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56 results for “pollinator reproduction”
Dataset from: A test of the reproductive assurance hypothesis in Ipomoea hederacea: does inbreeding depression counteract the benefits of self-pollination?
<p><strong>PREMISE: Darwin proposed that self-pollination in allegedly outcrossing species might act as a reproductive assurance mechanism when pollinators or mates are scarce; however, in natural populations, the benefits of selfing may be opposed by seed discounting and inbreeding depression. While empirical studies show variation among species and populations in the magnitude of reproductive assurance, little is known about the counterbalancing effects of inbreeding depression.</strong></p> <p><strong>METHODS: By comparing the female reproductive success of emasculated and open-pollinated flowers, we assessed the reproductive assurance hypothesis in two Mexican populations of <em>Ipomoea hederacea.</em> In one population we assessed temporal variation in reproductive assurance for three years. We evaluated inbreeding depression on seed production, seedling germination, and dry plant mass by contrasting self- and cross-hand pollination treatments in one population for two years.</strong></p> <p><strong> KEY RESULTS: The contribution of self-pollination to female reproductive success was high and consistent between populations, but there was variation in reproductive assurance across years. Inbreeding depression was absent in the early stages of progeny development, but there was a small negative effect of inbreeding in the probability of germination and the mass of adult progeny. </strong></p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: Self-pollination provided significant reproductive assurance in <em>I. hederacea </em>but this contribution was variable across time. The contribution of reproductive assurance is probably reduced by inbreeding depression in later stages of progeny development, but this counter-effect was small in the study populations. This study supports the hypothesis that reproductive assurance with limited inbreeding depression is likely an important selective force in the evolution of self-pollination in the genus <em>Ipomoea</em>. </strong></p>
Warming of experimental plant-pollinator communities advances phenologies, alters traits, reduces interactions, and depresses reproduction
<p>This is the data set supporting the analyses performed in the article entitled "Warming of experimental plant-pollinator communities advances phenologies, alters traits, reduces interactions, and depresses reproduction", by Natasha de Manincor, Alessandro Fisogni, and Nicole E. Rafferty, published in Ecology Letters (2023, 26:323-334, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14158">https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14158</a>).</p> <p>The experiment has been performed in the greenhouse facilities at the University of California, Riverside, in 2021.</p> <p>The two treatments analyzed are ambient vs warmed (+ 4 °C), the focal pollinator species is <em>Osmia lignaria</em>, and the three focal plant species are <em>Collinsia heterophylla</em>, <em>Nemophila menziesii</em>, and <em>Phacelia campanularia</em>.</p> <p>Data are tab separated .txt files.</p>
Long-term experimental drought alters floral scent and pollinator visits in a Mediterranean plant community despite overall limited impacts on plant phenotype and reproduction
<p>Pollinators are declining globally, with climate change implicated as an important driver. Climate change can induce phenological shifts and reduce floral resources for pollinators, but little is known about its effects on floral attractiveness and how this might cascade to affect pollinators, pollination functions and plant fitness. We used an in situ long-term drought experiment to investigate multiple impacts of reduced precipitation in a natural Mediterranean shrubland, a habitat where climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts. Focusing on three insect-pollinated plant species that provide abundant rewards and support a diversity of pollinators (<em>Cistus</em> <em>albidus</em>, <em>Salvia</em> <em>rosmarinus</em> and <em>Thymus</em> <em>vulgaris</em>), we investigated the effects of drought on a suite of floral traits including nectar production and floral scent. We also measured the impact of reduced rainfall on pollinator visits, fruit set and germination in <em>S</em>. <em>rosmarinus</em> and <em>C</em>. <em>albidus</em>. Drought altered floral emissions of all three plant species qualitatively, and reduced nectar production in <em>T</em>. <em>vulgaris</em> only. <em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em> and <em>Bombus</em> gr. <em>terrestris</em> visited more flowers in control plots than drought plots, while small wild bees visited more flowers in drought plots than control plots. Pollinator species richness did not differ significantly between treatments. Fruit set and seed set in <em>S. rosmarinus</em> and <em>C. albidus </em>did not differ significantly between control and drought plots, but seeds from drought plots had slower germination for <em>S. rosmarinus</em> and marginally lower germination success in <em>C. albidus</em>.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. Overall, we found limited but consistent impacts of a moderate experimental drought on floral phenotype, plant reproduction and pollinator visits. Increased aridity under climate change is predicted to be stronger than the level assessed in the present study. Drought impacts will likely be stronger and this could profoundly affect the structure and functioning of plant-pollinator networks in Mediterranean ecosystems.</p>
Data from Investigating the effects of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators on male and female reproductive success and on floral trait selection in Silene dioica
<p><strong>data_all_OdEx.csv</strong>: all data about phenotypes or reproductive success at the individual scale</p> <ul> <li>ID : ID name</li> <li>nGrSemis_min : seed number needed to be sowned to get enough seedlings</li> <li>nGrGerm : seed number effectively sowned</li> <li>nGrGerm_OK : number of germinated seed</li> <li>TauxGerm : germination rate</li> <li>nFruits_MAX : maximal number of fruit that the plant could have produced</li> <li>nFruits_OK : effective number of fruits that the plant had produced</li> <li>nFruits_OK_avecPred : effective number of fruits that the plant had produced ignoring predation</li> <li>nFruits_pred : number of predated fruits</li> <li>mean_nbSeeds : mean number of seeds per fruit</li> <li>sd_nbSeeds : sd number of seeds per fruit</li> <li>mean_nbOv : mean ovule non fertilize per fruit</li> <li>sd_nbOv : sd ovule non fertilize per fruit</li> <li>mean_nbOvTOT : mean ovule number per flower</li> <li>sd_nbOvTOT : sd ovule number per flower</li> <li>prodTOT : total number of seed produced including germination rate</li> <li>FS : Fruit-set</li> <li>SS : Seed-set</li> <li>prodTOTsg : total number of seed produced without germination rate</li> <li>nbFlo_run0 : flower number at the beginning of the experiment</li> <li>nbFlo_run1 : flower number at the first measurement</li> <li>mean_nbFlo : mean flower number</li> <li>MeanFec : mean seed sired per males according to MEMM model</li> <li>MeanDelta : mean delta pollen dispersion according to MEMM model</li> <li>MeanMRS : mean male reproductive success (including female RS) according to MEMM model</li> <li>MedFec : same as above with the median</li> <li>MedDelta : same as above with the median</li> <li>MedMRS : same as above with the median</li> <li>VarFec : same as above with the variance</li> <li>VarDelta : same as above with the variance</li> <li>VarMRS : same as above with the variance</li> <li>ciFec : Same as above with confidence interval</li> <li>ciDelta : Same as above with confidence interval</li> <li>ciMRS : Same as above with confidence interval</li> <li>MS_Res : mating success</li> <li>mean_lFl : mean corolla width</li> <li>mean_hFl : mean calyx height</li> <li>QttTOT : pollen number per flower</li> <li>pop : which originate population</li> <li>cohort : which cohort</li> </ul> <p><strong>data_seeds_OdEx.csv</strong> : all data about seed number of weight as well as unfertilized ovule at the fruit scale for female RS</p> <ul> <li>ID : ID name</li> <li>noFruit : ID fruit</li> <li>poids : seed weight</li> <li>nbSeeds : number of seeds</li> <li>nbOv : number of unfertilized ovule</li> <li>moySeeds : mean seed size</li> <li>varSeeds : variance in seed size</li> </ul> <p><strong>data_poll_OdEx.csv</strong> : all data about pollinator observation session</p> <ul> <li>ID : ID name</li> <li>session : observation session number</li> <li>nbVis : number of independent insect attracted</li> <li>nbVisTot : number of total visit</li> <li>binVis : individual visited or not</li> </ul>
Differences in mating system and predicted parental conflict affect post-pollination reproductive isolation in a flowering plant
<p>Mating system shifts from outcrossing to selfing are frequent in plant evolution. Relative to outcrossing, selfing is associated with reduced parental conflict over seed provisioning, which may result in postzygotic, asymmetric, reproductive isolation in crosses between populations of different mating systems. To test the hypothesis that post-pollination reproductive isolation between populations increases with increasing differences in mating system and predicted parental conflict, we performed a crossing experiment involving all combinations of three self-compatible populations (with low outcrossing rates), and three self-incompatible populations (with high outcrossing rates) of the arctic-alpine herb Arabis alpina, assessing fitness-related seed and plant traits of the progeny. Predicted levels of parental conflict ("genome strength") were quantified based on strength of self-incompatibility and estimates of outcrossing rates. Crosses between self-compatible and self-incompatible populations yielded very small seeds of low viability, resulting in strong reproductive isolation. In 14 of 15 reciprocal between-population crosses, seeds were heavier when the paternal plant had the stronger genome, and seed mass differences between cross directions increased with an increased difference in parental conflict. Overall, our results suggest that, when sufficiently large, differences in mating system and hence in expected parental conflict may result in strong post-pollination reproductive barriers contributing to speciation.</p>
Sustained mangrove reproduction despite major turnover in pollinator community composition at expanding range edge
<p><strong>Background and Aims</strong></p> <p>How well plants reproduce near their geographic range edge can determine whether distributions will shift in response to changing climate. Reproduction at the range edge can be limiting if pollinator scarcity leads to pollen limitation, or if abiotic stressors affect allocation to reproduction. For many animal-pollinated plants with expanding ranges, the mechanisms by which they have overcome these barriers are poorly understood.</p> <p><strong>Methods </strong></p> <p>In this study, we examined plant-pollinator interactions hypothesized to impact reproduction of the black mangrove, <em>Avicennia germinans</em>, which is expanding northward in coastal Florida, USA. We monitored insects visiting <em>A. germinans</em> populations varying in proximity to the geographic range edge, measured the pollen loads of the most common insect taxa and pollen receipt by <em>A. germinans</em> stigmas, and quantified flower and propagule production. <strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Key Results</strong></p> <p>We found that despite an 84% decline in median floral visits by insects at northernmost vs. southernmost sites, range-edge pollen receipt remained high. Notably, local floral visitor assemblages exhibited substantial turnover along the study's latitudinal gradient, with large-bodied bees and hover flies increasingly common at northern sites. We also observed elevated flower production in northern populations and higher per capita reproductive output at the range edge. Furthermore, mean propagule mass in northern populations was 18% larger than propagules from the southernmost populations. <strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p> <p>These findings reveal no erosion of fecundity in <em>A. germinans</em> populations at range limits, allowing rapid expansion of mangrove cover in the region. These results also illustrate that substantial turnover in the assemblage of flower-visiting insects can occur at an expanding range edge without altering pollen receipt.</p>
Differences in mating system and predicted parental conflict affect post-pollination reproductive isolation in a flowering plant
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Long-term experimental drought alters floral scent and pollinator visits in a Mediterranean plant community despite overall limited impacts on plant phenotype and reproduction
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Sustained mangrove reproduction despite major turnover in pollinator community composition at expanding range edge
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Data from: Equivocal evidence for a change in balance between selfing and pollinator-mediated reproduction in annual Brassicaceae growing along a rainfall gradient
<p>Because many plants ensure their reproductive success using some level of self-fertilization, it is predicted that the balance between pollinator-mediated pollen transfer and autonomous selfing will be correlated with habitat harshness and pollinator activity. To study these correlations, we used three annual species that differ in their self-incompatibility and compared their reproductive success in the form of fruit production and seed viability, with and without pollinators, along a rainfall gradient and in relation to pollinator activity. We found that pollinator activity decreased with increasing aridity. However, although the reproductive success in the absence of pollinators fitted the species' level of self-incompatibility, no clear trend was detected between pollinator visits or site harshness and relative reproductive success. Only one of the species, <i>Sinapis alba, </i>showed a consistent increase in autonomous selfing with both increased aridity and decreased pollinator visits, a finding that was supported by an increase in the viability of seeds produced in the absence of pollinators. Nevertheless, unlike our prediction, the absolute number of seeds produced per <i>S. alba</i> flower increased with aridity. Our overall findings suggest that despite decreasing pollinator abundance and diversity with increasing aridity, reproductive success of annual species, even of those with high self-incompatibility, remains relatively high. While there may be several mechanisms governing these results, the overall constant seed production despite environmental uncertainties may be part of the mechanism by which plants in arid ecosystems buffer environmental variations.</p>
Data from: Herbivores and plant defenses affect selection on plant reproductive traits more strongly than pollinators
Pollinators and herbivores can both affect the evolutionary diversification of plant reproductive traits. However, plant defenses frequently alter antagonistic and mutualistic interactions and therefore variation in plant defenses may alter patterns of herbivore- and pollinator-mediated selection on plant traits. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a common garden field experiment using 50 clonal genotypes of white clover (Trifolium repens) that varied in a Mendelian inherited chemical antiherbivore defense—the production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). To evaluate whether plant defenses alter herbivore- and/or pollinator-mediated selection, we factorially crossed chemical defense (25 cyanogenic and 25 acyanogenic genotypes), herbivore damage (herbivore suppression) and pollination (hand-pollination). We found that herbivores weakened selection for increased inflorescence production, suggesting that large displays are costly in the presence of herbivores. In addition, herbivores weakened selection on flower size but only among acyanogenic plants, suggesting that plant defenses reduce the strength of herbivore-mediated selection. Pollinators did not independently affect selection on any trait, although pollinators weakened selection for later flowering among cyanogenic plants. Overall, cyanogenic plant defenses consistently increased the strength of positive directional selection on reproductive traits. Herbivores and pollinators both strengthened and weakened the strength of selection on reproductive traits, although herbivores imposed ~2.7× stronger selection than pollinators across all traits. Contrary to the view that pollinators are the most important agents of selection on reproductive traits, our data show that selection on reproductive traits is driven primarily by variation in herbivory and plant defenses in this system.
Agroecological farming, flowering phenology and the pollinator-herbivore-parasitoid nexus regulate non-crop plant reproduction
<p>Agroecological farming uses crop and non-crop plant biodiversity to promote beneficial insects supplying pollination and biocontrol services to crops. Non-crop plants (sown or weeds) are integral to supporting these beneficial insect species interactions. How the uplift of biotic complexity by agroecological management (crop diversification, ecological infrastructure) influences mutualistic and antagonistic insect interactions regulating the reproduction of non-crop plants remains less understood. </p> <p>Using a pesticide-free farm-scale (125 ha) agroecological experiment, we tested how the individual reproduction of pollinator-dependent, non-crop plant species with different flowering phenology (<em>Cyanus segetum, Centaurea jacea</em>) and their mutualistic (pollinator) and antagonistic (seed herbivore–parasitoid) insect interactions were affected by agroecological practices. </p> <p>Seed set and species interactions of replicate <em>C. segetum</em> and <em>C. jacea</em> randomly introduced to field margins was correlated with floral resource heterogeneity at focal plant (e.g., flower display size), local community (floral richness/abundance driven by sown wildflower or grass margins), and local landscape (crop diversification, area of semi-natural habitat or mass flowering crops) scales. </p> <p>At the seasonal peak of non-crop floral diversity and abundance, antagonistic interactions weakly regulated <em>C. segetum</em> seed set with gains from pollinator activity predominating. Conversely, <em>C. jacea</em>, which flowered past the peak of non-crop floral diversity/abundance benefited from the promotion of seed herbivore parasitism and pollinator activity by the local landscape cover of semi-natural habitat and mass flowering crops.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications. Agroecological management produced spatial and-temporal gradients in crop and non-crop floral resources that interacted to modify pollinator or seed herbivore-parasitoid interactions and seed set of <em>Cyanus segetum</em> and <em>Centaurea jacea</em> plants. The degree of phenological overlap between <em>C. segetum</em> and <em>C. jacea</em> flowering and floral resources in the local community or landscape dictated the type and level of exposure to insect interactions influencing reproduction. Design of agroecological practices to deliver pollination and biocontrol services must consider how effects will vary with species traits and the ensemble of mutualistic (pollination) and antagonistic (herbivory, parasitism) interactions governing non-crop plant reproduction. Agroecological management supporting beneficial insect interactions may feedback to help restore functional non-crop plant populations and associated biodiversity, potentially reducing the frequency of management interventions (e.g., re-sowing wildflower strips). </p>
Structural anther mimics improve reproductive success through dishonest signalling that enhances both attraction and the morphological fit of pollinators with flowers
<p><span>Numerous studies have identified traits associated with anther mimicry, however, the processes underlying floral deception remains poorly documented for these structures. We studied the importance of pollinator attraction and mechanical fit of anther mimics in <em>Tritonia laxifolia</em> (Iridaceae) and their relative contributions to reproductive success. To determine anther mimics role in pollinator attraction, we offered bees' binary choices to flowers painted with UV absorbent and reflecting paint. We also conducted preference experiments between flowers with excised anther mimics and unmanipulated controls, from which mechanical fit was assessed by allowing single visits. Anther mimics effects on female reproductive success was determined using similar treatments, but on rooted plants. Bees preferred UV absorbent over UV reflecting anther mimics. Bees did not discriminate between flowers with and without three-dimensional anther mimics. Single visits resulted in more pollen deposition on unmanipulated controls over flowers with their anther mimics excised, which was directly linked to pollen-collecting behaviour. Controls with unmanipulated anther mimics had higher seed set than those with their anther mimics excised. This study provides insights into pollinator-mediated selection on deceptive floral signals and shows that three-dimensional anther mimics increases reproductive success through both attraction and pollen-collecting behaviours.</span></p>
Data and code for "Loss of pollinator diversity consistently reduces reproductive success for wild and cultivated plants"
<p>Data and code for "Loss of pollinator diversity consistently reduces reproductive success for wild and cultivated plants"</p>
Heterospecific pollen deposition is positively associated with reproductive success in a diverse hummingbird-pollinated plant community
<p>Heterospecific pollen deposition (HPD) is ubiquitous across plant communities, especially for generalized species which use a diversity of pollinators, and may have negative effects on plant reproduction. However, it is unclear whether temporal changes in the co-flowering community result in changes in HPD patterns. Moreover, community-level studies are required to understand which factors influence HPD and how the reproduction of different species is affected. We investigated the temporal variation of HPD, its relationship with level of specialization on pollinators and floral phenotypic specialization, and its association with reproductive success (pollen limitation and fruit set) in 31 hummingbird-pollinated plant species in a tropical Campo Rupestre. We found seasonality in HPD, with species flowering in the dry season having greater diversity of heterospecific pollen on stigmas and a higher frequency of stigmas containing heterospecific pollen, compared to the rainy season. Stigmas of ecologically generalized species had more heterospecific pollen, while the relationship for ecologically specialized species depended on floral phenotype. Surprisingly, and in contrast to theory, we found a positive relationship between HPD and reproductive success. Our results indicate benefits of generalization and facilitation, in which sharing pollinators brings greater reproductive success via increased conspecific pollen deposition, even if it incurs more HPD. We demonstrated how assessing HPD at a community-level can contribute to understanding the ecological causes and functional consequences of pollinator sharing.</p>
Agroecological farming, flowering phenology and the pollinator-herbivore-parasitoid nexus regulate non-crop plant reproduction
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Structural anther mimics improve reproductive success through dishonest signalling that enhances both attraction and the morphological fit of pollinators with flowers
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Data from: Herbivores and plant defenses affect selection on plant reproductive traits more strongly than pollinators
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The contribution of pollinator-mediated vs pollinator-independent interactions to plant reproduction
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Data from: Effects of long-term variation in pollinator abundance and diversity on reproduction of a generalist plant
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