Eulophidae]) and parasitism rates following feeding by the BPMV vector Epilachna varivestis (Coccinellidae). BPMV infection suppressed parasitoid recruitment, prolonged parasitoid foraging time, and reduced parasitism rates in semi-natural foraging assays. However, simultaneous colonization of BPMV-infected hosts by both rhizobacteria restored parasitoid recruitment and rates of parasitism to levels similar to uninfected controls. Co-colonization by the two rhizobacteria also enhanced parasitoid recruitment in the absence of BPMV infection. These results illustrate the potential of plant-associated microbes to influence indirect plant defenses, with implications for disease transmission and herbivory, but also highlight the potential complexity of such interactions.
Data from: Combined effects of mutualistic rhizobacteria counteract virus-induced suppression of indirect plant defenses in soybean
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