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20 results for “pollinator decline”
Data for "Disrupted connectivity within a metapopulation of a wind-pollinated declining conifer Taxus baccata L."
<p>A spreadsheet contains microsatellite genotypes and population coordinates necessary for estimating seed and pollen migration rates. In addition, a spreadsheet contains detailed individual data necessary for parentage analysis.</p> <p>For more details, see:</p> <p>Chybicki IJ, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, Bodziarczyk J, Widlak M, Meyza, K, Oleksa A, Ulaszewski B (2024) Disrupted connectivity within a metapopulation of a wind-pollinated declining conifer, Taxus baccata L. Forest Ecosystems 100240 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2197562024000769)</p>
The effect of experimental pollinator decline on pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits
<p>Human-mediated environmental change, by reducing mean fitness, is hypothesized to strengthen selection on traits that mediate interactions among species. For example, human-mediated declines in pollinator populations are hypothesized to reduce mean seed production by increasing the magnitude of pollen limitation and thus strengthen pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits that increase pollinator attraction or pollen transfer efficiency. To test this hypothesis, we measured two female fitness components and six floral traits of <em>Lobelia siphilitica</em> plants exposed to supplemental hand-pollination, ambient open-pollination, or reduced open-pollination treatments. The reduced treatment simulated pollinator decline, while the supplemental treatment was used to estimate pollen limitation and pollinator-mediated selection. We found that plants in the reduced pollination treatment were significantly pollen-limited, resulting in pollinator-mediated selection for taller inflorescences and more vibrant petals, both traits that could increase pollinator attraction. This contrasts with plants in the ambient pollination treatment, where reproduction was not pollen-limited and there was no significant pollinator-mediated selection on any floral trait. Our results support the hypothesis that human-mediated environmental change can strengthen the selection on traits of interacting species and suggest that these traits have the potential to evolve in response to changing environments.</p>
Rare and declining bee species are key to consistent pollination of wildflowers and crops across large spatial scales
<p>Biodiversity promotes ecosystem function in experiments, but it remains uncertain how biodiversity loss affects function in larger-scale natural ecosystems, where rare and declining species which are likely to be lost and function needs to be maintained across space and time. Here we explore the importance of rare and declining bee species to the pollination of three wildflowers and three crops using large-scale (72 sites across 5,000 km2), multi-year datasets. Half (82/164) bee species were rare or declining, but these species provided ~15% of overall pollination. To determine the number of species important to ecosystem function, we used two methods of 'scaling up', both of which have previously been used for biodiversity-function analysis. First, we summed bee species' contributions to pollination across space and time and then found the minimum set of species needed to provide a threshold level of function across all sites; according to this method, effectively no rare and declining bee species were important to pollination. Second, we account for the "insurance value" of biodiversity by finding the minimum set of bee species needed to simultaneously provide a threshold level of function at each site in each year. The second method leads to the conclusion that 25 rare and eight declining bee species (36% and 53% of all rare and declining bee species, respectively) are important. Our findings provide some of the strongest evidence yet for the importance of rare and declining species, thereby providing a more direct link between real-world biodiversity loss and ecosystem function.</p>
Simulated pollinator decline has similar effects on seed production of female and hermaphrodite Lobelia siphilitica, but different effects on selection on floral traits
<p><span>PREMISE:</span><span> Pollinator decline, by reducing seed production, is predicted to strengthen natural selection on floral traits. However, the effect of pollinator decline on gender dimorphic species (such as gynodioecious species, where plants produce female or hermaphrodite flowers) may differ between the sex morphs: if pollinator decline reduces the seed production of females more than hermaphrodites, then it should also have a larger effect on selection on floral traits in females than in hermaphrodites.</span></p> <p><span>RESULTS: </span><span>Experimentally reducing pollination decreased seed production of both females and hermaphrodites by ~21%. Reducing pollination also strengthened selection on floral traits, but this effect was not larger in females than in hermaphrodites. Instead, reducing pollination intensified selection for taller inflorescences in hermaphrodites, but did not intensify selection on any floral trait in females.</span></p> <p><span>CONCLUSIONS:</span><span> Our results suggest that pollinator decline will not have a larger effect on either seed production or selection on floral traits of female plants. As such, any effect of pollinator decline on seed production may be similar for gender dimorphic and monomorphic species. However, the potential for floral traits of females (and thus of gender dimorphic species) to evolve in response to pollinator decline could be limited.</span></p>
Data and scripts for the analysis of the influence of crop pollinator dependence and growth form on yield decline
<p>Marcelo A. Aizen, Gabriela R. Gleiser, Thomas Kitzberger, Ruben Milla. <strong>Being a tree crop increases the odds of experiencing yield declines irrespective of pollinator dependence </strong>(to be submitted to PCI)</p> <p> </p> <p>Data and R scripts to reproduce the analyses and the figures shown in the paper. All analyses were performed using R 4.0.2.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data</strong></p> <p>1. FAOdata_21-12-2021.csv</p> <p>This file includes yearly data (1961-2020, column 8) on yield and cultivated area (columns 6 and 10) at the country, sub-regional, and regional levels (column 2) for each crop (column 4) drawn from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization database (data available at <a href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en">http://www.fao.org/faostat/en</a>; accessed July 21-12-2021). [Used in Script 1 to generate the synthesis dataset]</p> <p>2. countries.csv</p> <p>This file provides information on the region (column 2) to which each country (column 1) belongs. [Used in Script 1 to generate the synthesis dataset]</p> <p>3. dependence.csv</p> <p>This file provides information on the pollinator dependence category (column 2) of each crop (column 1).</p> <p>4. traits.csv</p> <p>This file provides information on the traits of each crop other than pollinator dependence, including, besides the crop name (column1), the variables type of harvested organ (column 5) and growth form (column 6). [Used in Script 1 to generate the synthesis dataset]</p> <p>5. dataset.csv</p> <p>The synthesis dataset generated by Script 1.</p> <p>6. growth.csv</p> <p>The yield growth dataset generated by Script 1 and used as input by Scripts 2 and 3.</p> <p>7. phylonames.csv</p> <p>This file lists all the crops (column 1) and their equivalent tip names in the crop phylogeny (column 2). [Used in Script 2 for the phylogenetically-controlled analyses]</p> <p>8.phylo137.tre</p> <p>File containing the phylogenetic tree.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Scripts</strong></p> <p>1. dataset</p> <p>This R script curates and merges all the individual datasets mentioned above into a single dataset, estimating and adding to this single dataset the growth rate for each crop and country, and the (log) cumulative harvested area per crop and country over the period 1961-2020.</p> <p>2. analyses</p> <p>This R script includes all the analyses described in the article’s main text.</p> <p>3. figures</p> <p>This R script creates all the main and supplementary figures of this article.</p> <p>4. lme4_phylo_setup</p> <p>R function written by Li and Bolker (2019) to carry out phylogenetically-controlled generalized linear mixed-effects models as described in the main text of the article.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Li, M., and B. Bolker. 2019. wzmli/phyloglmm: First release of phylogenetic comparative analysis in lme4- verse. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2639887.</p>
The effect of experimental pollinator decline on pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits
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Rare and declining bee species are key to consistent pollination of wildflowers and crops across large spatial scales
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Simulated pollinator decline has similar effects on seed production of female and hermaphrodite Lobelia siphilitica, but different effects on selection on floral traits
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Raw data and code for: Drivers of nocturnal and diurnal pollinating insect declines in urban landscapes
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Simulated pollinator declines intensify selection on floral traits that facilitate selfing and outcrossing in Impatiens capensis
<p>PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Anthropogenic environmental change is causing pollinator populations to decline. These declines should intensify selection for floral traits that facilitate outcrossing by making plants more attractive to pollinators and/or for floral traits that facilitate selfing in the absence of pollinators. However, the effect of pollinator declines on selection on floral traits could be modified by other environmental factors such as herbivores. <br> METHODS: We studied the effect of simulated pollinator declines on selection on floral traits of Impatiens capensis, a mixed-mating species that produces both obligately selfing cleistogamous flowers and primarily outcrossing chasmogamous flowers. We measured directional selection differentials via seeds per plant on two traits that facilitate outcrossing (chasmogamous flower size and number) and one trait that facilitates selfing (cleistogamous flower number) in ambient, reduced pollinator access, and reduced pollinator access + increased foliar herbivory treatments.<br> RESULTS: Reduced pollinator access intensified selection for larger chasmogamous flowers and more cleistogamous flowers. In contrast, increased herbivory did not affect selection on any floral trait. <br> CONCLUSIONS: Reduced pollinator access intensified selection for a trait that facilitates outcrossing, suggesting that even species such as I. capensis that can autonomously self-pollinate have the potential to respond to pollinator declines by evolving floral traits that reinforce interactions between plants and pollinators. However, reduced pollinator access also intensified selection for a trait that facilitates selfing, suggesting that I. capensis could adapt to pollinator declines by evolving floral traits that maintain the production of both selfed and outcrossed seeds.<br> </p>
Data from: Sensitivity of commercial pumpkin yield to potential decline among different groups of pollinating bees
The yield of animal-pollinated crops is threatened by bee declines, but its precise sensitivity is poorly known. We therefore determined the yield dependence of Hokkaido pumpkin in Germany on insect pollination by quantifying: (i) the relationship between pollen receipt and fruit set and (ii) the cumulative pollen deposition of each pollinator group. We found that approximately 2500 pollen grains per flower were needed to maximize fruit set. At the measured rates of flower visitation, we estimated that bumblebees (21 visits/flower lifetime, 864 grains/visit) or honeybees (123 visits, 260 grains) could individually achieve maximum crop yield, whereas halictid bees are ineffective (11 visits, 16 grains). The pollinator fauna was capable of delivering 20 times the necessary amount of pollen. We therefore estimate that pumpkin yield was not pollination-limited in our study region and that it is currently fairly resilient to single declines of honeybees or wild bumblebees.
Data from: High-elevation range limit of an annual herb is neither caused nor reinforced by declining pollinator service
1. Pollination failure has been proposed to be an important determinant of plant species' range limits, if pollinator activity declines along an environmental gradient, directly limiting plant populations, or if plant populations decline along an environmental gradient and subsequently fail to attract sufficient visitation. Both mechanisms predict reduced pollinator visitation, increased pollen limitation, and decreased seed production towards range limits, and the first additionally predicts declining pollinator abundance independent of any particular plant species. However, many self-compatible species have some capacity for autonomous self-fertilization, which may buffer reproductive success from declining pollinator visitation if inbreeding depression is mild. Thus pollinator-mediated limits may also predict selection for reduced reliance on pollinators towards range limits. 2. We tested these predictions towards the high-elevation limit of the self-compatible, bumble bee (Bombus) pollinated Rhinanthus minor, along two elevation transects in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. 3. Bombus abundance was highest at mid- (range-centre) and high-elevation (range limit) sites, so declining pollinator abundance is unlikely to impose high-elevation limits for bumble bee pollinated species in this area. 4. Flowers per plant and per m2 declined at upper range limits, potentially rendering edge populations less attractive. However, visitation rate did not decline towards the range limit at either transect. Stigmatic pollen receipt declined with increasing elevation, but seed set did not, nor did outcross pollen supplementation increase seed set at any site. 5. Investment in floral attractiveness (corolla area/ovary area) increased towards range limits, but capacity for high-quality autonomous seed set and adult inbreeding coefficients inferred from genetic markers were uniformly high, suggesting frequent self-fertilization and weak inbreeding depression throughout the range. 6. Synthesis We found no evidence for pollination failure towards the upper range limit of R. minor. Moreover, unlike some species with a capacity for autogamy, autonomous selfing makes a major contribution to R. minor's mating system and demography, and likely buffers reproductive success from stochasticity in pollination. Continued investment in floral attractiveness despite high autonomous selfing suggests some evolutionary benefit to pollinator-mediated outcrossing, rather than ecological benefits via increasing seed quantity or quality. Given that >50% of angiosperms are self-compatible, the reproductive assurance provided by selfing may reduce the importance of pollination in limiting plant distributions compared to other biotic interactions.
Plasticity in floral longevity and sex-phase duration of Lobelia siphilitica in response to simulated pollinator declines
<p><strong>Premise: </strong>Pollinator declines can reduce the quantity and quality of pollination services, resulting in less pollen deposited on flowers and lower seed production by plants. In response to these reductions, plants can increase the opportunity for pollination by plastically adjusting their floral traits, including floral longevity and sex-phase duration. However, studies of plant responses to pollinator declines have primarily focused on floral evolution across generations rather than plasticity in floral traits within a generation.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> To test whether plants can respond to pollinator declines by plastically adjusting their floral traits, we simulated declines by experimentally reducing pollinator access to Lobelia siphilitica plants, and measuring floral longevity and male- and female-phase duration. We also measured daily display size and phenotypic gender to test whether plasticity in floral longevity and sex-phase duration affected inflorescence traits.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> We found that experimentally reducing pollination extended the male-phase duration of early-season flowers and the longevity of late-season flowers. However, plants with an extended male phase did not have a more male-biased phenotypic gender, and plants with an extended floral longevity did not have a larger daily display.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our results suggest that L . siphilitica plants can respond to pollinator declines by plastically adjusting both the longevity and sex-phase duration of their flowers. Consequently, plasticity in floral traits could be one mechanism by which plants respond to decreases in pollination services caused by pollinator declines.</p>
10-year trends reveal declining quality of seeded pollinator habitat on reclaimed mines regardless of seed mix diversity
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Plasticity in floral longevity and sex-phase duration of Lobelia siphilitica in response to simulated pollinator declines
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Data from: Sensitivity of commercial pumpkin yield to potential decline among different groups of pollinating bees
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Simulated pollinator declines intensify selection on floral traits that facilitate selfing and outcrossing in Impatiens capensis
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Data from: High-elevation range limit of an annual herb is neither caused nor reinforced by declining pollinator service
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Data from: Exotic flies maintain pollination services as native pollinators decline with agricultural expansion
1.Globally, conversion of natural habitat to agricultural land is a primary driver of declines in critical ecosystem services, including pollination. However, exotic species are often well-adapted to human-modified environments and could compensate for ecosystem services that are lost when native species decline. 2.We measured pollination services (pollen delivery to stigma) provided by wild insects to a mass flowering crop, pak choi Brassica rapa at 12 sites across a gradient of increasing agricultural land use (agricultural expansion) in New Zealand. 3.We found that pollination services increased as the proportion of agricultural land in the surrounding landscape increased; pollination from exotic species exceeded the loss of pollination from native species. However, pollination service delivery became increasingly dominated by a few exotic fly species that were active throughout the day, compared to native species, which had more constrained activity patterns. 4.Synthesis and applications. The best way to ensure continued sufficient crop pollination is to protect and restore diverse natural habitats on or around farms, as species-rich pollinator communities are relatively resilient to further environmental change. However, we show that where human-driven disturbance has caused loss of native pollinator species, exotic pollinators can maintain sufficient pollination. Therefore, in areas where native species loss cannot easily be reversed, decisions about pesticide use and habitat provision that foster populations of beneficial exotic species are likely to maintain pollination service delivery, at least in the short term. This highlights the need for land managers to identify the pollinator communities that are present on their farms, whether native or exotic, and make decisions to support these important communities accordingly.
Data from: Exotic flies maintain pollination services as native pollinators decline with agricultural expansion
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