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36 results for “ponderosa pine”
Instrinsic water use efficiency of Ponderosa Pine of the southwestern U.S.
Tree rings were collected from 17 populations of ponderosa pine forests across the southwestern U.S. Carbon isotope of early wood and latewood were then analyzed for each annual ring, from 1960-2017. Intrinsic water-use efficiency (A/gs) chronologies were calculated with adjusted latewood chronologies as used in Strange et al. (2023) Global Change Biology. Details regarding the process of calculating adjusted latewood chronologies can be found in the methods section of Strange et al. (2023) Global Change Biology.
The North American Monsoon Climate System and its influence on Ponderosa pine water use and water use efficiency
All data in this package are presented as used in Strange et al. (2023). Earlywood (EW) and Latewood (LW) isotope chronologies are presented in the delta (d) notation relative to Vienna Peedee Belemnite (VPDB) standards. Further details regarding data collection, processing, α-cellulose extraction, etc. can be found in the Global Change Biology manuscript associated with these data.
Xylem water oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of Ponderosa Pine trees and soil samples in the southwestern U.S. 2018 and 2021
Across seven sites in southern Utah and northern Arizona, we collected precipitation, xylem water, and soil water isotope samples during two years: 2018 and 2021. All xylem water samples were collected from mature Ponderosa pine forests. At each site, xylem water samples were collected from the same 15 trees during two periods during 2018, and three periods during 2021. Soil pits were dug close to the trees and soil samples were collected at 5, 25, and 45cm depth close to the tree xylem samples. In 2021, we also collected precipitation isotopes using a rain gauge that was topped with mineral oil to prevent evaporation.
Ponderosa Pine smoldering study at Oregon State University
<p>Images and other supplemental data for project used to identify the significance of moisture content, inorganic content, organic bulk density, and fuel thickness in influencing horizontal spread rate and surface temperatures within smoldering ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) duff.</p> <p>These images and data were used for the publication, effects of fuel characteristics on spread rate and surface temperatures of smoldering duff</p>
Abiotic factors modify ponderosa pine regeneration outcomes after high-severity fire
<p>Large high-severity burn patches are increasingly common in southwestern US dry conifer forests. Seed-obligate conifers often fail to quickly regenerate large patches because their seeds rarely travel the distances required to reach the core patch area. Abiotic factors may further alter the distance seeds can travel to regenerate a patch, which would change expected post-fire regeneration patterns. We used the presence and density of ponderosa pine regeneration as a proxy for seed dispersal to quantify the effect of abiotic factors on seed dispersal into high-severity patches. We established 45 transects in burn patches across the Gila National Forest, NM, USA to measure regeneration density in areas that varied by aspect, slope, and prevailing wind direction relative to intact forest. We modeled the effect of abiotic features on regeneration presence and density, comparing density estimates against a distance-only model to assess differences in model performance and expected regeneration density. We found the highest regeneration densities on north-facing aspects that were near, downwind, and downslope of intact forest, which decreased in density and likelihood as conditions for seed dispersal became less favorable. Accounting for abiotic factors improved model performance and increased regeneration density estimates compared to the distance-only model. Our findings indicate that regeneration presence and density vary as a function of the interaction between abiotic factors and distance to the primary seed source, which is determined by patch characteristics. Therefore, abiotic factors will have a smaller effect on regeneration outcomes in large, simple patches, which have more area further from the patch edge.</p>
Site characterization, water balance modeling, and regeneration attributes of managed and unmanaged ponderosa pine sites in the southwestern United States
<p>This dataset contains biotic and abiotic site characterization data and SOILWAT2 water balance model simulation outputs (two daily outputs: 1915-2011, 1980-2020) for 77 ponderosa pine forest sites in the southwestern United States. Data were collected in summer 2019 and summer 2021. Overviews of the sampling and modeling methodologies are detailed in the following publications:</p> <p>Pirtel NL, Bradford JB, Hubbard RM, Abella SR, Kolb TE, Litvak ME, Porter SL and Petrie MD. 2021. The aboveground and belowground growth characteristics of juvenile conifers in the southwestern United States, Ecosphere 12: e03839, doi:10.1002/ecs2.3839.</p> <p>Petrie MD, Hubbard RM, Bradford JB, Kolb TE, Moser WK, Noel A, Schlaepfer DR, Bowen MA, Fuller LR and Moser WK. 2023. Widespread regeneration failure in ponderosa pine forests of the southwestern United States, Forest Ecology and Management: in press.</p> <p> </p>
Video and accelerometer tree sway data for two ponderosa pine trees in the Manitou Experimental Forest, Colorado
<p>This repository includes video, accelerometer, and sway frequency data for two ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa, PIPO) in the Manitou Experimental Forest in Colorado. Video and accelerometer samples were selected from data recorded between May and September 2020. Sway frequency data for both trees was extracted from both video and accelerometer data using the methods described in Ammatelli et al. (In review).</p> <p>All times are in Mountain Daylight Time.</p> <p><strong>Video Data </strong></p> <p>The three, 30 s videos were recorded using a video camera attached to the top of a nearby tower. </p> <p>Video camera: GoPro camera, 30 fps, 1080p resolution, 155° FOV</p> <p>Approximate pixel bounding boxes (ymin, ymax, xmin, xmax):</p> <ol> <li>Tree 1: (440, 520, 395, 425)</li> <li>Tree 2: (400, 575, 690, 760)</li> </ol> <p>File naming convention: manitou-X.MP4 where X the video ID (a,b,c)</p> <p>Date and time</p> <ul> <li>manitou-a.MP4 (2020-8-15 12:05:58)</li> <li>manitou-b.MP4 (2020-8-20 17:28:9)</li> <li>manitou-c.MP4 (2020-8-31 11:50:20)</li> </ul> <p><strong>Accelerometer Data</strong></p> <p>Accelerometer data for both trees was recorded using a 3-axis accelerometer. The accelerometers were positioned ~6-8 m above the ground (total tree height ~8-10 m).</p> <p>Accelerometer: Gulf Coast Data Concepts 2g MEL-X2,16 Hz continuous sampling</p> <p>File naming convention: manitou_accelerometer_X_treeY.csv where X is the video ID (a,b,c) and Y is the tree number (1,2)</p> <p>Variables:</p> <ol> <li>datetime - time of acceleration sample (MDT)</li> <li>Ax - raw acceleration along X-axis of sensor</li> <li>Ay - raw acceleration along Y-axis of sensor</li> <li>Az - raw acceleration along Z-axis of sensor</li> </ol> <p><strong>Sway Frequency Data</strong></p> <p>For each video and tree, the tree's sway frequency was extracted from the video and two lengths of accelerometer data: a segment with the same start time and duration as the video and a 30-minute segment.</p> <p>File naming convention: manitou_sway_treeY.csv where Y is the tree number (1,2)</p> <p>Variables:</p> <ol> <li>name - name of video sample</li> <li>datetime - start time of video sample</li> <li>vvs_avg_hz - frequency (Hz) of tree extracted using VVS method with average spectrum aggregation</li> <li>vvs_hist_hz - frequency (Hz) of tree extracted using VVS method with peak frequency histogram aggregation</li> <li>acc_30sec_hz - frequency (Hz) of tree extracted from an accelerometer segment with the same start time and duration as the video</li> <li>acc_30min_hz - frequency (Hz) of tree extracted from a 30-minute accelerometer segment centered on the video start time</li> </ol> <p>See the below paper for more information.</p> <p>Bush, S. A. (2022). Ecohydrologic Processes in the Montane Headwaters of the Upper South<br> Platte River (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. (cub.b12869881). Boulder, CO: University of Colorado at Boulder.</p>
Data from: Increased aridity is associated with stronger tradeoffs in ponderosa pine vital functions
<p>Trees must allocate resources to core functions, like growth, defense, and reproduction. These allocation patterns have profound effects on forest health, yet little is known about how core functions trade off over time, and even less is known about how a changing climate will impact tradeoffs. We conducted a 21-year survey of growth, defense, and reproduction in 80 ponderosa pine individuals spanning 8 populations across environmental gradients along the Colorado Front Range, USA. We used linear mixed models to describe tradeoffs among these functions and to characterize variability among and within individuals over time. Growth and defense were lower in years of high cone production and local drought conditions amplified year-to-year tradeoffs between reproduction and growth, where trees located at sites with hotter and drier climates showed stronger tradeoffs between reproduction and growth. Our results support the environmental stress hypothesis of masting, which predicts that greater interannual variation in tree functions is associated with more marginal environments, such as those that are prone to drought. With warming temperatures and increased exposure to drought stress, trees will be faced with stronger interannual tradeoffs, which could lead to further decreases in growth and defensive efforts, ultimately increasing risks of mortality.</p>
Data for: Effectiveness of forest density reduction treatments for increasing drought resistance of ponderosa pine growth
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Data from: Increased aridity is associated with stronger tradeoffs in ponderosa pine vital functions
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Abiotic factors modify ponderosa pine regeneration outcomes after high-severity fire
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Data from: Reproductive isolation and environmental adaptation shape the phylogeography of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)
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Data from: Identifying genetic variation associated with environmental variation and drought-tolerance phenotypes in ponderosa pine
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Heritability of plastic trait changes in drought-exposed ponderosa pine seedlings
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Data from: Repurposing population genetics data to discern genomic architecture: a case study of linkage cohort detection in mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)
Genetic surveys of the population structure of species can be used as resources for exploring their genomic architecture. By adjusting filtering assumptions, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets can be reused to give new insights into the genetic basis of divergence and speciation without targeted re-sampling of specimens. Filtering only for missing data and minor allele frequency, we used a combination of principle components analysis and linkage disequilibrium network analysis to distinguish three cohorts of variable SNPs in the mountain pine beetle in western Canada, including one that was sex-linked and one that was geographically associated. These marker cohorts indicate genomically localized differentiation, and their detection demonstrates an accessible and intuitive method for discovering potential islands of genomic divergence without a priori knowledge of a species' genomic architecture. Thus, this method has utility for directly addressing the genomic architecture of species and generating new hypotheses for functional research.
Data from: Development of genetic diversity, differentiation and structure over 500 years in four ponderosa pine populations
Population history plays an important role in shaping contemporary levels of genetic variation and geographic structure. This is especially true in small, isolated range-margin populations, where effects of inbreeding, genetic drift and gene flow may be more pronounced than in large continuous populations. Effects of landscape fragmentation and isolation distance may have implications for persistence of range-margin populations if they are demographic sinks. We studied four small, disjunct populations of ponderosa pine over a 500-year period. We coupled demographic data obtained through dendroecological methods with microsatellite data to discern how and when contemporary levels of allelic diversity, among and within-population levels of differentiation, and geographic structure, arose. Alleles accumulated rapidly following initial colonization, demonstrating proportionally high levels of gene flow into the populations. At population sizes of approximately 100 individuals, allele accumulation saturated. Levels of genetic differentiation among populations (FST and Jost's Dest) and diversity within populations (FIS) remained stable through time. There was no evidence of geographic genetic structure at any time in the populations' history. Proportionally, high gene flow in the early stages of population growth resulted in rapid accumulation of alleles and quickly created relatively homogenous genetic patterns among populations. Our study demonstrates that contemporary levels of genetic diversity were formed quickly and early in population development. How contemporary genetic diversity accumulates over time is a key facet of understanding population growth and development. This is especially relevant given the extent and speed at which species ranges are predicted to shift in the coming century.
Data from: Impacts of growing-season climate on tree growth and post-fire regeneration in ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests
We studied the impacts of climate variability on low-elevation forests in the U.S. northern Rocky Mountains by quantifying how post-fire tree regeneration and radial growth varied with growing-season climate. We reconstructed post-fire regeneration and radial growth rates of Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga menziesii at 33 sites that burned between 1992 and 2007, by aging seedlings at the root-shoot boundary. We also measured radial growth in adult trees from 12 additional sites that burned between 1900 and 1990. To quantify the relationship between climate and regeneration, we characterized seasonal climate before, during, and after recruitment pulses using superposed epoch analysis. To quantify growth sensitivity to climate, we performed moving regression analysis for each species and for juvenile and adult life stages. Climatic conditions favoring regeneration and tree growth differed between species. Water deficit and temperature were significantly lower than average during recruitment pulses of ponderosa pine, suggesting that germination-year climate limits regeneration. Growing degree days were significantly higher than average during years with Douglas-fir recruitment pulses, but water deficit was significantly lower one year following pulses, suggesting moisture sensitivity in two-year-old seedlings. Growth was also sensitive to water deficit, but effects varied between life stages, species, and through time, with juvenile ponderosa pine growth more sensitive to climate than adult growth and juvenile Douglas-fir growth. Increasing water deficit corresponded with reduced adult growth of both species. Increases in maximum temperature and water deficit corresponded with increases in juvenile growth of both species in the early 20th century but strong reductions in growth for juvenile ponderosa pine in recent decades. Changing sensitivity of growth to climate suggests that increased temperature and water deficit may be pushing these species towards the edge of their climatic tolerances. Our study demonstrates increased vulnerability of dry mixed-conifer forests to post-fire regeneration failures and decreased growth as temperatures and drought increase. Shifts towards unfavorable conditions for regeneration and juvenile growth may alter the composition and resilience of low-elevation forests to future climate and fire activity.
Data from: Intraspecific niche models for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) suggest potential variability in population-level response to climate change.
Unique responses to climate change can occur across intraspecific levels, resulting in individualistic adaptation or movement patterns among populations within a given species. Thus, the need to model potential responses among genetically distinct populations within a species is increasingly recognized. However, predictive models of future distributions are regularly fit at the species level, often because intraspecific variation is unknown or is identified only within limited sample locations. In this study, we considered the role of intraspecific variation to shape the geographic distribution of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), an ecologically and economically important tree species in North America. Morphological and genetic variation across the distribution of ponderosa pine suggest the need to model intraspecific populations: the two varieties (var. ponderosa and var. scopulorum) and several haplotype groups within each variety have been shown to occupy unique climatic niches, suggesting populations have distinct evolutionary lineages adapted to different environmental conditions. We utilized a recently-available, geographically-widespread dataset of intraspecific variation (haplotypes) for ponderosa pine and a recently-devised lineage distance modeling approach to derive additional, likely intraspecific occurrence locations. We confirmed the relative uniqueness of each haplotype-climate relationship using a niche-overlap analysis, and developed ecological niche models (ENMs) to project the distribution for two varieties and eight haplotypes under future climate forecasts. Future projections of haplotype niche distributions generally revealed greater potential range loss than predicted for the varieties. This difference may reflect intraspecific responses of distinct evolutionary lineages. However, directional trends are generally consistent across intraspecific levels, and include a loss of distributional area and an upward shift in elevation. Our results demonstrate the utility in modeling intraspecific response to changing climate and they inform management and conservation strategies, by identifying haplotypes and geographic areas that may be most at risk, or most secure, under projected climate change.
Data from: Multi-decadal vegetation transformations of a New Mexico ponderosa pine landscape after severe fires and aerial seeding
<p>Wildfires and climate change are having transformative effects on vegetation composition and structure, and post-fire management may have long-lasting impacts on ecosystem reorganization. Post-fire aerial seeding treatments are commonly used to reduce runoff and soil erosion, but little is known about how seeding treatments affect native vegetation recovery over long periods of time, particularly in type-converted forests which have been dramatically transformed by the effects of repeated, high-severity fire. In this study, we analyze and report on a rare long-term (23-year) dataset that documents vegetation dynamics following a 1996 post-fire aerial seed treatment and subsequent 2011 high-severity reburn in a dry conifer forest of northern New Mexico in the southwestern United States. Repeated surveys between 1997 – 2019 of 49 permanent transects were used to test for differences in vegetation cover, richness, and diversity between seeded and unseeded areas, and to characterize the development of seeded and unseeded vegetation communities through time and across gradients of burn severity, elevation, and soil-available water capacity. Post-fire seeding led to a clear and sustained divergence in herbaceous community composition. Seeded plots had much higher cover of non-native graminoids, primarily Bromus inermis, a likely contaminant in the seed mix. High-severity reburning in all plots in 2011 reduced native graminoid cover by half at seeded plots compared to both pre-fire levels and to plots that were unseeded following the initial 1996 fire. In addition, increased fire severity was associated with increased non-native graminoid cover and reduced native graminoid cover, native species richness, and species diversity. This study documents a fire-driven ecosystem transformation from a former conifer forest into a shrub-grass system, reinforced by aerial seeding of grasses and high-severity reburning. This unique long-term dataset illustrates that post-fire seeding carries significant risk of unwanted non-native species invasions that persist through subsequent fires – indicating that alternative post-fire management actions merit consideration to better support native ecosystem resilience in the face of emergent climate change and increasing disturbance. Lastly, this study highlights the importance of long-term monitoring of post-fire vegetation dynamics, as short-term assessments will miss key elements of the full complexity of ecosystem responses to fire and post-fire management actions.</p>
Phylogenomics in the hard pines (Pinus subsection Ponderosae; Pinaceae) confirms paraphyly in Pinus ponderosa, and places Pinus jeffreyi with the California big cone pines
<p>We sampled 130 individuals (2 to 25 per taxon) of subsections Ponderosae and Sabinianae. Nucleotide sequences were obtained by targeting 703 low copy nuclear genes. From the unenriched portion of the short reads, we assembled nearly complete plastome nucleotide sequences. We used 600 nuclear genes and the plastome sequences to create phylogenies and species trees that we compared to evaluate cytonuclear concordance and reticulation. We found that Pinus jeffreyi belongs with subsect. Sabinianae based on morphological synapomorphies as well as strong molecular phylogenetic support. Pinus ponderosa sensu lato is paraphyletic, and we suggest treatment as threes species: P. ponderosa sensu stricto (with var. ponderosa, var. benthamiana, and var. washoensis), P. scopulorum, and P. brachyptera. The persistence of lineages with the footprints of ancient nuclear introgression (labeled bpw in clade N4) and chloroplast capture (labeled bpw in clade P1) should caution species identification in the Ponderosae based on limited molecular data. The hybrid frequency was low based on cytonuclear discordance, and the persistence of an ancient P1 plastid clade is a better explanation than hybridization between P. ponderosa and P. jeffreyi for unexpected plastid associations in the western Sierra Nevada, USA. We identified a new potential zone of ancient admixture between P. ponderosa and P. scopulorum in Idaho, USA. Some populations of P. arizonica, P. brachyptera, P. engelmannii, and P. scopulorum in the USA are more closely related to taxa with distributions limited to Mexico than they are to each other. To integrate phylogeny and taxonomy, future work should sample widely in Mexico and the USA, score morphological characters (including seedling characters from the known seed parent), on the same individual as used for molecular data, and use methods that are based on individuals rather than population frequencies.</p>
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