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93 results for “plant volatiles”
Data of emission of floral volatiles and damage induced emissions of plants
<p>The file Emissiondata_plants_GCIMS contains a broad data set on the emissions of plant volatile organic compounds from different taxa. This allows cross species comparison of recorded emission pattern. Furthermore, distribution of identified (or unidentified) compounds can be traced for diferent species. </p> <p>All measurements were conducted performed with a mobile ppq-tec-GC-IMS (ION-GAS GmbH, Dortmund, Germany) based on hardware provided by STEP GmbH (Pockau-Lengefeld, Germany). GC pre-separation was performed under isothermal conditions (80°C) for 1500 s on a MXT-200 capillary column (30 m x 0.53 mm, 1.5 µm coating) with a carrier gas flow (filtered air from internal gas circuit) of 21 mL min<sup>-1</sup>. Ionization of pVOCs for mobility separation was performed using a tritium source of β-radiation (100 MBq). Mobility separation and subsequent detection were performed with a drift-tube IMS (drift length of 5.61 cm) at 70 °C and at a field strength of 300 V cm<sup>-1</sup>.</p> <p> </p> <p>The dataset contains 14 Variables and a total of 1866 observations (status: 10/06/2023, Version 1.0.0)</p> <p>4 variables describe the plant material. This includes the variables Species, Genus, Family and Order </p> <p>4 variables describe the sampled species. This includes plant part (flower or leaves), plant status (damaged or undamaged), the sample location and the Accession (only if the sample was provided by the Bonn University Botanical Gardens)</p> <p>6 variables describe the recorded emission patterns. Compound refers to the substance (unidentified compounds are abbreviated with UNK-n), retention time and relative ion mobility (parameters that allow cross species comparison and identification of substances), signal type (for some substances, ion clusters can be observed at higher concentrations. signal type refers to these ion clusters), and signal intensity (semi-quantitative measure for the abundance of a substance) and relative abundance (rel_abund; proportional contribution of a substance within a species, where the strogest signal is 1). </p> <p> </p> <p>The reference_compounds table is added to this. This contains information on substances that have already been identified (CAS, mass weight, retention time and relative ion mobility, dimerisation). These data were collected by direct injection of pure substances into the GC-IMS used. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Root symbionts alter the volatile profile of herbivore-infested tomato plants and aid the attraction of a predator
<p>Beneficial root microbes are among the most frequently used biocontrol agents in cropping systems, since they have been shown to promote plant growth and crop yield. Moreover, they are able to enhance protection against pathogens and insect herbivores by activating plant resistance mechanisms. Plant defense responses against herbivorous insects include the induction of metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of defense-related metabolites. These metabolites include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which attract natural enemies of the herbivores as a form of indirect resistance. Considering that beneficial root microbes may affect direct herbivore resistance, we hypothesized that also indirect resistance may be affected. We tested this hypothesis in a study system composed of tomato, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus <em>Rhizophagus irregularis</em>, the growth-promoting fungus <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em>, the generalist chewing herbivore <em>Spodoptera exigua </em>and the omnivorous predator<em> Macrolophus pygmaeus</em>. Using a Y-tube olfactometer we found that <em>M. pygmaeus</em> preferred plants with <em>S. exigua </em>herbivory, but microbe-inoculated plants more than non-inoculated ones. We used a targeted GC-MS approach to assess the impact of beneficial microbes on the emission of volatiles twenty-four hours after herbivory to explain the choice of <em>M. pygmaeus</em>. We observed that the volatile composition of the herbivore-infested plants differed from that of the non-infested plants, which was driven by the higher emission of green leaf volatile compounds, methyl salicylate, and several monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Inoculation with microbes had only a marginal effect on the emission of some terpenoids in our experiment. Gene expression analysis showed that the marker genes involved in the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways were differentially expressed in the microbe-inoculated plants after herbivory. Our results pinpoint the role of root symbionts in determining plant-microbe-insect interactions up to the third trophic level, and elucidates their potential to be used in plant protection.</p>
Data from: Inter-laboratory comparison of plant volatile analyses in the light of intra-specific chemodiversity
<p>Data for: Inter-laboratory comparison of plant volatile analyses in the light of intra-specific chemodiversity</p>
Great tits (Parus major) flexibly learn that herbivore-induced plant volatiles indicate prey location – an experimental evidence with two tree species
<p>1. When searching for food, great tits (Parus major) can use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) as an indicator of arthropod presence. Their ability to detect HIPVs was shown to be learned, and not innate, yet the flexibility and generalization of learning remains unclear. 2. We studied if, and if so how, naïve and trained great tits (Parus major) discriminate between herbivore-induced and non-induced saplings of Scotch elm (Ulmus glabra) and cattley guava (Psidium cattleyanum). We chemically analysed the used plants and showed that their HIPVs differed significantly and overlapped only in a few compounds. 3. Birds trained to discriminate between herbivore-induced and non-induced saplings preferred the herbivore-induced saplings of the plant species they were trained to. Naïve birds did not show any preferences. Our results indicate that the attraction of great tits to herbivore-induced plants is not innate, rather it is a skill that can be acquired through learning, one tree species at a time. 4. We demonstrate that the ability to learn to associate HIPVs with food reward is flexible, expressed to both tested plant species, even if the plant species has not coevolved with the bird species (i.e. guava). Our results imply that the birds are not capable of generalising HIPVs among tree species but suggest that they either learn to detect individual compounds or associate whole bouquets with food rewards.</p>
Fig. 2. Linear regression models showing the relationship between Aphis citricola and Harmonia axyridis abundance. A in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles
Fig. 2. Linear regression models showing the relationship between Aphis citricola and Harmonia axyridis abundance. A: Catnip (Nepeta cataria) + French marigold (Tagetes patula), B: ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum) + French marigold, C: catnip + ageratum, and D: native vegetation.
Fig. 6 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles
Fig. 6. Typical chromatograms obtained from headspace collections of volatiles from French marigold (Tagetes patula) (B) and catnip (Nepeta cataria) (C). A, air control.
Fig. 9 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles
Fig. 9. An Aphis citricola infestation model showing the effects of aromatic plant volatiles. Solid arrows refer to positive effects. Dotted lines refer to negative effect. The thickness of the arrows indicates the magnitude of the effects. The model includes data from this study and the studies by Song et al. (2013) and Chen et al (2014).
Fig. 8 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles
Fig. 8. Response of Harmonia axyridis adults to 12.5 μL/L, 25 μL/L, and 50 μL/L 1:1 mixed D-limonene and terpinolene afer 60 min. A: No aphids; B: aphids present. The numbers of asterisks represent the level of significance: ** highly significant (P <0.01); * significant (P <0.05); n.s. no significant difference.
Fig. 5 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles
Fig. 5. Differences in the number of Harmonia axyridis adults responding to French marigold (Tagetes patula) (A) and catbip (Nepeta cataria) (B) afer 60 min. T: Apple trees + aromatic plants; CK: apple trees. Aphids removed: aphids introduced for 2 h and then removed. The numbers of asterisks represent the level of significance: * significant (P <0.05); n.s. no significant difference.
Fig. 7 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles
Fig. 7. Differences in the number Harmonia axyridis adults in response to 12.5 μL/L, 25 μL/L, and 50 μL/L D-limonene (A, B) and terpinolene (C, D) afer 60 min. A, C: No aphids;B, D: aphids present.The numbers of asterisks represent the level of significance:** highly significant (P <0.01);* significant (P <0.05);n.s. no significant difference.
Fig. 3 in Behavioral responses of Aphis citricola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to non-host plant volatiles
Fig. 3. Linear regression models showing the relationship in the ratio of Harmonia axyridis abundance to Aphis citricola abundance with sampling years. A: Catnip (Nepeta cataria) + French marigold (Tagetes patula), B: ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum) + French marigold, C: catnip + ageratum, and D: native vegetation.
Great tits (Parus major) flexibly learn that herbivore-induced plant volatiles indicate prey location – an experimental evidence with two tree species
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Data from: Spatial scale, neighbouring plants and variation in plant volatiles interactively determine the strength of host-parasitoid relationships
Species-specific responses to the environment can moderate the strength of interactions between plants, herbivores and parasitoids. However, the ways in which characteristics of plants, such as genotypic variation in herbivore induced volatiles (HIPVs) that attract parasitoids, affect trophic interactions in different contexts of plant patch size and plant neighbourhood is not well understood. We conducted a factorial field experiment with white cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) accessions that differ in the attractiveness of their HIPVs for parasitoids, in the context of different patch sizes and presence or absence of surrounding <i>Brassica nigra</i> plants. Parasitism rates of experimentally introduced <i>Pieris brassicae</i> caterpillars and the presence of naturally occurring <i>Pieris</i> spp. caterpillars in the plots were assessed throughout the growing season. The abundance of <i>Pieris</i> caterpillars was neither affected by cabbage accession nor plot size. Later in the season, when <i>B. nigra</i> plants had senesced, fewer caterpillars were found on cabbage plants in plots with a <i>B. nigra</i> border. Parasitism rates fluctuated over the season, and were not affected by plot size. However, the <i>B. nigra</i> border negatively affected parasitism rates on the accession that is less attractive to the parasitoid <i>Cotesia glomerata</i>, but not on the more attractive accession. Our results show that plant variation in HIPVs can differentially influence herbivores and parasitoids depending on characteristics of the surrounding vegetation context. These findings underscore the importance of considering the interaction between focal plant traits and neighbourhood context to reliably predict trophic cascades.
Impact of Helicoverpa zea salivary GOX on stomatal conductance and volatile emission of host plants
<p>This data set contain raw data associated with the manuscript titled "Silencing the alarm: An insect salivary enzyme closes plant stomata and inhibits volatile release". </p> <p>Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are widely recognized as ecologically important to plant. While the majority of studies focused on the induction of this "cry for help", little is known about whether insect herbivores have evolved mechanisms to reduce the release of HIPVs. Here we show that a caterpillar (<em>Helicoverpa zea</em>) salivary enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOX), commonly secreted on plant leaves causes stomatal closure and reductions in emissions of several HIPVs involved in plant defenses. We found that application of GOX to wounded regions of leaves led to reductions in stomatal conductance on tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em>) and soybean (<em>Glycine max</em>) for at least two days. The role of GOX in reducing stomatal aperture was confirmed using GOX knockout lines of <em>H. zea</em> (CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis), and microscopic observations of stomata. In addition, GOX reduced the emission of several HIPVs during feeding by <em>H. zea</em>, including (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-jasmone, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which are important air borne signals in plant defenses. Our findings highlight a novel mechanism where insect herbivore reduces the release of HIPVs during feeding by targeting fundamental plant structure (i.e. stomata), and the link between of stomatal dynamics and releases of HIPVs. We demonstrate the existence of HIPVs-interfering mechanisms as a potential evolutionary strategy for insect herbivores to interfere with plant air borne signals.</p>
Data from: Predatory lizards perceive plant-derived volatile odorants
Many lizards are olfactory foragers and prey upon herbivorous arthropods, yet their responses to common herbivore‐associated plant volatiles remain unknown. As such, their role in mediating plant indirect defenses also remains largely obscured. In this paper, we use a cotton‐swab odor presentation assay to ask whether lizards respond to two arthropod‐associated plant‐derived volatile compounds: 2‐(E)‐hexenal and hexanoic acid. We studied the response of two lizard species, Sceloporus virgatusand Aspidoscelis exsanguis, because they differ substantially in their foraging behavior. We found that the actively foraging A. exsanguisresponded strongly to hexanoic acid, whereas the ambush foraging S. virgatus responded to 2‐(E)‐hexenal—an herbivore‐associated plant volatile involved in indirect defense against herbivores. These findings indicate that S. virgatus may contribute to plant indirect defense and that a species' response to specific odorants is linked with foraging mode. Future studies can elucidate how lizards use various compounds to locate prey and how these responses impact plant‐herbivore interactions.
Data from: Far red light increases maize volatile emissions in response to volatile cues from neighboring plants
<p>Plants perceive the presence and defense status of their neighbors through light and volatile cues, but how plants integrate both stimuli is poorly understood. We investigated if and how low Red to Far red light (R:FR) ratios, indicative of shading or canopy closure, affect maize (<em>Zea mays</em>) responses to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), including the green leaf volatile (<em>Z</em>)-3-hexenyl acetate. We modulated light signaling and perception by using FR supplementation and a <em>phyB1phyB2</em> mutant, and we determined volatile release as a response readout. To gain mechanistic insights, we examined expression of volatile biosynthesis genes, hormone accumulation, and photosynthesis. Exposure to a full blend of HIPVs or (<em>Z</em>)-3-hexenyl acetate induced maize volatile release. Short-term FR supplementation increased this response. In contrast, prolonged FR supplementation or constitutive phytochrome B inactivation in <em>phyB1phyB2 </em>plants showed the opposite response. Short-term FR supplementation enhanced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and (<em>Z</em>)-3-hexenyl acetate-induced JA-Ile levels. We conclude that a FR-enriched light environment can prompt maize plants to respond more strongly to HIPVs emitted by neighbors, which might be explained by changes in photosynthetic processes and phytochrome B signaling. Our findings reveal interactive responses to light and volatile cues with potentially important consequences for plant-plant and plant-herbivore interactions.</p>
Effect of water availability on volatile-mediated communication between potato plants in response to insect herbivory
<p>Airborne plant communication is a widespread phenomenon in which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from damaged plants boost herbivore resistance in neighbouring, undamaged plants. Although this form of plant signalling has been reported in more than 30 plant species, there is still a considerable knowledge gap on how abiotic factors (e.g., water availability) alter its outcomes.</p> <p>We performed a greenhouse experiment to test for communication between potato plants (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em>) in response to herbivory by the generalist insect <em>Spodoptera exigua</em> and whether communication was affected by water availability. We paired emitter and receiver potato plants, with half of the emitters damaged by S. exigua larvae and half serving as undamaged controls. Both emitter and receiver plants were subjected to one of two water availability treatments: high (i.e., well-watered) vs. low (i.e., reduced watering) availability, thus effectively teasing apart water availability effects on the emission and reception components of signalling. After four days of herbivore feeding, we collected emitter VOCs and receivers were subjected to feeding by <em>S. exigua</em> to test for effects of signalling on induced resistance.</p> <p>Herbivory by <em>S. exigua</em> led to increased VOCs emissions as well as changes in VOCs composition in emitter plants. Furthermore, emitters subjected to low water availability exhibited a weaker induction of VOCs in response to herbivory relative to well-watered emitters. Results from the feeding bioassay indicated that receivers exposed to VOCs from herbivore-induced emitters showed lower S. exigua damage (i.e. higher induced resistance) compared to receivers exposed to undamaged emitters. However, we did not observe a significant effect of water availability in either emitters or receivers on plant communication.</p> <p>Overall, our study contributes to the understanding of how the abiotic context affects plant communication by providing evidence of water availability effects on the induction of VOCs that may act as airborne signals between plants. The observed changes in induced VOCs had no visible consequences for plant communication. These findings thus suggest that the induction of key compounds mediating communication was not compromised by our experimental conditions.</p>
Evolutionary changes in an invasive plant support the defensive role of plant volatiles
<p>It is increasingly evident that plants interact with their outside world through the production of volatile organic compounds, but whether the volatiles have evolved to serve in plant defense is still a topic of considerable debate. Unharmed leaves constitutively release small amounts of volatiles, but when the leaves are damaged by herbivorous arthropods, they emit substantially more volatiles. These herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) attract parasitoids and predators that kill insect herbivores, and this can benefit the plants. As yet, however, there is no tangible evolutionary evidence that this tritrophic interplay contributes to the selection forces that have shaped the volatile emissions of plants. With this in mind, we investigated the evolutionary changes in volatile emissions in invasive common ragwort and the respective defensive roles of its constitutive and inducible volatiles. This Eurasian plant has invaded other continents, where it evolved for many generations in the absence of specialized herbivores and their natural enemies. We found that, compared to native ragworts, invasive plants release higher levels of constitutive volatiles but considerably lower levels of herbivore-induced volatiles. As a consequence, invasive ragwort is more attractive to a specialist moth but avoided by an unadapted generalist moth. Importantly, conforming to the indirect defense hypothesis, a specialist parasitoid was much more attracted to caterpillar-damaged native ragwort, which was reflected in higher parasitism rates in a field trial. The evolution of foliar volatile emissions appears to be indeed driven by their direct and indirect roles in defenses against insects.</p>
Data from: Far red light increases maize volatile emissions in response to volatile cues from neighboring plants
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Spatial scale, neighbouring plants and variation in plant volatiles interactively determine the strength of host-parasitoid relationships
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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