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40 results for “pollination limitation”
Data for: Effective population size mediates the impact of pollination services on pollen limitation
<p>Inadequate pollen receipt limits flowering plant reproduction worldwide. Ecological causes of pollen limitation ('PL'), like pollinator scarcity and low plant abundance, have been a primary focus of research. The genetic diversity of plant populations could impact both quantity and quality components of PL in concert with ecological factors, yet empirical examples are lacking. We evaluated joint effects of ecological factors (flower abundance, pollinator visitation) and genetic effective population size (N<sub>E</sub>) on PL across 13 populations of a common herb. We used a histological approach with 5504 styles from 1137 flowers to separate quantity and quality components of PL, and link these to reproductive output. N<sub>E</sub> and pollinator visitation interacted to shape PL, but N<sub>E</sub> had stronger direct effects. Effectively smaller populations experienced stronger quantity PL, and controlled crosses in a pollinator-free environment revealed that pollen quantity was an intrinsic population-level attribute that increased with N<sub>E</sub>. Pollinator visitation enhanced pollen quality, but only in effectively larger populations. Quantity and quality PL negatively impacted fruit and seed set, respectively.<em> </em>Results highlight that PL is dictated by plant population genetic diversity in addition to commonly evaluated ecological factors.<strong> </strong>Efforts to support pollinators will only enhance plant reproduction in genetically diverse plant populations.</p>
Long-term experimental drought alters floral scent and pollinator visits in a Mediterranean plant community despite overall limited impacts on plant phenotype and reproduction
<p>Pollinators are declining globally, with climate change implicated as an important driver. Climate change can induce phenological shifts and reduce floral resources for pollinators, but little is known about its effects on floral attractiveness and how this might cascade to affect pollinators, pollination functions and plant fitness. We used an in situ long-term drought experiment to investigate multiple impacts of reduced precipitation in a natural Mediterranean shrubland, a habitat where climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts. Focusing on three insect-pollinated plant species that provide abundant rewards and support a diversity of pollinators (<em>Cistus</em> <em>albidus</em>, <em>Salvia</em> <em>rosmarinus</em> and <em>Thymus</em> <em>vulgaris</em>), we investigated the effects of drought on a suite of floral traits including nectar production and floral scent. We also measured the impact of reduced rainfall on pollinator visits, fruit set and germination in <em>S</em>. <em>rosmarinus</em> and <em>C</em>. <em>albidus</em>. Drought altered floral emissions of all three plant species qualitatively, and reduced nectar production in <em>T</em>. <em>vulgaris</em> only. <em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em> and <em>Bombus</em> gr. <em>terrestris</em> visited more flowers in control plots than drought plots, while small wild bees visited more flowers in drought plots than control plots. Pollinator species richness did not differ significantly between treatments. Fruit set and seed set in <em>S. rosmarinus</em> and <em>C. albidus </em>did not differ significantly between control and drought plots, but seeds from drought plots had slower germination for <em>S. rosmarinus</em> and marginally lower germination success in <em>C. albidus</em>.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. Overall, we found limited but consistent impacts of a moderate experimental drought on floral phenotype, plant reproduction and pollinator visits. Increased aridity under climate change is predicted to be stronger than the level assessed in the present study. Drought impacts will likely be stronger and this could profoundly affect the structure and functioning of plant-pollinator networks in Mediterranean ecosystems.</p>
Data for: Effective population size mediates the impact of pollination services on pollen limitation
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Long-term experimental drought alters floral scent and pollinator visits in a Mediterranean plant community despite overall limited impacts on plant phenotype and reproduction
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Phylogenetic restriction of plant invasion in drought-stressed environments: implications for insect-pollinated plant communities in water-limited ecosystems
<p><span><strong>Background</strong>: Plant-pollinator community diversity has been found to decrease under conditions of drought stress, however research into the temporal dimensions of this phenomenon remains limited. In this study, we investigated the effect of seasonal drought on the temporal niche dynamics of entomophilous flowering plants in a water-limited ecosystem. We hypothesized that closely related native and exotic plants would tend to share similar life history, and that peak flowering events would therefore coincide with phylogenetic clustering in plant communities based on expected phenological responses of plant functional types to limitations in soil moisture availability.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>:<b> </b>Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:<b> </b>Combining methods from pollinator research and phylogenetic community ecology, we tested the influence of environmental filtering over plant community phenology across gradients of landscape disturbance and soil moisture. Floral resource availability and community structure were quantified by counts of flowering shoots. We constructed a robust phylogeny to analyze spatial and temporal variation in phylogenetic patterns across the landscape, testing the significance of the observed patterns against a randomly generated community phylogeny. Phylogenetic metrics were then regressed against factors of disturbance and soil moisture availability. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:<b> </b>Critical seasonal fluctuations in floral resources coincided with significant phylogenetic clustering in plant communities, with decreasing plant diversity observed under conditions of increasing drought stress. Exotic plant species in the Asteraceae became increasingly pervasive across the landscape, occupying a late season temporal niche in drought-stressed environments.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Main conclusion</strong>:<b> </b>Results suggest that environmental filtering is the dominant assembly process structuring the temporal niche of plant communities in this water-limited ecosystem. Based on these results, and trends seen elsewhere, the overall diversity of plant-pollinator communities may be expected to decline with the increasing drought stress predicted under future climate scenarios.</span></p>
Data from: pollinators limit seed production in an early blooming rare plant: evidence of a mismatch between plant phenology and pollinator emergence
<p>The reproductive ecology of rare plants is seldom studied, yet the persistence of plant populations depends on successful mutualisms with pollinators. As atmospheric temperatures rise, phenology of plants and pollinators may become mismatched. We investigated the reproduction of <em>Trifolium barnebyi</em> (Barneby's Clover), a mat-forming perennial endemic to central Wyoming, USA that grows in the crevices of sandstone bedrock. Our objectives were to evaluate a method for monitoring changes in cover as well as assess the pollination and seed-set of <em>T. barnebyi</em>. We established five monitoring transects using a divided frame to estimate percent cover. We conducted seed-set experiments at three locations to measure self-pollination and the degree to which pollinating insects limited seed production. We used vane traps and bee bowls to capture pollinators, and examined pollen carried on bees. Percent cover along transects declined over the 4 year period and was associated with spring precipitation. <em>Trifolium barnebyi</em> did not self-pollinate and relied on pollinators to produce seeds. The number and mass of viable seeds per flower, and the number of bees captured increased as the season progressed, indicating that more and larger seeds were made when more pollinators were present. Blooming of <em>T. barnebyi</em> ranged between April and June depending on the microhabitat the plant lived in and we observed much higher seed production in later-blooming plants. Pollen from <em>T. barnebyi </em>was primarily carried by Andrena bees, although we found smaller amounts of pollen on seven other bee genera. A mismatch in timing between blooming and pollinating insect emergence could limit seed production in<em> T. barnebyi </em>if plants bloom earlier over time and bee emergence does not follow the same phenology. Rare plants can be pollinated by rare pollinators showing that conserving these pollinators is crucial for rare plants and early blooming species may be higher at risk.</p>
Mutualism has its limits: consequences of asymmetric interactions between a well-defended plant and its herbivorous pollinator
<p>Concern for pollinator health has focused on social bees and their agricultural services, but not all pollinators are bees, and their ecosystem services also promote biodiversity and conservation. Pollinating herbivores generate ecological conflicts when they utilize the same plant as a nectar source and larval host. We tracked individual-level metrics of pollinator health – growth, survivorship, fecundity – across the life cycle of a pollinating herbivore, the hawkmoth Hyles lineata, through its interactions with Oenothera harringtonii, a rare plant polymorphic for the floral volatile (R)-(-)-linalool. Linalool had no impact on moth attraction to O. harringtonii flowers but suppressed oviposition on experimentally supplemented plants. Leaves of O. harringtonii showed robust resistance against herbivory by H. lineata from leaf-disc to wholeplant scales, through poor larval growth and survivorship. Higher larval performance on other Oenothera species indicates that constitutive herbivore resistance by O. harringtonii is not generic. Leaf volatiles differed among populations of O. harringtonii but were not induced by larval herbivory. Elagitannins and other phenolics varied among leaf, bud and seed tissues but showed no evidence of herbivore induction. Our findings highlight asymmetric plant-pollinator interactions and the importance of third parties, such as alternative host plants, in maintaining pollinator health.</p>
Data from: Can conflicting selection from pollinators and nectar-robbing antagonists drive adaptive pollen limitation? A conceptual model and empirical test
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Pollen limitation is widespread, despite predictions that it shouldn't be. We propose a novel mechanism generating pollen limitation: conflicting selection by pollinators and antagonists on pollinator attraction traits. We introduce a heuristic model demonstrating antagonist-induced adaptive pollen limitation, and present a field study illustrating its occurrence in a wild population. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>For antagonist-induced adaptive pollen limitation to occur, four criteria must be met: 1) correlated attraction of pollinators and antagonists, 2) greater response by antagonists than pollinators to altered investment in attraction traits, 3) reduced investment in pollinator attraction leading to pollen limitation, and 4) higher fitness for plants with reduced investment in pollinator attraction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We surveyed nectar robbery and reproductive output for 109 <i>Odontonema cuspidatum </i>(Acanthaceae) plants in a pollen-limited population<i> </i>over two years and used experimental floral arrays to evaluate how flower number affects pollination and nectar robbery. Both pollinators and nectar robbers preferred larger floral displays, and nectar robbery reduced reproductive output, suggesting conflicting selection. Survey and experimental data agreed closely on the optimum flower number under antagonist-induced pollen limitation; this number was substantially overrepresented in the population. While criteria for antagonist-induced adaptive pollen limitation are restrictive, the necessary conditions may often be realized. Considering interactions beyond the plant-pollinator dyad illuminates previously overlooked mechanisms generating pollen limitation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Temporal change in floral availability leads to periods of resource limitation and affects diet specificity in a generalist pollinator
<p class="Default"><span>Generalist species are core components of ecological networks and crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity. Generalised species and networks are expected to be more resilient, therefore understanding the dynamics of specialisation and generalisation in ecological networks is a key focus in a time of rapid global climate change. Whilst diet generalisation is frequently studied, our understanding of how it changes over time is limited. We explore temporal variation in diet specificity in the honeybee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>), using pollen DNA metabarcoding of honey samples, through the foraging season, over two years. We find that overall, honeybees are generalists that visit a wide range of plants, but there is temporal variation in the degree of specialisation. Temporal specialisation of honeybee colonies corresponds to periods of resource limitation, identified as a lack of honey stores. Honeybees experience a lack of preferred resources in June when switching from flowering trees in spring to shrubs and herbs in summer. Investigating temporal patterns in specialisation can identify periods of resource limitation that may lead to species and network vulnerability. Diet specificity must therefore be explored at different temporal scales in order to fully understand species and network stability in the face of ecological change.</span></p>
Data for: Hedgerows have contrasting effects on pollinators and natural enemies and limited spillover effects on apple production
<p>Agricultural intensification has resulted in a decline in insect biodiversity and threatens the provision of valuable ecosystem services. Agri-environment schemes (AESs) have been implemented in an effort to conserve biodiversity on farmland and increase agricultural sustainability, but their effectiveness can vary widely. To better determine which factors influence AES effectiveness, the relative roles of local habitat features, habitat quality, and landscape context need to be further explored. The aim of this study was to determine the most important factors influencing field margin AES effectiveness in commercial apple orchards, in terms of arthropod biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision. We surveyed wild bees and aphid natural enemies in field margins and apple trees in 20 orchards, ten bordered by hedgerow field margins (an AES) and ten with herbaceous field margins (no hedgerows present, not an AES). We considered field margin floral resources and the cover of semi-natural habitat in the surrounding landscape as indicators of local habitat quality and landscape context, respectively. We furthermore quantified pollination and pest control as measures of ecosystem service delivery and the relationship between arthropod communities and apple yield (initial and final fruit set) and quality. We found that hedgerow presence strongly predicted both pollinator and natural enemy communities and that these relationships were more pronounced than those with local habitat quality and landscape context. Hedgerows were negatively related to wild bee richness and abundance within the orchard, and positively related to natural enemy richness and abundance at the field margin but not within the orchard. We found no relationships between local and landscape factors and ecosystem service delivery, and no relationship between wild bee communities and apple yield, suggesting that apple is not pollen limited in our study system. There was, however, a negative relationship between natural enemy richness and initial fruit set. We conclude that annually cut hedgerows can benefit the conservation of natural enemies, but have limited arthropod-mediated private benefits for apple production, and likely need to be supplemented with additional local habitat resources for the conservation of wild bees. Our findings indicate that local habitat factors can strongly influence biodiversity regardless of landscape context, but that AESs likely need to be designed with separate biodiversity and ecosystem service targets, and specific taxonomic groups, in mind.</p>
Plant–hummingbird pollination networks exhibit limited rewiring after experimental removal of a locally abundant plant species
<p>In this study, we simulated the local extinction of a hummingbird-pollinated understory plant, <em>Heliconia</em> <em>tortuosa</em>, from tropical forest fragments using a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) experimental design while quantifying plant-hummingbird interactions through two parallel techniques: pollen collected from individual hummingbirds ('pollen networks', created from >300 pollen samples) and observations of hummingbirds visiting focal plants ('camera networks', created from >19,000 observation hours). Each response variable was measured during each experimental period (pre and post) in sites with and without <em>H. tortuosa</em> removal (treatment and control).</p>
Mutualism has its limits: consequences of asymmetric interactions between a well-defended plant and its herbivorous pollinator
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Data from: Linking pollinator efficiency to patterns of pollen limitation: small bees exploit the plant-pollinator mutualism
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Plant–hummingbird pollination networks exhibit limited rewiring after experimental removal of a locally abundant plant species
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Data from: Temporal change in floral availability leads to periods of resource limitation and affects diet specificity in a generalist pollinator
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Phylogenetic restriction of plant invasion in drought-stressed environments: implications for insect-pollinated plant communities in water-limited ecosystems
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: pollinators limit seed production in an early blooming rare plant: evidence of a mismatch between plant phenology and pollinator emergence
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Data from: Can conflicting selection from pollinators and nectar-robbing antagonists drive adaptive pollen limitation? A conceptual model and empirical test
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Data for: Hedgerows have contrasting effects on pollinators and natural enemies and limited spillover effects on apple production
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Data from: Crop production in the USA is frequently limited by a lack of pollinators
<p>Most of the world's crops depend on pollinators, so declines in both managed and wild bees raise concerns about food security. However, the degree to which insect pollination is actually limiting current crop production is poorly understood, as is the role of wild species (as opposed to managed honey bees) in pollinating crops, particularly in intensive production areas. We established a nation-wide study to assess the extent of pollinator limitation in seven crops at 131 locations situated across major crop-producing areas of the USA. We found that five out of seven crops showed evidence of pollinator limitation. Wild bees and honey bees provided comparable amounts of pollination for most crops, even in agriculturally-intensive regions. We estimated the nation-wide annual production value of wild pollinators to the seven crops we studied at over $1.5 billion; the value of wild bee pollination of all pollinator-dependent crops would be much greater. Our findings show that pollinator declines could translate directly into decreased yields or production for most of the crops studied, and that wild species contribute substantially to pollination of most study crops in major crop-producing regions.</p>
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