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UK Biobank release and systematic evaluation of optimised polygenic risk scores for 53 diseases and quantitative traits
<p>Summary-level GWAS data for 53 traits generated by <a href="https://www.genomicsplc.com/">Genomics plc</a> as presented in:</p> <p>Thompson D. et al. UK Biobank release and systematic evaluation of optimised polygenic risk scores for 53 diseases and quantitative traits (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.16.22276246">https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.16.22276246</a>)</p> <p>If you have any questions or comments regarding these files, please contact Genomics plc at <a href="mailto:research@genomicsplc.com">research@genomicsplc.com</a></p> <p><strong>NOTES</strong></p> <p>These analyses were carried out using the full UK Biobank (UKB) imputation data release (v3b). After removal of exclusions and withdrawals, a subset of 337,151 UKB individuals, the White British Unrelated (WBU) subgroup, was defined as the intersection of two sample groups created by Bycroft et al 2018 (Nature 562, 203-209): the ‘White British ancestry’ group (UKB Data Field 22006) and the ‘used in genetic principal components’ group (UKB Data Field 22020), the latter being high quality samples that were filtered to avoid closely related individuals. All GWAS analyses were performed on the WBU subgroup.</p> <p>Phenotypes were defined as described in Supplementary Table 1 ‘Phenotype definitions’ using a combination of Hospital Episode Statistics, Cancer Registry reports (where applicable) and self-report responses, with the exception of coronary artery disease (CAD). GWAS data was generated for both a “narrow” and a “broad” definition of CAD. The former was used as part of the training data for the Enhanced CAD PRS, the latter was used as part of the training data for the Enhanced CVD PRS. The phenotype definitions for “narrow” and a “broad” CAD are as follows:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Narrow CAD<br> (includes angina)</td> <td>ICD10 codes (where .X indicates all subcodes) from both hospital and death records: I21, I22, I23, I24.1, I25.2, I20.X. ICD9 codes: 410-412, 42979, 413.X. OPCS-4 codes (K40.1–40.4, K41.1–41.4, K45.1–45.5,K49.1–49.2, K49.8–49.9, K50.2, K75.1–75.4, K75.8–75.9), self-reported heart attack (UKB codes 1075 in field 20002; code 1 in field 6150), self-reported coronary angioplasty (ptca) or coronary artery bypass graft (UKB codes 1070 and 1095 in field 20004), self-reported angina.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Broad CAD<br> (includes angina and all ischaemic heart disease)</td> <td>As for Narrow CAD, plus ICD10 codes I24.X, I25X, and ICD9 codes 414.X (where .X indicates all subcodes).</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Note that there is no GWAS for cardiovascular disease (CVD) per se. This is because the UKB training data for the Enhanced CVD PRS consisted of separate GWASs for “narrow” CAD and ischaemic stroke.</p> <p>All analyses included Age at assessment, sex (for non-sex specific traits), genotyping chip, and 10 principal components as covariates.</p> <p>GWAS summary statistics for each trait were generated by applying PLINK 2.0 to the WBU subgroup, using a logistic regression for disease traits, and a linear regression model for quantitative traits. For chromosome X variants males were treated as having 0 or 2 alternative alleles.</p> <p>The results are not adjusted for genomic control.</p> <p><strong>DATA FILE CONTENT DESCRIPTION (DISEASE TRAITS)</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>cpra</td> <td>Variant ID in ‘CPRA’ format. Position reflects position in b37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>chrom</td> <td>Chromosome</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pos</td> <td>Position in base pairs (b37, 1-based)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>alt</td> <td>Alternative allele (effect allele)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>beta</td> <td>Effect size (log odds ratio)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>standard_error</td> <td>Standard error of beta</td> </tr> <tr> <td>minus_log10_p</td> <td>Minus log(base 10) of P-value</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ref</td> <td>Reference allele (non-effect allele)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ncase</td> <td>Number of cases</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ncontrol</td> <td>Number of controls</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>DATA FILE CONTENT DESCRIPTION (QUANTITATIVE TRAITS)</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>cpra</td> <td>Variant ID in ‘CPRA’ format. Position reflects position in b37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>chrom</td> <td>Chromosome</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pos</td> <td>Position in base pairs (b37, 1-based)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>alt</td> <td>Alternative allele (effect allele)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>beta</td> <td>Effect size</td> </tr> <tr> <td>standard_error</td> <td>Standard error of beta</td> </tr> <tr> <td>minus_log10_p</td> <td>Minus log(base 10) of P-value</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ref</td> <td>Reference allele (non-effect allele)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ntotal</td> <td>Total sample size</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>FILE NAMES</strong></p> <p>The following is a list of traits and their corresponding file names.</p> <p><em><strong>DISEASE TRAITS</strong></em></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Age-related macular degeneration</td> <td>amd_strict_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alzheimer's disease</td> <td>alzheimers_disease_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asthma</td> <td>asthma_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Atrial fibrillation</td> <td>atrial_fibrillation_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bipolar disorder</td> <td>bipolar_disorder_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bowel cancer</td> <td>CRC_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Breast cancer</td> <td>BC_UKB_WBU_women.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Coeliac disease</td> <td>celiac_disease_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Narrow coronary artery disease</td> <td>NARROW_CAD_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Broad coronary artery disease</td> <td>BROAD_CAD_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Crohn's disease</td> <td>crohns_disease_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Epithelial ovarian cancer</td> <td>OC_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hypertension</td> <td>HT_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ischaemic stroke</td> <td>IS_stroke_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Melanoma</td> <td>melanoma_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multiple sclerosis</td> <td>multiple_sclerosis_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Osteoporosis</td> <td>OP_WBU_training.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Prostate cancer</td> <td>PC_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Parkinson's disease</td> <td>parkinsons_disease_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Primary open angle glaucoma</td> <td>POAG_WBU_training.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Psoriasis</td> <td>psoriasis_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rheumatoid arthritis</td> <td>rheumatoid_arthritis_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Schizophrenia</td> <td>schizophrenia_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Systemic lupus erythematosus</td> <td>lupus_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Type 1 diabetes</td> <td>t1d_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Type 2 diabetes</td> <td>T2D_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ulcerative colitis</td> <td>ulcerative_colitis_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Venous thromboembolic disease</td> <td>VTE_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><em><strong>QUANTITATIVE TRAITS</strong></em></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Age at menopause</td> <td>age_at_menopause_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Apolipoprotein A1</td> <td>apolipoprotein_a1_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Apolipoprotein B</td> <td>apolipoprotein_b_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Body mass index</td> <td>bmi_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Calcium</td> <td>calcium_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Docosahexaenoic acid</td> <td>docosahexaenoic_acid_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Estimated bone mineral density T-score</td> <td>BMD_WBU_training.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine based)</td> <td>egfr_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Estimated glomerular filtration rate (cystatin based)</td> <td>egfr_cys_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Glycated haemoglobin</td> <td>hba1c_UKB_WBU_nodiabetes.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>High density lipoprotein cholesterol</td> <td>hdl_cholesterol_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Height</td> <td>height_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Intraocular pressure</td> <td>iop_WBU_training.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Low density lipoprotein cholesterol</td> <td>ldl_UKB_WBU_nostatins.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Omega-6 fatty acids</td> <td>omega_6_fatty_acids_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Omega-3 fatty acids</td> <td>omega_3_fatty_acids_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Phosphatidylcholines</td> <td>phosphatidylcholines_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Phosphoglycerides</td> <td>phosphoglycerides_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Polyunsaturated fatty acids</td> <td>polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Resting heart rate</td> <td>resting_heart_rate_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Remnant cholesterol (Non-HDL, Non-LDL cholesterol)</td> <td>remnant_cholesterol__UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sphingomyelins</td> <td>sphingomyelins_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Total cholesterol</td> <td>total_cholesterol_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Total fatty acids</td> <td>total_fatty_acids_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Total triglycerides</td> <td>total_triglycerides_UKB_WBU.csv.gz</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Figure 2 in Adaptations in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) flowering time, Part 1: Individual-based modeling of a polygenic trait
Figure 2. The relationship between the number of semidominant larger M1 alleles and days to first flower (DFF), needed to model the long-day selections. Note that six smallereffect M2 genes will add another 0 to 18 days to DFF. If each M1 allele added the same amount in the long-day selections, the relationship would be linear.
Figure 1 in Adaptations in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) flowering time, Part 1: Individual-based modeling of a polygenic trait
Figure 1. Goodness of fit of the modeled data (A) when compared with the recorded glasshouse data (B). Graphs show cumulative days to first flowering (DFF) adaptations in Raphanus raphanistrum populations as a result of repeated early and late days to flowering selection. In both graphs, the basal population is the black solid line in the center,the darker lines are the matched generations of early flowering (EF1, EF3, FE4,and EF5; colored orange), and late flowering (LF2 and LF3; colored purple), with and late flowering (LF2 and LF3),with the two unmatched generations (EF2 and LF2) shown in lighter tones.The far-left population (early flowering EF5) displays very little phenotypic variability, whereas the far-right population (late flowering 3) is very diverse.
Genetic insight into a polygenic trait using a novel Genome Wide Association approach in a wild amphibian population
<p>Body size variation is central in the evolution of life history traits in amphibians, but the underlying genetic architecture of this complex trait is still largely unknown. Herein, we studied the genetic basis of body size and fecundity of the alternative morphotypes in a wild population of the Greek smooth newt (<em>Lissotriton graecus</em>). By combining a Genome-wide association approach with linkage disequilibrium network analysis, we were able to identify clusters of highly correlated loci thus maximizing sequence data for downstream analysis. The putatively associated variants explained 12.8% to 44.5% of the total phenotypic variation in body size and were mapped to genes with functional roles in the regulation of gene expression and cell cycle processes. Our study is the first to provide insights into the genetic basis of complex traits in newts and provides a useful tool to identify loci potentially involved in fitness related traits in small data sets from natural populations in non-model species.</p>
Data from: Genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal polygenic architecture for ecologically-important functional traits in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)
<p>Intraspecific genetic variation in foundation species such as aspen (<em>Populus</em> <em>tremuloides</em> Michx.) shapes their impact on forest structure and function. Identifying genes underlying ecologically important traits is key to understanding that impact. Previous studies, using single-locus genome-wide association (GWA) analyses to identify candidate genes, have identified fewer genes than anticipated for highly heritable quantitative traits. Mounting evidence suggests that polygenic control of quantitative traits is largely responsible for this "missing heritability" phenomenon. Our research characterized the genetic architecture of 30 ecologically important traits using a common garden of aspen through genomic and transcriptomic analyses. A multilocus association model revealed that most traits displayed a highly polygenic architecture, with most variation explained by loci with small effects (likely below the detection levels of single-locus GWA methods). Consistent with a polygenic architecture, our single-locus GWA analyses found only 38 significant SNPs in 22 genes across 15 traits. Next, we used differential expression analysis on a subset of aspen genets with divergent concentrations of salicinoid phenolic glycosides (key defense traits). This complementary method to traditional GWA discovered 1,243 differentially expressed genes for a polygenic trait. Soft clustering analysis revealed three gene clusters (241 candidate genes) involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis and regulation. Our work reveals that ecologically important traits governing higher-order community- and ecosystem-level attributes of a foundation forest tree species have complex underlying genetic structures and will require methods beyond traditional GWA analyses to unravel.</p>
Data from: Genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal polygenic architecture for ecologically-important functional traits in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)
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Genetic insight into a polygenic trait using a novel Genome Wide Association approach in a wild amphibian population
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Data from: Recent natural selection causes adaptive evolution of an avian polygenic trait
We used extensive data from a long-term study of great tits (Parus major) in the United Kingdom and Netherlands to better understand how genetic signatures of selection translate into variation in fitness and phenotypes. We found that genomic regions under differential selection contained candidate genes for bill morphology and used genetic architecture analyses to confirm that these genes, especially the collagen gene COL4A5, explained variation in bill length. COL4A5 variation was associated with reproductive success, which, combined with spatiotemporal patterns of bill length, suggested ongoing selection for longer bills in the United Kingdom. Last, bill length and COL4A5 variation were associated with usage of feeders, suggesting that longer bills may have evolved in the United Kingdom as a response to supplementary feeding.
Barcoded Bulk QTL mapping reveals highly polygenic and epistatic architecture of complex traits in yeast
<p>Mapping the genetic basis of complex traits is critical to uncovering the biological mechanisms that underlie disease and other phenotypes. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in humans and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in model organisms can now explain much of the observed heritability in many traits, allowing us to predict phenotype from genotype. However, constraints on power due to statistical confounders in large GWAS and smaller sample sizes in QTL studies still limit our ability to resolve numerous small-effect variants, map them to causal genes, identify pleiotropic effects across multiple traits, and infer non-additive interactions between loci (epistasis). Here, we introduce barcoded bulk quantitative trait locus (BB-QTL) mapping, which allows us to construct, genotype, and phenotype 100,000 offspring of a budding yeast cross, two orders of magnitude larger than the previous state of the art. We use this panel to map the genetic basis of eighteen complex traits, finding that the genetic architecture of these traits involves hundreds of small-effect loci densely spaced throughout the genome, many with widespread pleiotropic effects across multiple traits. Epistasis plays a central role, with thousands of interactions that provide insight into genetic networks. By dramatically increasing sample size, BB-QTL mapping demonstrates the potential of natural variants in high-powered QTL studies to reveal the highly polygenic, pleiotropic, and epistatic architecture of complex traits.</p>
Barcoded Bulk QTL mapping reveals highly polygenic and epistatic architecture of complex traits in yeast
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Data from: Recent natural selection causes adaptive evolution of an avian polygenic trait
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A population-genomic approach for estimating selection on polygenic traits in heterogeneous environments
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Data from: Disentangling selection on genetically correlated polygenic traits using whole-genome genealogies
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Polygenic trait SNPs in noncoding genomic regions: using chromatin maps to elucidate potential regulatory mechanisms in blood pressure [RNA-seq]
GEO Series GSE272281. Homo sapiens. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Data from: Assessing the complex architecture of polygenic traits in diverged yeast populations
Phenotypic variation arising from populations adapting to different niches has a complex underlying genetic architecture. A major challenge in modern biology is to identify the causative variants driving phenotypic variation. Recently the baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has emerged as a powerful model for dissecting complex traits. However, past studies using a laboratory strain were unable to reveal the complete architecture of polygenic traits. Here, we present a linkage study using 576 recombinant strains obtained from crosses of isolates representative of the major lineages. The meiotic recombinational landscape appears largely conserved between populations, however strain-specific hotspots were also detected. Quantitative measurements of growth in 23 distinct ecologically relevant environments show that our recombinant population recapitulates most of the standing phenotypic variation described in the species. Linkage analysis detected an average of 6.3 distinct QTLs for each condition tested in all crosses, explaining on average 39% of the phenotypic variation. The QTLs detected are not constrained to a small number of loci and the majority are specific to a single cross combination and to a specific environment. Moreover, crosses between strains of similar phenotypes generate greater variation in the offspring, suggesting the presence of many antagonistic alleles and epistatic interactions. We found that subtelomeric regions play a key role in defining individual quantitative variation, emphasising the importance of the adaptive nature of these regions in natural populations. This set of recombinant strains is a powerful tool for investigating the complex architecture of polygenic traits.
Data from: Assessing the complex architecture of polygenic traits in diverged yeast populations
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Polygenic trait SNPs in noncoding genomic regions: using chromatin maps to elucidate potential regulatory mechanisms in blood pressure [ATAC-seq]
GEO Series GSE272280. Homo sapiens; Rattus norvegicus. 14 samples. Type: Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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