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77 results for “pollinator diversity”
Species diversity and extinction risk of vertebrate pollinators in India
<p>This repository includes the data compiled and used for the study of <strong>‘Species diversity and extinction risk of vertebrate</strong><br><strong>pollinators in India’</strong>. If you use these data, please cite them along with our manuscript:</p> <blockquote> <p>Kallivalappil R., Grattarola F., de Alwis Pitts D., Cotter S.C. & Pincheira-Donoso D. (2024). Species diversity and extinction risk of vertebrate<br>pollinators in India. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em>. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-024-02848-3</p> </blockquote> <p> </p> <h2>Abstract</h2> <p>Animal pollinators underpin the functioning and persistence of ecosystems globally. However, the vital role of pollination is being progressively eroded by the worldwide decline of pollinator species caused by human-induced environmental degradation, resulting in rising costs to biodiversity, agriculture, and economy. Most studies quantifying pollinator diversity and declines have focused on insects, whereas vertebrate pollinators remain comparatively neglected. Here, we<br>present the first comprehensive study quantifying the macroecological patterns of species richness and extinction risk of bird and mammal pollinators in India, a region of extremely high biodiversity and increasing anthropogenic pressure. Our results reveal that hotspots of mammal pollinator diversity are restricted to the south of the Western Ghats, whereas bird pollinator diversity hotspots are scattered throughout the country. Analyses of hotspots of threatened species<br>(based on the IUCN Red List) show that only mammal pollinators are currently classified as threatened in India, whereas multiple hotspots of population declines were observed for birds, and primarily in the Southwest for mammal pollinators. Our analyses failed to identify a role for species traits as drivers of these patterns, whereas most pollinators appear to be threatened by agriculture, logging and hunting for food, and medicinal purposes. Pollinator endangerment has widescale<br>ecological and economic implications such as reduced food production, plant extinction, loss of functional and genetic diversity, and economic damage. We suggest protection of vertebrate pollinators should be emphasised in active conservation agendas in India.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Files</h2> <h3>Spatial</h3> <ul> <li><code>india.gpkg</code></li> <li><code>birds.gpkg</code></li> <li><code>mammals.gpkg</code></li> <li><code>how_to_read_gpkg_data.R</code></li> </ul> <h3>Phylogenetic</h3> <ul> <li><code>PGLS_phylogeny_birds.nex</code></li> <li><code>PGLS_phylogeny_mammals.nex</code></li> </ul> <h3>Tables</h3> <ul> <li><code>all_bird_traits.csv</code></li> <li><code>all_mammals_traits.csv</code></li> <li><code>threatened_mammals_traits.csv</code></li> <li><code>plant_pollinator_dataset.csv</code></li> <li><code>pollinator_plant_dataset.csv</code></li> <li><code>references.txt</code></li> </ul>
Fig. 6 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris
Fig. 6. Phenotypic variation among the four species represented by the first two coordinate axes of a principal component analysis.Twelve morphological characters were analyzed (Table 3). A Mantel test of the multivariate morphological differences among species was highly significant (P <0.0001). In addition, LO1 shows further differentiation based on geography, with distinct clusters recovered for both Baja and Sonora samples.
Fig. 5. Bayesian skyline plots for three Idarnes species. X in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris
Fig. 5. Bayesian skyline plots for three Idarnes species. X-axes are in units of mutations per site, while y-axes are in units of effective population size scaled by mutation rate. LO1 shows sharp growth in population size, whereas SO1 and SO2 show a similar pattern of consistent population size through time with minimal growth. LO2 was not included as it contains two cryptic species reducing sample sizes too low for analysis.
Fig. 2. A in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris
Fig. 2. A habitus drawing of an Idarnes wasp. The drawing represents a wasp from the LO1 species associated with host Ficus petiolaris. Illustrated are the 12 morphological characters measured for analysis.The characters are as follows: 1) presence of antennal setulae, 2) number of antennal segments, 3) scape length, 4) scape color (amber vs dark), 5) head width, 6) inter-antennal distance, 7) facial width, 8) collar length, 9) stigmal vein length, 10) femur color (amber vs dark), 11) body length, and 12) ovipositor length.
Fig. 3 in Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris
Fig. 3. Maximum-clade credibility tree for Idarnes mtDNA sequences from wasps associated with Ficus petiolaris. Four distinct clades (LO1, SO1, LO2, SO2) each with a posterior probability of 1.0 were recovered.There is little information in the data as to how these four clades are related. Posterior probabilities ≥0.50 are presented.Taxon names are composed of clade name, locality number, and internal lab numbers. In addition, LO1 sequences show phylogeographic structure, with sequences primarily clustering based on if sampled from Baja California (BC) or Sonora (S). One sequence (denoted with black box) is an exception, where the wasp was sampled from Sonora (locale 12; see Fig. 1) yet clusters with Baja California sequences.
Maintaining habitat diversity at small scales benefits wild bees and pollination services in mountain apple orchards
<p>In 2021, we conducted our study in apple orchards in South Tyrol, an Alpine region in Italy, using pan-traps, direct observations of visitation frequency, and a pollinator exclusion experiment. We investigated the scale-dependent effects of landscape heterogeneity and other parameters on wild bee assemblages and the related pollination service they provide at five spatial scales (radius 100 – 2,000 m).</p>
Datasets from Ganuza et al. 2022: Interactive effects of climate and land use on pollinator diversity differ among taxa and scales
<p>Datasets used in Ganuza et al. 2022: Interactive effects of climate and land use on pollinator diversity differ among taxa and scales. Local and regional data are provided in separate files for the environmental variables, plant species composition and the composition of the different pollinator taxa.</p>
Data from: Climatic conditions and landscape diversity predict plant-bee interactions and pollen deposition in bee-pollinated plants.
<p>Climate change, landscape homogenization and the decline of beneficial insects threaten pollination services to wild plants and crops. Understanding how pollination potential (i.e. the capacity of ecosystems to support pollination of plants) is affected by climate change and landscape homogenization is fundamental for our ability to predict how such anthropogenic stressors affect plant biodiversity. Models of pollinator potential are improved when based on pairwise plant-pollinator interactions and pollinator´s plant preferences. However, whether the sum of predicted pairwise interactions with a plant within a habitat (a proxy for pollination potential) relates to pollen deposition on flowering plants has not yet been investigated. We sampled plant-bee interactions in 68 Scandinavian plant communities in landscapes of varying land-cover heterogeneity along a latitudinal temperature gradient of 4–8 C°, and estimated pollen deposition as the number of pollen grains on flowers of the bee-pollinated plants <em>Lotus corniculatus</em>, and <em>Vicia cracca</em>. We show that plant-bee interactions, and the pollination potential for these bee-pollinated plants increase with landscape diversity, annual mean temperature, plant abundance, and decrease with distances to sand-dominated soils. Furthermore, the pollen deposition in flowers increased with the predicted pollination potential, which was driven by landscape diversity and plant abundance. Our study illustrates that the pollination potential, and thus pollen deposition, for wild plants can be mapped based on spatial models of plant-bee interactions that incorporate pollinator-specific plant preferences. Maps of pollination potential can be used to guide conservation and restoration planning.</p>
Pollination success increases with plant diversity in high Andean communities
<p>Pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions have traditionally been viewed within the competition paradigm. However, facilitation via pollinator sharing might be the rule rather than the exception in harsh environments. Moreover, plant diversity could be playing a key role in fostering pollinator-mediated facilitation. We examined a total of 9,371 stigmas of 88 species from nine high-Andean communities in NW Patagonia, and we explored the prevalent sign of the relation between conspecific pollen receipt and heterospecific pollen diversity, and assessed whether the incidence of different outcomes varies with altitude and whether pollen receipt relates to plant diversity.</p>
Data from: Dominant species stabilize pollination services through response diversity, but not cross-scale redundancy
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Urban landscapes with more natural greenspace support higher pollinator diversity
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Sharing pollinators and pollen-associated viruses: understanding the diversity of the pollen virome within a co-flowering community
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Data from: Climatic conditions and landscape diversity predict plant-bee interactions and pollen deposition in bee-pollinated plants.
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Data from: Habitat restorations in an urban landscape rapidly assemble diverse pollinator communities that persist
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Sites dominated by common fiddleneck (Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia) support diverse plant-pollinator interactions
<p>Biodiversity is declining at unprecedented rates worldwide due largely to land use change and abnormal disturbance events. The high species diversity and endemicity found in California's coastal sage scrub (CSS) are especially at risk from urban development and ongoing disturbance. However, several CSS plant species have disturbance adaptations which may allow them to serve as vital resources for insect pollinators when native plant diversity is threatened. Common fiddleneck (<em>Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia</em>) is one of the first annual forbs to germinate in CSS and as a result, it occurs in high density patches in early spring which temporarily creates a near monoculture. Although fiddleneck is a prominent CSS plant, particularly in areas that have experienced a disturbance event, its larger ecological role is not well explored. Therefore, we monitored ten sites across a disturbance gradient for two spring seasons to assess the composition of plant-pollinator networks in fiddleneck-dominated plots. We found fiddleneck supported a diverse pollinator community with 68% of recorded taxa visiting fiddleneck. The plants most frequently visited included two native annual forbs (common fiddleneck and <em>Phacelia distans</em><em>)</em> and two invasive annual forbs (<em>Erodium cicutarium</em> and<em> </em><em>Brassica tournefortii)</em>. Plant and pollinator abundances increased with increased mean precipitation. Additionally, plant-pollinator networks changed over time; the number of links per species increased throughout the season but did not differ amongst disturbance types. Despite the numerical dominance of fiddleneck, CSS supported a diversity of pollinator taxa and exhibited complex plant-pollinator networks across the disturbance gradient.</p>
Open habitats in a tropical biodiversity hotspot support pollinator diversity in both protected and unprotected areas
<p class="MsoNormal">Protected areas (PAs) are vital in the global effort to preserve biodiversity, particularly for disturbance-intolerant pollinator species in the tropics. As there is little information on the potential of PAs for pollinator conservation in sensitive tropical ecosystems, we assessed here insect pollinator diversity in protected vs. unprotected areas in two vegetation zones in Nigeria, within the West African Guinea Biodiversity Hotspot. We selected two land-use types based on predominant canopy cover type (open and tree-shaded habitats) and these were sampled in both protected and unprotected areas of tropical rain forest and savanna vegetation zones. Pollinator composition varied significantly between protected vs. unprotected areas in each vegetation zone, signifying both areas support unique assemblages of insect pollinators. However, pollinator diversity varied according to land-use type (open vs. shaded habitats) rather than protected area per se, such that pollinators were more abundant and species-rich in open habitat than shaded habitat. These findings emphasize that beyond the protection of ecosystems, fine scale habitat management promoting the availability of adequate floral resources in natural areas is critical for ensuring conservation of these pollinators in tropical ecosystems. </p>
Flower color and flowering phenology mediate plant-pollinator interaction assembly in a diverse co-flowering community
<p>Uncovering the role of competition and facilitation in community assembly is central for developing a predictive understanding of the forces that organize biodiversity. Standard trait-based approaches however rely on detection of only one assembly mechanism (competition or facilitation) along a single trait even though pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions can be structured along multiple phenotypic, phenological and ecological traits. We evaluated plant species distribution along multiple phenotypic and ecological traits (flower color, flowering time, pollinator sharing) and described an entire co-flowering community as a set of modules with unique patterns of assembly, to test predictions regarding the relative contribution of competition and facilitation to the assembly of a diverse co-flowering community. We show a modular pattern of flower color assembly. Flower color modules differ in their spectral reflectance patterns including color hue and saturation. Within modules, however, species are differentially assembled along phenological and ecological traits (pollinator sharing) depending on the main pollinator group visiting plant species within each module. Results suggest different trait assembly patterns within individual trait-modules in the same co-flowering community and that different trait-patterns can result from the same type of ecological interaction. This study reveals empirical evidence of community assembly along multiple axes of trait differentiation and raises caution when interpreting assembly patterns based on a single trait.</p>
Pollinator data from: Pollinator movement activity influences genetic diversity and differentiation of spatially isolated populations of clonal forest herbs
<p>In agricultural landscapes, forest herbs live in small, spatially isolated forest patches. For their long-term survival, their populations depend on animals as genetic linkers that provide pollen- or seed-mediated gene flow among different forest patches. However, whether insect pollinators serve as genetic linkers among spatially isolated forest herb populations in agricultural landscapes remains to be shown. Here, we used population genetic methods to analyze: (A) the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of populations of two common, slow-colonizing temperate forest herb species (<em>Polygonatum</em> <em>multiflorum</em> (L.) All. and <em>Anemone</em> <em>nemorosa</em> L.) in spatially isolated populations within three agricultural landscapes in Germany and Sweden and (B) the movement activity of their most relevant associated pollinator species, i.e., the bumblebee <em>Bombus</em> <em>pascuorum</em> (Scopoli, 1763) and the hoverfly <em>Melanostoma</em> <em>scalare</em> (Fabricus, 1794), respectively, which differ in their mobility. We tested whether the indicated pollinator movement activity affected the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of the forest herb populations. Bumblebee movement indicators that solely indicated movement activity between the forest patches affected both genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of the associated forest herb <em>P</em>. <em>multiflorum</em> in a way that can be explained by pollen-mediated gene flow among the forest herb populations. In contrast, movement indicators reflecting the total movement activity at a forest patch (including within-forest patch movement activity) showed unexpected effects for both plant-pollinator pairs that might be explained by accelerated genetic drift due to enhanced sexual reproduction. Our integrated approach revealed that bumblebees serve as genetic linkers of associated forest herb populations, even if they are more than 2 km apart from each other. No such evidence was found for the forest-associated hoverfly species which showed significant genetic differentiation among forest patches itself. Our approach also indicated that a higher within-forest patch movement activity of both pollinator species might enhance sexual recruitment and thus diminishes the temporal buffer that clonal growth provides against habitat fragmentation effects.</p>
Landscape simplification leads to loss of plant-pollinator interaction diversity and flower visitation frequency despite buffering by abundant generalist pollinators
<p>Global change, especially landscape simplification, is a main driver of species loss that can alter ecological interaction networks, with potentially severe consequences to ecosystem functions. Therefore, understanding how landscape simplification affects the rate of loss of plant-pollinator interaction diversity (i.e., number of unique interactions) compared to species diversity alone, and the role of persisting abundant pollinators, is key to assess the consequences of landscape simplification on network stability and pollination services. We analysed 24 landscape-scale plant-pollinator networks from standardised transect walks along landscape simplification gradients in three countries. We compared the rates of species and interaction diversity loss along the landscape simplification gradient and then stepwise excluded the top 1-20% most abundant pollinators from the data set to evaluate their effect on interaction diversity, network robustness to secondary loss of species, and flower visitation frequencies in simplified landscapes. Interaction diversity was not more vulnerable than species diversity to landscape simplification, with pollinator and interaction diversity showing similar rates of erosion with landscape simplification. We found that 20% of both species and interactions are lost with an increase of arable crop cover from 30 to 80% in a landscape. The decrease in interaction diversity was partially buffered by persistent abundant generalist pollinators in simplified landscapes, which were nested subsets of pollinator communities in complex landscapes, while plants showed a high turnover in interactions across landscapes. The top 5% most abundant pollinator species also contributed to network robustness against secondary species loss, but could not prevent flowers from a loss of visits in simplified landscapes. Although persistent abundant pollinators buffered the decrease in interaction diversity in simplified landscapes and stabilised network robustness, flower visitation frequency was reduced, emphasising potentially severe consequences of further ongoing land-use change for pollination services.</p>
Data from: Influence of agricultural intensification on pollinator pesticide exposure, food acquisition and diversity
<p>Pollinators are essential for maintaining sustainable crop production, while the decline of pollinators is a widespread concern. Agricultural intensification is one of the primary drivers of the decline of insect pollinators. Agricultural intensification usually involves a decreasing of non-crop semi-natural habitat and an increasing of pesticide exposure for pollinators. However, causal links between agricultural intensification, increased pesticide exposure, and reduced pollinator's food sources and pollinator diversity remain underexplored.</p> <p>We assessed pollinator diversity across a landscape gradient where the proportion of rice ranged from 11% to 85% in South China. We placed honeybee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) and mason bee (<em>Osmia excavata</em>) in these landscapes and investigated pesticide exposure in honeybee foragers and pollen, and in mason bee pollen and nesting materials. We also assessed the acquisition of food by mason bees.</p> <p>We found a higher frequency of pesticide detection in honeybee foragers and honeybee pollen samples in areas with a higher proportion of rice fields. There was a strong positive relationship between mason bee food acquisition and the proportion of semi-natural habitats, while no significant effects of pesticide exposure on pollinator diversity were found in addition to the effect of semi-natural habitat.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Our results suggest that pollinator communities could be at an increased risk of pesticide exposure due to intensified agriculture, while the negative impact on pollinator diversity mainly results from the loss of habitat and/or reduced food sources. This study highlights the importance of conserving semi-natural habitat to mitigate the causes of decline in pollinator diversity. We also recommend long-term, multi-year studies to further understand the mechanisms behind the loss of pollinators in farming landscapes.</p>
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