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Long-term Plant Biomass Monitoring Data from the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Project on Sapelo Island, Georgia
The Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER program (GCE) monitors plant biomass annually with the goal of testing the hypothesis that end-of-year biomass varies as a function of 1) freshwater discharge from the Altamaha River (especially in low-marsh plots), 2) local rainfall (especially in high-marsh plots), and 3) average sea level. In 2000 we created permanent plots at all 10 GCE marsh monitoring sites. Plots were established at creek-bank and mid-marsh sites (8 plots per zone per site). Most sites are dominated by Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass), but zones at some sites are dominated by Juncus roemerianus, Spartina cynosuroides, or Zizaniopsis miliacea. An additional marsh zone (high marsh Juncus) was established at site 10 in 2005 and site 9 in 2012 to increase replication of sites with Juncus. Plants have been non-destructively monitored in October of every year from 2000 to the present, measuring the stem count, height and flowering status of every plant in each plot. Stem clipping samples were also collected adjacent to plots in 2002, 2007, and 2020, then measured, dried, weighed and statistically analyzed in order to generate allometric regression relationships between height and mass for estimation of plant biomass in corresponding plots. This data set includes cumulative long-term observations of plant stem count, height and biomass per marsh zone, plot and species at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites from 2000 to 2023, and will be updated annually to include the prior year observations.
Plant Responses to the GCE-LTER Seawater Addition Long Term Experiment (SALTEx) from 2013 to 2017
This study was conducted in a tidal freshwater marsh (31°20’16” N, 81°27’52” W) on the Altamaha River, GA. Each plot was defined by a 2.5 m x 2.5 m polycon frame, inserted 12 cm into the soil. The frames had drain holes in the sides above the soil surface that were plugged when plots were watered but open otherwise to allow tidal exchange. The plots were randomly assigned to five treatments. Plots were monitored without imposing any treatments in 2013. Treatments started on April 14, 2014. Plots receive diluted saltwater (press and pulse of saline water treatments, n=6), freshwater (freshwater addition treatment, n=6), or no water additions (control with frame and control treatments, n=6 and 7, respectively). The press plots received additions of a mixture of seawater and fresh river water four times each week. Pulse plots received the same mixture but only for 8 weeks in September and October. The freshwater treatment plots received additions of fresh river water four times each week. To document treatment effects on the plant community, we measured stem height, photosynthesis, and percent cover of plants, and blocking of light by the vegetation. We used the same 0.75 m x 0.75 m subplot inside each plot for plant measurements, and took the measurements 3 – 6 times during each growing season from 2013 to 2017. We measured height of all stems of Zizaniopsis miliacea and Persicaria hydropiperoides, and all leaves of Pontederia cordata. In each plot, we chose the tallest individual of those three species and measured their photosynthetic rates using LCi photosynthesis System (ADC BioScientific Ltd, Hoddesdon, UK). Around the same dates, we also visually estimated the percent cover of Ludwigia repens, Persicaria hydropiperoides, Pontederia cordata, and Zizaniopsis miliacea in the entire 2.5 m x 2.5 m plot. We summed the stem heights by species as a first approximation of species biomass. We measured the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) above top and underneath
Fall 2020 plant monitoring survey -- shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2020 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites. The quadrats were established as permanent plots at GCE sampling sites in October 2000 by placing wooden stakes at random locations across two nominal zones at each site, designated based on marsh structure (creekbank and high marsh). New plots were added each year as necessary to replace those lost due to catastrophic wrack disturbance or creek bank erosion. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in a separate data set (PLT-GCEM-1801). This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
Fall 2020 plant monitoring survey -- biomass calculated from shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
The biomass of plants surveyed in permanent plots at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites in October 2019 was estimated based on allometric relationships between biomass and shoot height and flowering status derived for each site, zone, and species in October 2002 and October 2008. Biomass was calculated for dominant species, including Spartina alterniflora, S. cynosuroides, Juncus roemerianus, and Zizaniopsis miliacea, as well as rarer species including Scirpus spp, Panicum spp. And Typha angustifolia. This data set is based on GCE plant monitoring survey data set PLT-GCEM-2011a, and allometric relationships were based on GCE data sets PLT-GCEM-0211b, PLT-GCEM-0711, and PLT-GCEM-2011.
Long-term Plant Biomass Monitoring Data from Altamaha River Plant Transition Sites near the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER Project on Sapelo Island, Georgia
The Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER program (GCE) monitors plant biomass annually to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 3 sampling sites on the creekbank of the Altamaha River. The sites were chosen to capture the transition from Spartina alterniflora to Spartina cynosuroides (site SCSA) and the transition from Spartina cynosuroides to Zizaniopsis miliacea (sites ZSC1 and ZSC2). The quadrats were established as permanent plots in October 2012 by placing PVC stakes along the creekbank at each site. Plots were evenly spaced, but were not randomly located because the goal was to start with mixtures of vegetation in most of the plots, and vegetation was distributed in patches along the creekbanks. Therefore, these plots provide useful measures of vegetation change, but are not a random sample of the vegetation at the site. Plots will be replaced each year as necessary to replace any lost to disturbance. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in a separate data set (PLT-GCEM-1801c). This data set includes cumulative long-term observations of plant stem count, height and biomass per plot and species at 3 Altamaha River transition sites from 2012 to 2023, and will be updated annually to include the prior year observations.
Fall 2021 plant monitoring survey -- shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2021 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites. The quadrats were established as permanent plots at GCE sampling sites in October 2000 by placing wooden stakes at random locations across two nominal zones at each site, designated based on marsh structure (creekbank and high marsh). New plots were added each year as necessary to replace those lost due to catastrophic wrack disturbance or creek bank erosion. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in a separate data set (PLT-GCEM-1801). This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
Fall 2021 plant monitoring survey -- biomass calculated from shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
The biomass of plants surveyed in permanent plots at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites in October 2021 was estimated based on allometric relationships between biomass and shoot height and flowering status derived for each site, zone, and species in October 2002 and October 2008. Biomass was calculated for dominant species, including Spartina alterniflora, S. cynosuroides, Juncus roemerianus, and Zizaniopsis miliacea, as well as rarer species including Scirpus spp, Panicum spp. And Typha angustifolia. This data set is based on GCE plant monitoring survey data set PLT-GCEM-2111a, and allometric relationships were based on GCE data sets PLT-GCEM-0211b, PLT-GCEM-0711, and PLT-GCEM-2011.
Fall 2022 plant monitoring survey -- shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2022 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites. The quadrats were established as permanent plots at GCE sampling sites in October 2000 by placing wooden stakes at random locations across two nominal zones at each site, designated based on marsh structure (creekbank and high marsh). New plots were added each year as necessary to replace those lost due to catastrophic wrack disturbance or creek bank erosion. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in a separate data set (PLT-GCEM-1801). This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
Fall 2022 plant monitoring survey -- biomass calculated from shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
The biomass of plants surveyed in permanent plots at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites in October 2022 was estimated based on allometric relationships between biomass and shoot height and flowering status derived for each site, zone, and species in October 2002 and October 2008. Biomass was calculated for dominant species, including Spartina alterniflora, S. cynosuroides, Juncus roemerianus, and Zizaniopsis miliacea, as well as rarer species including Scirpus spp, Panicum spp. And Typha angustifolia. This data set is based on GCE plant monitoring survey data set PLT-GCEM-2111a, and allometric relationships were based on GCE data sets PLT-GCEM-0211b, PLT-GCEM-0711, and PLT-GCEM-2011.
Fall 2023 plant monitoring survey -- shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2023 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites. The quadrats were established as permanent plots at GCE sampling sites in October 2000 by placing wooden stakes at random locations across two nominal zones at each site, designated based on marsh structure (creekbank and high marsh). New plots were added each year as necessary to replace those lost due to catastrophic wrack disturbance or creek bank erosion. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in a separate data set (PLT-GCEM-1801). This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
Fall 2023 plant monitoring survey -- biomass calculated from shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
The biomass of plants surveyed in permanent plots at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites in October 2023 was estimated based on allometric relationships between biomass and shoot height and flowering status derived for each site, zone, and species in October 2002 and October 2008. Biomass was calculated for dominant species, including Spartina alterniflora, S. cynosuroides, Juncus roemerianus, and Zizaniopsis miliacea, as well as rarer species including Scirpus spp, Panicum spp. And Typha angustifolia. This data set is based on GCE plant monitoring survey data set PLT-GCEM-2111a, and allometric relationships were based on GCE data sets PLT-GCEM-0211b, PLT-GCEM-0711, and PLT-GCEM-2011.
Decomposition, porewater, plant and animal collection, and soil temperature data in Airport Marsh, Sapelo Island, 7/2019-7/2020
Environmental gradients can affect organic matter decay within and across wetlands and contribute to spatial heterogeneity in soil carbon stocks. We tested the sensitivity of decay rates to tidal flooding and soil depth in a minerogenic salt marsh using the tea bag index (TBI). Tea bags were buried at 10- and 50- cm along transects sited at lower, middle, and higher elevations that paralleled a headward eroding tidal creek. Plant and animal communities and soil properties were characterized once while replicate tea bags and porewaters were collected 3 and 4 times respectively over one year.
Fall 2024 plant monitoring survey -- shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2024 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites. The quadrats were established as permanent plots at GCE sampling sites in October 2000 by placing wooden (since replaced with pvc) stakes at random locations across two nominal zones at each site, designated based on marsh structure (creekbank and high marsh). New plots were added each year as necessary to replace those lost due to catastrophic wrack disturbance or creek bank erosion. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in a separate data set (PLT-GCEM-1801). This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
Fall 2024 plant monitoring survey -- biomass calculated from shoot height and flowering status of plants in permanent plots at GCE sampling sites 1-10
The biomass of plants surveyed in permanent plots at 10 GCE LTER sampling sites in October 2024 was estimated based on allometric relationships between biomass and shoot height and flowering status derived for each site, zone, and species in October 2002 and October 2008. Biomass was calculated for dominant species, including Spartina alterniflora, S. cynosuroides, Juncus roemerianus, and Zizaniopsis miliacea, as well as rarer species including Scirpus spp, Panicum spp. And Typha angustifolia. This data set is based on GCE plant monitoring survey data set PLT-GCEM-2111a, and allometric relationships were based on GCE data sets PLT-GCEM-0211b, PLT-GCEM-0711, and PLT-GCEM-2011.
RTK survey of permanent monitoring plots at Altamaha plant transition sites conducted between 2015 and 2025.
Initial real time kinematic (RTK) GPS survey of ground elevations of GCE permanent monitoring plots at the Altamaha plant transition sites ZSC1 and ZSC2 was conducted in January 2013. RTK survey of permanent monitoring plots at Altamaha plant transition site SCSA was conducted in July 2025. Plots that experienced terminal slump or could not be found for any reason were replaced with a new plot in the same general area with the plot code incremented by 10. For example if plot 3 was lost, it was replaced by 13, and then in turn by 23. This data set will be updated as future RTK measurement of the plots are made.
Habitat range and phenotypic variation in twelve salt marsh plants on Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA.
We measured traits of twelve salt marsh plant species at sites around Sapelo Island GA in August of 1999. Plant species represent six families - Asteraceae: Aster tenuifolius L., Borrichia frutescens L., Iva frutescens L.; Bataceae: Batis maritima L.; Chenopodiaceae: Salicornia bigelovii Torrey, Salicornia virginica L.; Juncaceae: Juncus roemerianus Scheele; Plumbaginaceae: Limonium carolinianum (Walter) Britton; Poaceae: Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, Spartina alterniflora Loisel., Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl., Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth; all nomenclature follows Radford et al. (1968). Soil cores were taken adjacent to each plant to measure soil water content, porewater salinity, and organic content.
Assessing Plant Phenological Character Displacement Across the Eastern United States Since 1895
Reproductive character displacement has long been hypothesized to be a key determinant of speciation and co-existence in flowering plants. A central tenet of this hypothesis is that reproductive traits of close relatives growing in sympatry diverge more than they do where close relatives do not grow together. However, this idea remains untested across taxa and at large spatial scales. Here, we use data collected from tens of thousands of herbarium specimens to examine evidence for character displacement in flowering time for 91 closely-related pairs of animal-pollinated angiosperm species in the eastern USA. We see no evidence for overall phenological divergence in sympatry across regions, clades, or life histories. Rather our results indicate widespread convergence of flowering times in sympatry for species pairs that generally tend to flower close in time. We also find that climate change could alter the nature of these convergent flowering events by shifting them further apart in a majority species pair comparisons. Specifically, congeneric species in New England and the Atlantic Coastal Plain are projected to flower 2–4 days further apart, on average, by the mid-21st century as warming temperatures drive species-specific phenological shifts within genera. This may have significant consequences for species interactions and gene flow, especially if current sympatric convergence in flowering times has resulted from facilitative interactions between species.
Plant community responses to functional group and species removals along biodiversity experiment vegetation transects at the Jornada Basin LTER site, 1997-2002
This dataset contains vegetative cover data of plots that have had various plant functional groups or species experimentally removed at the Jornada Basin LTER site in southern New Mexico, USA. This data was collected with the objective to distinguish the differential effects of plant community biomass, functional groups, and biodiversity within functional groups on ecosystem and plant community function. To make these distinctions, treatments were established by the selective removal of plant species or functional groups within experimental plots. There are eight treatments: control (C, no removals); four functional group removal treatments (PG, perennial grass removed; S, shrubs removed; SSh, subshrubs removed; Succ, succulents removed), and three species richness manipulation treatments. Richness manipulations included a simplified treatment (Simp), where only the single most abundant species of each growth form is preserved and all other species in the growth form are removed, a reduced‐Larrea treatment (rL), where the Larrea is assumed to be the dominant and is removed while minority components remain, and a reduced-Prosopsis treatment (rP), where Prosopis rather than Larrea is removed as the shrub dominant. Following treatments, vegetative data was collected by sampling each plot along three transects twice a year (Spring and Fall) for 5 years from 1997-2002 (no data collected in 1998). This data set consists of the date of collection, plot number, treatment type, transect number, quadrat number, species codes, two diameters, height, condition, count, record IDs, and error codes. This study is complete.
Plant species composition in black sand extended growing season experiment, 2018 - 2023.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows in a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot of each block by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to these plots after snow had naturally melted. This dataset includes measurements of plant species composition.
Species diversity and plant dominance influence grassland stability in response to extreme climatic events and anthropogenic drivers across three LTER sites: Cedar Creek, Konza Prairie, and Kellogg Biological Station, 1982-2023.
The data in this package is associated with the analysis for a manuscript titled "Multiple community properties drive ecosystem resistance and resilience to extreme climate events across mesic grasslands". The files include compiled data on plant biomass production, species abundance, experimental treatments, extreme climate event values, and calculated diversity and stability measures from grassland plots in experiments at CDR, KBS, and KNZ LTER sites.
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