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336 results for “plastic response”
Phenotypic plasticity in response to fine-grained environmental variation in predation.
1. In nature, organisms experience environmental variability at coarse-grained (inter-generational) and fine-grained (intra-generational) scales and a common response to environmental variation is phenotypic plasticity. The emphasis of most empirical work on plasticity has been on examining coarse-grained variation with the goal of understanding the costs and benefits of plastic responses in response to a particular environment. 2. In this study, we investigated the effects of fine-grained variation in predation on the inducible defences of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) by widely altering the density and feeding schedule of caged predators (Dytiscusspp.) while holding average predation constant. 3. We found that predator cues induced change in tadpole behaviour, morphology, and mass. Surprisingly, however, temporal variation in predation did not cause the tadpoles to alter their activity (compared to a constant predation treatment) or mass. Temporal variation in predation did alter tadpole tail depth, but only when experiencing our most extreme variation treatment in which the predators were fed once every 8 days. Under these conditions, the predator-induced tadpole tail was less extreme compared to environments containing constant predation. 4. While a number of previous studies have examined behavioural responses of prey to temporal variation in predation risk without holding average predation constant, this appears to be the first test of temporal variation per se. As in previous studies of organism responses to temporal variation in resources, our results suggest that fine-grained environmental variability can affect the expression of phenotypically plastic traits, but our tadpoles appear to be generally unresponsive to this finegrained variation for many of their traits.
Relyea, R. A. 2001. Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology 82:523-540.
Many organisms can adjust to a changing environment by developing alternative phenotypes that improve their fitness. Our understanding of phenotypic plasticity is largely based upon observations from single species responding to two different environments and measuring a single plastic trait. In this study, I examine predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles by observing how six species of larval anurans respond to five different predator environments in 11 different traits (seven morphological traits, two behavioral traits, growth, and development). The results demonstrate that behavioral and morphological plasticity may be ubiquitous in larval anurans. The six prey species exhibited different responses to the same predator species, and each prey exhibited different responses to different predator species. This suggests that responses to a particular predator may not serve as general defense against all predators; rather, prey express predator-specific suites of responses. I also compared relative differences in plasticity among species and among traits. In contrast to earlier findings using only two predator environments, I found that different anurans possess similar degrees of plasticity for most of their traits when reared in a large number of environments. In addition, behavioral traits were always more plastic than morphological traits. Finally, I examined trait integration to address whether there were apparent trade-offs among traits and limits imposed by the abiotic environment. Trait integration, or the degree of correlated responses among traits across predator environments within a prey species, was very low. This further suggests that the suites of responses are predator specific and may be under independent directions of selection in different predator environments. Trait correlations across prey species indicated that there is an apparent trade-off between tail fin depth and body size. This relationship is supported by selection studies with
Magnitude and predictability of pH fluctuations shape plastic responses to ocean acidification
<p>Phenotypic plasticity is expected to facilitate the persistence of natural populations as global change progresses. The attributes of fluctuating environments that favor the evolution of plasticity have received extensive theoretical investigation, yet empirical validation of these findings is still in its infancy. Here, we combine high-resolution environmental data with a laboratory-based experiment to explore the influence of habitat pH fluctuation dynamics on the plasticity of gene expression in two populations of the Mediterranean mussel, <i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>. We linked differences in the magnitude and predictability of pH fluctuations in two habitats to population-specific gene expression profiles in ambient and stressful pH treatments. The results presented demonstrate population-based differentiation in gene expression plasticity, whereby mussels native to a habitat exhibiting a large magnitude of pH fluctuations with low predictability display reduced phenotypic plasticity between experimentally imposed pH treatments. This work validates recent theoretical findings on evolution in fluctuating environments using an ecologically important marine bivalve, and suggests that populations inhabiting regions exposed to unpredictably fluctuating selection pressures may exhibit reduced plasticity as global change progresses.</p>
Code and Data for: "Signs of local adaptation and phenotypic plastic response to elevation shifted between environmental backgrounds in Snapdragon plants"
<p>Code and data for manuscript: "Signs of local adaptation and phenotypic plastic response to elevation shifted between environmental backgrounds in Snapdragon plants"</p>
Mechanical Response of Foams: Elasticity, Plasticity, and Rearrangements (Supplemental Material)
<p>Supplemental material to <a href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/40902"><em>Mechanical Response of Foams: Elasticity, Plasticity, and Rearrangements</em>; hdl:1887/40902</a>. The supplemental material consists of 9 videos:</p> <p><strong>S1, S2</strong><br /> Two examples of foam under shear, φ = 0.85 (S1) and φ = 1.25 (S2). The foam is sheared from s<sub>CD</sub> = − 0.2 to s<sub>CD</sub> = + 0.2 at γ̇=3 × 10<sup>−5</sup> /s. Time and a scale bar are indicated in the top right; the video is sped up 250× .<br /> <br /> <strong>S3,S4</strong><br /> Difference imaging for direct (top) and affine-corrected (bottom) images, for the same systems as in S1 and S2. Both the real space (left) and difference images (right) are shown. The direct difference images are dominated by the affine deformation, while the affine-corrected difference images highlight the nonaffine motion in the system.</p> <p><strong>S5,S6</strong><br /> Tracked particle trajectories for the same systems as in S1 and S2. Particle trajectories are indicated using white curves. Left: direct tracking data, right: affine-corrected tracking data.</p> <p><strong>S7</strong><br /> Compression of a foam from φ = 0.77to φ = 1.41 under ε̇ = − 3 × 10<sup>−5</sup> /s. (left) Real space image; (right) from top to bottom: flame graph and log<sub>10</sub> A and β from the power law fit Eq. (4.21). Time is indicated on the top left, φ is indicated at the bottom left. With increasing confinement, we observe a transition from fully smooth to fully intermittent behavior.</p> <p><br /> <strong>S8,S9</strong><br /> Two examples of foam under shear, φ = 0.9 (S8) and φ = 1.5 (S9). The foam is sheared from s<sub>CD</sub> = −0.2 to s<sub>CD</sub> = +0.2 at γ̇=3 × 10<sup>−5</sup> /s. At low density, A ≈ 10<sup>−6</sup> and β ≈ 1.6 are fairly constant, while we can clearly distinguish the quiet and active periods for the high density foam.</p>
Variation in personality shaped by evolutionary history, genotype, and developmental plasticity in response to feeding modalities in the Arctic charr
<p>Animal personality has been shown to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and shaped by natural selection. Currently, little is known about mechanisms influencing the development of personality traits. This study examines the extent to which personality development is genetically influenced and/or environmentally responsive (plastic). We also investigated the role of evolutionary history, assessing whether personality traits could be canalized along a genetic and ecological divergence gradient. We tested the plastic potential of boldness in juveniles of five Icelandic Arctic charr morphs (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>alpinus</em>), including two pairs of sympatric morphs, displaying various degrees of genetic and ecological divergence from the ancestral anadromous charr, split between treatments mimicking benthic vs. pelagic feeding modalities. We show that differences in mean boldness are mostly affected by genetics. While the benthic treatment led to bolder individuals overall, the environmental effect was rather weak, suggesting that boldness lies under strong genetic influence with reduced plastic potential. Finally, we found hints of differences by morphs in boldness canalization through reduced variance and plasticity, and higher consistency in boldness within morphs. These findings provide new insights into how behavioural development may impact adaptive diversification.</p>
Experimental evolution under varying sex ratio and behavioral plasticity in response to perceived competitive environment independently affect calling effort in male crickets
<p>The operational sex ratio (OSR) is a key component influencing the magnitude of sexual selection driving the evolution of male sexual traits, but males often also retain the ability to plastically modulate trait expression depending on the current environment. Here we employed an experimental evolution approach to determine whether the OSR affects the evolution of male calling effort in decorated crickets, a costly sexual trait, and whether plasticity in calling effort is altered by the OSR under which males have evolved. Calling effort of males from two selection regimes maintained at different OSRs over 18–20 generations (male- versus female-biased) was recorded at two different levels of perceived competition, in the absence of rivals or in the presence of an experimentally muted competitor. The effect of the OSR on the evolution of male calling effort was modest and in the opposite direction predicted by theory. Instead, the immediate competitive environment strongly influenced male calling effort as males called more in the presence of a rival, revealing considerable plasticity in this trait. This increased calling effort came at a cost, however, as males confined with a muted rival experienced significantly higher mortality.</p>
Data from: movement or plasticity: acoustic responses of a torrent frog to stream geophony
<p>Vocalization is the main form of communication in many animals, including frogs, which commonly emit advertisement calls to attract females and maintain spacing. In noisy environments such as streams, mechanisms to maximize signaling efficiency may include vocal plasticity and/or movement of individuals to quieter sections, but which strategy is used is still uncertain. We investigated the influence of stream geophony on the advertisement call of the torrent frog <em>Hylodes perere</em> in the Atlantic Rainforest, southeastern Brazil. In a mark-recapture study, we tested if males remain in their territories and thus adjust their advertisement calls to maximize their communication. We ran mixed linear and generalized models to verify the relation of call parameters and stream geophony, body size and environmental temperature. We found that males remained in the same location across time, increased call intensity in noisier environments but did not reduce call effort. Males also increased the dominant frequency in these situations, suggesting a modulation in this parameter. Our results indicate that territoriality is an important factor to males to increase call intensity to surpass stream noise instead of repositioning along the stream. However, because call effort was maintained, we suggest that sexual selection is crucial in this system, favoring males that better detect others and adjust their call efficiency. This is the first study to evaluate simultaneously frog movements and adaptations to geophony, which contributes to the investigation of the concomitant environmental and sexual selective pressures in species that communicate in noisy environments.</p>
Data for: Growing faster, longer or both? Modelling plastic response of Juniperus communis growth phenology to climate change
<p>Aim: Plant growth and phenology plastically respond to changing climatic conditions both in space and time. Species-specific levels of growth plasticity determine biogeographical patterns and the adaptive capacity of species to climate change. However, a direct assessment of spatial and temporal variability in radial-growth dynamics is complicated, as long records of cambial phenology do not exist.</p> <p>Location: 16 sites across European distribution margins of <em>Juniperus communis</em> L. (the Mediterranean, the Arctic, the Alps and the Urals).</p> <p>Time period: 1940-2016</p> <p>Major taxa studied: <em>Juniperus communis</em></p> <p>Methods: We applied the Vaganov-Shashkin process-based model of wood formation to estimate trends in growing season duration and growth kinetics since 1940. We assumed that <em>J. communis</em> would exhibit spatially and temporally variable growth patterns reflecting local climatic conditions.</p> <p>Results: Our simulations indicate regional differences in growth dynamics and plastic responses to climate warming. Mean growing season duration is the longest at Mediterranean sites and, recently, there is a significant trend towards its extension of up to 0.44 days per year. However, this stimulating effect of longer growing season is counteracted by declining summer growth rates caused by amplified drought stress. Consequently, overall trends in simulated ring-widths are marginal in the Mediterranean. By contrast, durations of growing seasons in the Arctic show lower and mostly non-significant trends. However, spring and summer growth rates follow increasing temperatures, leading to a growth increase of up to 0.32 % per year.</p> <p>Main conclusions: This study highlights the plasticity in growth phenology of widely distributed shrubs to climate warming–an earlier onset of cambial activity that offsets the negative effects of summer droughts in the Mediterranean and, conversely, an intensification of growth rates during the short growing seasons in the Arctic. Such plastic growth responsiveness allows woody plants to adapt to the local pace of climate change.</p>
Limited sex differences in plastic responses suggest evolutionary conservatism of thermal reaction norms: A meta-analysis in insects
<p>Temperature has a profound effect on the growth and development of ectothermic animals. However, the extent to which ecologically-driven selection pressures can adjust thermal plastic responses in growth schedules is not well understood. Comparing temperature-induced plastic responses between sexes provides a promising but underexploited approach to evaluating the evolvability of thermal reaction norms: males and females share largely the same genes and immature environments but typically experience different ecological selection pressures. We proceed from the idea that substantial sex differences in plastic responses could be interpreted as resulting from sex-specific life-history optimization, whereas similarity among the sexes should rather be seen as evidence of an essential role of physiological constraints. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of sex-specific thermal responses in insect development times, using data on 161 species with comprehensive phylogenetic and ecological coverage. As a reference for judging the magnitude of sex-specificity in thermal plasticity, we compared the magnitude of sex differences in plastic responses to temperature with those in response to diet. We show that sex-specific responses of development times to temperature variation are broadly similar. We also found no strong evidence for sex-specificity in thermal responses to depend on the magnitude or direction of sex differences in development time. Sex differences in temperature-induced plastic responses were systematically less pronounced than sex differences in responses induced by variations in larval diet. Our results point to the existence of substantial constraints on the evolvability of thermal reaction norms in insects as the most likely explanation. If confirmed, the low evolvability of thermal response is an essential aspect to consider in predicting evolutionary responses to climate warming.</p>
Plant responses to urban gradients: extinction, plasticity, adaptation
<p><span>Individual functional traits (LMA – leaf mass per area, plant height and flower length), population performance traits (seed mass and germination rate), as well as species frequency in the plant community, of four herbaceous plant species present in the metropolitan area of Strasbourg: Dactylis glomerata, Medicago lupulina, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense. Traits were measured <em>in situ</em> at 60 mesophilic herbaceous sites, and <em>ex situ</em> in a common garden experiment in the Botanical Garden of the University of Strasbourg. Environmental data include mowing frequency, soil characteristics (composition and structure), air temperature, air humidity, and surrounding landscape variables: mean building height, population density, NDVI, road density, and distance to the city center. <br></span></p>
Plastic responses of survival and fertility following heat stress in pupal and adult Drosophila virilis
<p>The impact of rising global temperatures on survival and reproduction is putting many species at risk of extinction. In particular, it has recently been shown that thermal effects on reproduction, particularly limits to male fertility, can underpin species distributions in insects. However, the physiological factors influencing fertility at high temperatures are poorly understood. Key factors that affect somatic thermal tolerance such as hardening, the ability to phenotypically increase thermal tolerance after a mild heat shock, and the differential impact of temperature on different life stages, are largely unexplored for thermal fertility tolerance. Here, we examine the impact of high temperatures on male fertility in the cosmopolitan fruit fly <i>Drosophila virilis</i>. We first determined whether temperature stress at either the pupal or adult life-history stage impacts fertility. We then tested the capacity for heat-hardening to mitigate heat-induced sterility. We found that thermal stress reduces fertility in different ways in pupae and adults. Pupal heat stress delays sexual maturity, whereas males heated as adults can reproduce initially following heat stress, but lose the ability to produce offspring. We also found evidence that while heat-hardening in <i>D. virilis </i>can improve high temperature survival, there is no significant protective impact of this same hardening treatment on fertility. These results suggest that males may be unable to prevent the costs of high temperature stress on fertility through heat-hardening which limits a species' ability to quickly and effectively reduce fertility loss in the face of short-term high temperature events.</p>
Transgenerational plasticity in a zooplankton in response to elevated temperature and parasitism
<p>Organisms are increasingly facing multiple stressors, which can simultaneously interact to cause unpredictable impacts compared to a single stressor alone. Recent evidence suggests that phenotypic plasticity can allow for rapid responses to altered environments, including biotic and abiotic stressors, both within a generation and across generations (transgenerational plasticity). Parents can potentially 'prime' their offspring to better cope with similar stressors, or, alternatively, might produce offspring that are less fit because of energetic constraints. At present, it remains unclear exactly how biotic and abiotic stressors jointly mediate the responses of transgenerational plasticity, and whether this plasticity is adaptive. Here we test the effects of biotic and abiotic environmental changes on within- and trans-generational plasticity using a <em>Daphnia</em>-<em>Metschnikowia</em> zooplankton-fungal parasite system. By exposing parents and their offspring consecutively to the single and combined effects of elevated temperature and parasite infection, we showed that transgenerational plasticity induced by temperature and parasite stress influenced host fecundity and lifespan; offspring of mothers that were exposed to one of the stressors were better able to tolerate elevated temperature, compared to offspring of mothers that were exposed to neither or both stressors. Yet the negative effects caused by parasite infection were much stronger, and this greater reduction in host fitness was not mitigated by transgenerational plasticity. We also showed that elevated temperature led to a lower average immune response and that the relationship between immune response and lifetime fecundity reversed under elevated temperature: the daughters of exposed mothers showed decreased fecundity with increased hemocyte production at ambient temperature, but the opposite relationship at elevated temperature. Together, our results highlight the need to address questions at the interface of multiple stressors and transgenerational plasticity, and the importance of considering multiple fitness-associated traits when evaluating the adaptive value of transgenerational plasticity under changing environments.</p>
Data from: Testing the evolutionary potential of an alpine plant: Phenotypic plasticity in response to growth temperature outweighs parental environmental effects and other genetic causes of variation
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Variation in personality shaped by evolutionary history, genotype, and developmental plasticity in response to feeding modalities in the Arctic charr
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Transgenerational plasticity in a zooplankton in response to elevated temperature and parasitism
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Data and code from: Decades of historical outbreak cycles in a multivoltine insect reveal a plastic phenological response to climate change
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Individual plasticity in response to rising sea temperatures contributes to an advancement in green turtle nesting phenology
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Data for: Growing faster, longer or both? Modelling plastic response of Juniperus communis growth phenology to climate change
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Data and analyses from: Context matters: A meta-analysis of the variable impacts of transgenerational and developmental plasticity on responses to stress
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