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18 results for “plant-plant interactions”
Grazing and microhabitat interact to affect plant-plant interactions in subtropical seasonal wetlands, 2007-2008
The stress gradient hypothesis predicts that competition will be important in productive environments while facilitation will be common in environments with high stress or consumer pressure. However, abiotic stress and grazing may vary independently and even occur simultaneously. Here we examine the outcome of plant interactions in grazed wetlands where consumer pressure and abiotic stress occur concurrently. We hypothesized that cattle grazing and microhabitat would alter the outcome of plant interactions. Given that wetland edges are drier and less productive than wetland centers we expected that facilitation would be greatest in drier wetland edges due to greater abiotic stress regardless of cattle presence. We conducted an experiment for two growing seasons in ten wetlands, five exposed to cattle grazing and five fenced. Two wetland obligate plants were included (Panicum hemitomon and Alternanthera philoxeroides), and plots were assigned to three treatments 1) all neighbors removed, 2) all neighbors removed except Juncus effusus, a dominant, unpalatable plant, 3) all neighbors intact (control), in both wetland centers and edges. Differences in survival, change in height and number of leaves were assessed. In ungrazed wetlands, plant survival was higher in wetland edges vs. centers, while it did not differ in grazed wetlands. Survival in wetland edges was further increased by the presence of J. effusus. Positive interactions under grazed conditions were clear when plant height was assessed, but negative interactions affected leaf production in both ungrazed and grazed wetlands. Grazing interacts with wetland microhabitat to alter plant survival. Facilitative interactions on plant height were apparent in grazed wetlands. Understanding how plant interactions change under different biotic and abiotic contexts is important for informing ecosystem restoration and management.
Long-term spatially-replicated data show no physical cost to a benefactor species in a facilitative plant-plant interaction
<p>Facilitation is an interaction where one species (the benefactor) positively impacts another (the beneficiary). However, the reciprocal effects of beneficiaries on their benefactors are typically only documented using short-term datasets. We use <em>Azorella selago</em>, a cushion plant species and benefactor, and a co-occurring grass species, <em>Agrostis magellanica</em>, on sub-Antarctic Marion Island, comparing cushion plants and the grasses growing on them over a 13-year period using a correlative approach. We additionally compare the feedback effect of <em>A. magellanica</em> on <em>A. selago</em> identified using our long-term dataset with data collected from a single time period. We hypothesized that <em>A. selago</em> size and vitality would be negatively affected by <em>A. magellanica</em> cover and that the effect of <em>A. magellanica</em> on <em>A. selago</em> would become more negative with increasing beneficiary cover and abiotic-severity, due to, e.g., more intense competition for resources. We additionally hypothesized that <em>A. magellanica</em> cover would increase more on cushion plants with greater dead stem cover, since dead stems do not inhibit grass colonization or growth. The relationship between <em>A. magellanica</em> cover and <em>A. selago</em> size and vitality was not significant in the long-term dataset, and the feedback effect of <em>A. magellanica</em> on <em>A. selago</em> did not vary significantly with altitude or aspect; however, data from a single time period did not consistently identify this same lack of correlation. Moreover, <em>A. selago</em> dead stem cover was not significantly related to an increase in <em>A. magellanica</em> cover over the long term; however, we observed contrasting results from short-term datasets. Long-term datasets may, therefore, be more robust (and practical) for assessing beneficiary feedback effects than conventional approaches, particularly when benefactors are slow-growing. For the first time using a long-term dataset, we show a lack of physical cost to a benefactor species in a facilitative interaction, in contrast to the majority of short-term studies.</p>
Overgrowth competition or facilitation from cushion plants: Implication for the role of plant-plant interactions
<p>Our data reports the annual growth and age of the shrub <em>Caragana versicolor</em> overgrown or free of the cushion plant <em>Thylacospermum ceaspitosum</em>.<span> The observations and sampling were performed at ~5000 m.a.s.l., on the East facing slope of the Korzok range, on the North-Eastern side of Lake Tso Moriri above Korzok village (4522 m a.s.l.). </span><span>Our study demonstrates that the growth of </span><em>Caragana versicolor</em> is repressed by the competitive effect of the cushion plant <em>Thylacospermum ceaspitosum</em>, and shows no evidence of facilitation between the two co-occurring species.</p>
Long-term spatially-replicated data show no physical cost to a benefactor species in a facilitative plant-plant interaction
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Overgrowth competition or facilitation from cushion plants: Implication for the role of plant-plant interactions
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Data from: Evolutionary relationships can be more important than abiotic conditions in predicting the outcome of plant-plant interactions
Positive and negative plant–plant interactions are major processes shaping plant communities. They are affected by environmental conditions and evolutionary relationships among the interacting plants. However, the generality of these factors as drivers of pairwise plant interactions and their combined effects remain virtually unknown. We conducted an observational study to assess how environmental conditions (altitude, temperature, irradiance and rainfall), the dispersal mechanism of beneficiary species and evolutionary relationships affected the co-occurrence of pairwise interactions in 11 Stipa tenacissima steppes located along an environmental gradient in Spain. We studied 197 pairwise plant–plant interactions involving the two major nurse plants (the resprouting shrub Quercus coccifera and the tussock grass S. tenacissima) found in these communities. The relative importance of the studied factors varied with the nurse species considered. None of the factors studied were good predictors of the co-ocurrence between S. tenacissima and its neighbours. However, both the dispersal mechanism of the beneficiary species and the phylogenetic distance between interacting species were crucial factors affecting the co-occurrence between Q. coccifera and its neighbours, while climatic conditions (irradiance) played a secondary role. Values of phylogenetic distance between 207–272.8 Myr led to competition, while values outside this range or fleshy-fruitness in the beneficiary species led to positive interactions. The low importance of environmental conditions as a general driver of pairwise interactions was caused by the species-specific response to changes in either rainfall or radiation. This result suggests that factors other than climatic conditions must be included in theoretical models aimed to generally predict the outcome of plant–plant interactions. Our study helps to improve current theory on plant–plant interactions and to understand how these interactions can respond to expected modifications in species composition and climate associated to ongoing global environmental change.
Data from: Spatial and temporal aridity gradients provide poor proxies for plant-plant interactions under climate change: a large-scale experiment
1. Plant-plant interactions may critically modify the impact of climate change on plant communities. However, the magnitude and even direction of potential future interactions remains highly debated, especially for water limited ecosystems. Predictions range from increasing facilitation to increasing competition with future aridification. 2. The different methodologies used for assessing plant-plant interactions under changing environmental conditions may affect the outcome but they are not equally represented in the literature. Mechanistic experimental manipulations are rare compared to correlative approaches that infer future patterns from current observations along spatial climatic gradients. 3. Here, we utilize a unique climatic gradient in combination with a large-scale, long-term experiment to test whether predictions about plant-plant interactions yield similar results when using experimental manipulations, spatial gradients or temporal variation. We assessed shrub-annual interactions in three different sites along a natural rainfall gradient (spatial) during 9 years of varying rainfall (temporal) and 8 years of dry and wet manipulations of ambient rainfall (experimental) that closely mimicked regional climate scenarios. 4. The results were fundamentally different among all three approaches. Experimental water manipulations hardly altered shrub effects on annual plant communities for the assessed fitness parameters biomass and survival. Along the spatial gradient, shrub effects shifted from clearly negative to mildly facilitative towards drier sites, whereas temporal variation showed the opposite trend: more negative shrub effects in drier years. 5. Based on our experimental approach, we conclude that shrub-annual interaction will remain similar under climate change. In contrast, the commonly applied space-for time approach based on spatial gradients would have suggested increasing facilitative effects with climate change. We discuss potential mechanisms governing the differences among the three approaches. 6. Our study highlights the critical importance of long-term experimental manipulations for evaluating climate change impacts. Correlative approaches, e.g. along spatial or temporal gradients, may be misleading and overestimate the response of plant-plant interactions to climate change.
Data from: Nitrogen availability and plant-plant interactions drive leaf silicon concentration in wheat genotypes
<p><span>Estimating plasticity of leaf silicon (Si) in response to abiotic and biotic factors underpins our comprehension of plant defences and stress resistance in natural and agroecosystems. However, how nitrogen (N) addition and intraspecific plant-plant interactions affect Si accumulation remains unclear. </span></p> <p><span>We grew 19 durum wheat genotypes (<em>Triticum turgidum</em> ssp. durum) in pots, either alone, or in intra- or intergenotypic cultures of two individuals, and with or without N. </span><span>Aboveground biomass, plant height and leaf [Si] were quantified at the beginning of the flowering stage.</span></p> <p><span>Nitrogen addition</span> <span>decreased leaf</span> <span>[Si] for most genotypes, proportionally to the biomass increase. Si plasticity to plant-plant interactions varied significantly among genotypes, with both increases and decreases in </span><span>leaf</span> <span>[Si] when mixed with a neighbour, regardless of the mixture type (intra-/intergenotype). Besides, increased leaf [Si] in response to plant-plant interactions was associated with increased plant height.</span></p> <p><span>Our results suggest the occurrence of </span><span>both facilitation and competition for Si uptake from the rhizosphere in wheat mixtures. Future research should identify which leaf and root traits characterize facilitating neighbours for Si acquisition. We also show that Si could be involved in height gain in response to intraspecific competition, possibly for increasing light capture. This important finding opens up new research directions on Si and plant-plant interactions in both natural ecosystems and agroecosystems. More generally,</span> <span>o</span><span>ur results stress the need to explore leaf Si plasticity in responses to both abiotic and biotic factors to understand plant stress resistance.</span></p>
Data from: Evolutionary relationships can be more important than abiotic conditions in predicting the outcome of plant-plant interactions
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Data from: Spatial and temporal aridity gradients provide poor proxies for plant-plant interactions under climate change: a large-scale experiment
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Data from: Fungal effects on plant-plant interactions contribute to grassland plant abundances: evidence from the field
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Data from: Prioritizing landscapes for restoration based on spatial patterns of ecosystem controls and plant-plant interactions
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Data from: Facultative grazing and bioturbation by macrodetritivores alter saltmarsh plant-plant interactions under stress
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Data from: Nitrogen availability and plant-plant interactions drive leaf silicon concentration in wheat genotypes
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A regional assessment of changes in plant-plant interactions along topography gradients in Tunisian sebkhas
<p><span>Facilitation among plants in dry ecosystems is crucial for diversity and ecosystem functioning and stability. However, the importance of facilitation in extremely stressful conditions is highly debated. We attempt to separate the effects of direct non-resource and resource stress factors on plant-plant interactions by assessing changes in facilitation and competition along salinity gradients at two contrasting levels of aridity. We selected eight saline depressions (hereafter sebkhas) in the wet and dry Mediterranean arid climate of North-Africa, from central Tunisia to the Libyan border 500 km south-eastward. In each sebkha, we transplanted at four positions along the salinity gradient induced by topography, both in open areas and below dominant shrubs, three target species with contrasting tolerances to salinity stress. Target plant survival, soil electrical conductivity and moisture were recorded before and after the dry summer season in all treatments. Shrubs decreased salinity and drought stresses in all treatments and facilitation was the dominant interaction. However, we found a strong collapse of facilitation along the salinity gradient, due to a dramatic mortality of the three target species both with and without neighbours above their threshold of salinity tolerance. Increasing aridity induced an earlier collapse of facilitation along the gradient. The three target species had contrasting responses to neighbours, with the least stress-tolerant species being facilitated and the two most stress-tolerant ones negatively affected by neighbours. Our study shows that disentangling resource and non-resource stresses along gradients and controlling for target species effects help understanding variation in plant-plant interactions under highly stressful conditions.</span></p>
Plant-plant interactions change during succession on nurse logs in a northern temperate rainforest
Plant-plant interactions change through succession from facilitative to competitive. At early stages of succession, early-colonizing plants can increase the survival and reproductive output of other plants by ameliorating disturbance and stressful conditions. At later stages of succession, plant interactions are more competitive as plants put more energy towards growth and reproduction. In northern temperate rainforests, gap dynamics result in tree falls that facilitate tree regeneration (nurse logs) and bryophyte succession. How bryophyte-tree seedling interactions vary through log succession remains unclear. We examined the relationships of tree seedlings, bryophyte community composition, bryophyte depth, and percent canopy cover in 166 0.5 m x 1.0 m plots on nurse logs and the forest floor in the Hoh rainforest in Washington, USA to test the hypothesis that bryophyte-tree seedling interactions change from facilitative to competitive as the log decays. Tree seedling density was highest on young logs with early-colonizing bryophyte species (e.g., Rhizomnium glabrescens), and lowest on decayed logs with Hylocomium splendens, a long-lived moss that reaches depths >20 cm. As a result, bryophyte depth increased with nurse log decay and was negatively associated with tree seedling density. Tree seedling density was 4.6x higher on nurse logs than on the forest floor, which was likely due to competitive exclusion by forest floor plants, such as H. splendens. Nurse logs had 17 species of bryophytes while the forest floor had six, indicating that nurse logs contribute to maintaining bryophyte diversity. Nurse logs enable both tree seedlings and smaller bryophyte species to avoid competition with forest floor plants, including the dominant bryophyte, H. splendens. H. splendens is likely a widespread driver of plant community structure given its dominance in northern temperate forests. Our findings indicate that plant-plant interactions shift with succession on nurse logs from facilitative to competitive and, thus, influence forest community structure and dynamics. --
Plant-plant interactions change during succession on nurse logs in a northern temperate rainforest
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A regional assessment of changes in plant-plant interactions along topography gradients in Tunisian sebkhas
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