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51 results for “post-copulatory”
Figure 4 in Preliminary assessment of mating duration and prolonged post-copulatory associations in Arrenurus water mites (Actinotrichida: Parasitengonina: Hydrachnidiae)
Figure 4 Time spent on post-deposition behaviour (in %). Post-deposition behaviour is expressed as percentage of the total time spent on mating. The 25-75 percent quartiles are presented using a box. The medians are shown with a horizontal line inside the box. The minimal and maximal values are presented with the "whiskers". Petiolate species are indicated by light orange, and apetiolate ones by
Figure3 in Preliminary assessment of mating duration and prolonged post-copulatory associations in Arrenurus water mites (Actinotrichida: Parasitengonina: Hydrachnidiae)
Figure3 Durations of different stages of mating (in min): A – pre-pairing stage; B – behaviours from initial pairing to the end of spermatophore deposition; C – post-deposition behaviour; D – total time spent on mating. The 25-75 percent quartiles are drawn using a box. The medians are shown with a horizontal line inside the box. The minimal and maximal values are visualized with horizontal lines ("whiskers"). Petiolate species are indicated by light orange, and apetiolate ones by dark green.
Figure 1 in Preliminary assessment of mating duration and prolonged post-copulatory associations in Arrenurus water mites (Actinotrichida: Parasitengonina: Hydrachnidiae)
Figure 1 Scanning electron micrographs of males: A – apetiolate Arrenurus fontinalis Viets; B – petiolate Arrenurus bicuspidator. Abbrevia-
Data from: Female-limited X-chromosome evolution effects on male pre- and post-copulatory success
<p>In our article, entitled "Female-limited X-chromosome evolution effects on male pre- and post-copulatory success", we carried out a female-limited X chromosome evolution experiment to study the effect of X-linked sexually antagonistic genetic variance on male reproductive traits.</p> <p>By limiting expression of the X chromosome to females for multiple generations, we removed male selective constraints, which should allow X-linked female-beneficial alleles to increase in frequency. </p> <p>As a result, expressing the experimentally evolved X chromosome in males, we found a small reduction in male fitness caused by the trade-off between male attractiveness and sperm competitiveness. These results indicate that the X chromosome in <i>D. melanogaster</i> harbors sexually antagonistic genetic variance for pre- and post- copulatory success in males.</p>
Pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection increase offspring quality but impose survival costs to female field crickets
<p><span>Whether sexual selection increases or decreases fitness is under ongoing debate. Sexual selection operates before and after mating. Yet, the effects of each episode of selection on individual reproductive success remain largely unexplored. We ask how disentangled pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection contribute to fitness of field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus. Treatments allowed exclusively for i) pre-copulatory selection, with males fighting and courting one female, and the resulting pair breeding monogamously, ii) post-copulatory selection, with </span>females<span> mating consecutively to multiple males, and iii) relaxed selection, with enforced pair monogamy. While standardizing the number of matings, we estimated a number of fitness traits across treatments and show that females experiencing sexual selection were more likely to reproduce, their offspring hatched sooner, developed faster and had higher body mass at adulthood, but females suffered survival costs. Interestingly, we found no differences in fitness of females or their offspring from pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection treatments. Our findings highlight the potential for sexual selection in enhancing indirect female fitness while concurrently imposing direct survival costs. By potentially outweighing these costs, increased offspring quality could lead to beneficial population-level consequences of sexual selection.</span></p>
Thermal phenotypic plasticity of pre- and post-copulatory male harm buffers sexual conflict in wild Drosophila melanogaster
<div> <p><span>Strong sexual selection frequently leads to sexual conflict and ensuing male harm, whereby males increase their reproductive success at the expense of harming females. Male harm is a widespread evolutionary phenomenon with a strong bearing on population viability. Thus, understanding how it unfolds in the wild is a current priority. Here, we sampled a wild </span><span><em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em></span><span> population and studied male harm across the normal range of temperatures under which it reproduces optimally in nature by comparing female lifetime reproductive success and underlying male harm mechanisms under monogamy (i.e., low male competition/harm) vs. polyandry (i.e., high male competition/harm). While females had equal lifetime reproductive success across temperatures under monogamy, polyandry resulted in a maximum decrease of female fitness at 24°C (35%), reducing its impact at both 20°C (22%), and 28°C (10%). Furthermore, female fitness components and pre- (i.e., harassment) and post-copulatory (i.e., ejaculate toxicity) mechanisms of male harm were asymmetrically affected by temperature. At 20ºC, male harassment of females was reduced, and polyandry accelerated female actuarial ageing. In contrast, the effect of mating on female receptivity (a component of ejaculate toxicity) was only modulated at 28ºC, where the mating costs for females decreased and polyandry mostly resulted in accelerated reproductive ageing. We thus show that, across a natural thermal range, sexual conflict processes and their effects on female fitness components are plastic and complex. As a result, the net effect of male harm on overall population viability is likely to be lower than previously surmised. We discuss how such plasticity may affect selection, adaptation and, ultimately, evolutionary rescue under a warming climate. </span><span> </span></p> </div>
Data from: pre-copulatory choices drive post-copulatory decisions: mechanisms of female control shift across different life stages
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Data from: Female-limited X-chromosome evolution effects on male pre- and post-copulatory success
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Thermal phenotypic plasticity of pre- and post-copulatory male harm buffers sexual conflict in wild Drosophila melanogaster
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Pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection increase offspring quality but impose survival costs to female field crickets
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Data from: The evolution of a placenta accelerates the evolution of post-copulatory reproductive isolation
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Data from: The repeatable opportunity for selection differs between pre- and post-copulatory fitness components
<p>In species with multiple mating, intense sexual selection may occur both before and after copulation. However, comparing the strength of pre- and postcopulatory selection is challenging, because i) postcopulatory processes are generally difficult to observe and ii) the often-used opportunity for selection (<i>I</i>) metric contains both deterministic and stochastic components. Here, we quantified pre- and postcopulatory male fitness components of the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm, <i>Macrostomum lignano</i>. We did this by tracking fluorescent sperm—using transgenics—through the transparent body of sperm recipients, enabling to observe postcopulatory processes <i>in vivo</i>. Moreover, we sequentially exposed focal worms to three independent mating groups, and in each assessed their mating success, sperm-transfer efficiency, sperm fertilising efficiency, and partner fecundity. Based on these multiple measures, we could, for each fitness component, combine the variance (<i>I</i>) with the repeatability (<i>R</i>) in individual success to assess the amount of repeatable variance in individual success—a measure we call the repeatable opportunity for selection (<i>I<sub>R</sub></i>). We found higher repeatable opportunity for selection in sperm-transfer efficiency and sperm fertilising efficiency compared to mating success, which clearly suggests that postcopulatory selection is stronger than precopulatory selection. Our study demonstrates that the opportunity for selection contains a repeatable deterministic component, which can be assessed and disentangled from the often large stochastic component, to provide a better estimate of the strength of selection.</p>
Post-copulatory sexual selection is associated with sperm aggregate quality in Peromyscus mice
<p>In some species, sperm form coordinated groups that are hypothesized to improve their swimming performance in competitive contexts or to navigate through the viscous fluids of the female reproductive tract. Here we investigate sperm aggregation across closely-related species of <i>Peromyscus </i>mice that naturally vary by mating system to test the predictions that sperm aggregates (1) are faster than solitary sperm in species that females mate multiply to aid cells in sperm competition, and (2) outperform solitary sperm cells in viscous environments. We find significant variation in the size of sperm aggregates, which negatively associates with relative testis mass, a proxy for sperm competition risk, suggesting that post-copulatory sexual selection has a stabilizing effect on sperm group size. Moreover, our results show that sperm aggregates are faster than solitary sperm in some, but not all, species, and this can vary by fluid viscosity. Of the two species that produce the largest and most frequent groups, we find that sperm aggregates from the promiscuous <i>P. maniculatus</i> are faster than solitary sperm in every experimentally viscous environment but aggregation provides no such kinematic advantage under these same conditions for the monogamous <i>P. polionotus</i>. The reduced performance of <i>P. polionotus</i> aggregates is associated with less efficient aggregate geometry and the inclusion of immotile or morphological abnormal sperm. Our cross-species comparison yields insight into the evolution of sperm social behaviors, provides evidence of extensive variation in the <i>Peromyscus</i> lineage, and reveals that differences in sperm aggregate quality associate with post-copulatory sexual selection.</p>
Data from: Social group composition modulates the role of last male sperm precedence in post-copulatory sexual selection
<p>In many species, the order in which males mate with a female explains much of the variation in paternity arising from post-copulatory sexual selection. Research in <em>Drosophila</em> suggests that mating order may account for the majority of the variance in male reproductive success. However, the effects of mating order on paternity bias might not be static but could potentially vary with social or environmental factors. To test this idea, we used an existing dataset, collated from an experiment we previously published (Morimoto et al. 2016), with the addition of unpublished data from the same experiment. These previous experiments manipulated larval density in <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em> which generated variation in male and female body size, assembled groups of individuals of different sizes, and measured the mating success and paternity share of focal males. The data presented here provide information on each focal male's mating order and the frequency in which focal males remated with the same females ('repetitive matings'). We combined this information with our previously reported focal male reproductive success to partition variance in paternity into male mating order and repetitive matings across groups that differed in the body size composition of males and females. We found, as expected, that male mating order explained a considerable portion of the variance in male paternity. However, we also found that the impact of male mating order on male paternity was influenced by the body size composition of groups. Specifically, males that tended to mate last had a greater paternity advantage, and displayed lower variance, in groups containing a heterogenous mixture of male body sizes than in groups with a single male body size. Repetitive mating only had a minor contribution to the variance in male paternity share across all experiments. Overall, our findings contribute to the growing body of research showing that post-copulatory sexual selection is subject to socio-ecological influences.</p>
Data from: Humidity stress and its consequences for male pre- and post-copulatory fitness traits in an insect
<p>Global declines in insect abundance are of significant concern. While there is evidence that climate change is contributing to insect declines, we know little of the direct mechanisms responsible for these declines. Male fertility is compromised by increasing temperatures, and the thermal limit to fertility has been implicated as an important factor in the response of insects to climate change. However, climate change is affecting both temperature and hydric conditions, and the effects of water availability on male fertility have rarely been considered. Here we exposed male crickets <em>Teleogryllus</em> <em>oceanicus</em> to either low- or high-humidity environments while holding temperature constant. We measured water loss and the expression of both pre- and post-mating reproductive traits. Males exposed to a low-humidity environment lost more water than males exposed to a high-humidity environment. A male's cuticular hydrocarbon profile (CHC) did not affect the amount of water lost, and males did not adjust the composition of their CHC profiles in response to hydric conditions. Males exposed to a low-humidity environment were less likely to produce courtship song or produced songs of low quality. Their spermatophores failed to evacuate and their ejaculates contained sperm of reduced viability. The detrimental effects of low humidity on male reproductive traits will compromise male fertility and population persistence. We argue that limits to insect fertility based on temperature alone are likely to underestimate the true effects of climate change on insect persistence, and that the explicit incorporation of water regulation into our modelling will yield more accurate predictions of the effects of climate change on insect declines.</p>
Data from: Humidity stress and its consequences for male pre- and post-copulatory fitness traits in an insect
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Data from: The repeatable opportunity for selection differs between pre- and post-copulatory fitness components
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Post-copulatory sexual selection is associated with sperm aggregate quality in Peromyscus mice
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Data from: Social group composition modulates the role of last male sperm precedence in post-copulatory sexual selection
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Data from: Paternity analyses in wild-caught and lab-reared Caribbean cricket females reveal the influence of mating environment on post-copulatory sexual selection
Polyandry is ubiquitous in insects and provides the conditions necessary for male- and female-driven forms of post-copulatory sexual selection to arise. Populations of Amphiacusta sanctaecrucis exhibit significant divergence in portions of the male genitalia that are inserted directly into the female reproductive tract, suggesting that males may exercise some post-copulatory control over fertilization success. We examine the potential for male-male and male-female post-copulatory interactions to influence paternity in wild-caught females of A. sanctaecrucis and contrast our findings with those obtained from females reared in a high-density laboratory environment. We find that female A. sanctaecrucis exercise control by mating multiple times (females mount males), but that male-male post-copulatory interactions may influence paternity success. Moreover, post-copulatory interactions that affect reproductive success of males are not independent of mating environment: clutches of wild-caught females exhibit higher sire diversity and lower paternity skew than clutches of lab-reared females. There was no strong evidence for last-male precedence in either case. Most attempts at disentangling the contributions of male-male and male-female interactions toward post-copulatory sexual selection have been undertaken in a laboratory setting and may not capture the full context in which they take place —such as the relationship between pre-mating and post-mating interactions. Our results reinforce the importance of designing studies that can capture the multifaceted nature of sexual selection for elucidating the role of post-copulatory sexual selection in driving the evolution of male and female reproductive traits, especially when different components (e.g., pre-copulatory and post-copulatory interactions) do not exert independent effects on reproductive outcomes.
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