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8 results for “power amplification”
Dissecting muscle power output: Evidence of multi-scale power amplification in skeletal muscle
<p class="MsoNormal">Many animals use a combination of skeletal muscle and elastic structures to amplify power output for fast motions. Among vertebrates, tendons in series with skeletal muscle are often implicated as the primary power-amplifying spring, but muscles contain elastic structures at all levels of organization, from the muscle tendon to the extracellular matrix to elastic proteins within sarcomeres. The present study used <em>ex vivo</em> muscle preparations in combination with high-speed video to quantify power output, as the product of force and velocity, at several levels of muscle organization to determine where power amplification occurs. Dynamic ramp shortening contractions in isolated frog flexor digitorum superficialis brevis were compared with isotonic power output to identify power amplification within muscle fibers, the muscle belly, free tendon and elements external to the muscle tendon. Energy accounting revealed that artifacts from compliant structures outside of the muscle–tendon unit contributed significant peak instantaneous power. This compliance included deflection of clamped bone that stored and released energy contributing 195.22±33.19 W kg<sup>−1</sup> (mean±s.e.m.) to the peak power output. In addition, we found that power detected from within the muscle fascicles for dynamic shortening ramps was 338.78 ±16.03 W kg<sup>−1</sup>, or nearly twice the maximum isotonic power output of 195.23±8.82 W kg<sup>−1</sup>. Measurements of muscle belly and muscle–tendon unit also demonstrated significant power amplification. These data suggest that intramuscular tissues, as well as bone, have the capacity to store and release energy to amplify whole-muscle power output.</p>
A power amplification dyad in seahorses
<p><span>Throughout evolution, organisms repeatedly developed elastic elements to power explosive body motions, overcoming ubiquitous limits on the power capacity of fast-contracting muscles. Seahorses evolved such a latch-mediated spring actuation (LaMSA) mechanism; however, it is unclear how this mechanism powers the two complementary functions necessary for feeding: rapidly swinging the head towards the prey, and sucking water into the mouth to entrain it. Here, we combine flow visualization and hydrodynamic modeling to estimate the net power required for accelerating the suction-feeding flows in 13 fish species. We show that the mass-specific power of suction feeding in seahorses is ~3 times higher than the maximum recorded from any vertebrate muscle, resulting in suction flows that are ~8 times faster than similar-sized fish. Using material testing, we reveal that the rapid contraction of the sternohyoideus tendon can release ~72% of the power needed to accelerate the water into the mouth. We conclude that the LaMSA system in seahorses is powered by two elastic elements, the sternohyoideus and epaxial tendons. These elements jointly actuate the coordinated acceleration of the head and the fluid in front of the mouth. These findings extend the known function, capacity, and design of LaMSA systems.</span></p>
Disposable platform for bacterial lysis and nucleic acid amplification based on a single USB-powered printed circuit board
<p>Recent advances in electronics and microfluidics have enabled several research groups to develop fully integrated, sample-to-result isothermal nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) platforms for the point of care. However, high component counts and costs have limited translation of these platforms beyond the clinic to low-resource settings—including homes. Many NAATs include complex, multi-component heater electronics based on flex circuits or multiple printed circuit boards (PCBs) to support essential NAAT steps such as lysis, sample deactivation, and nucleic acid amplification. In contrast, current commercial assays for home use, such as those for pregnancy or ovulation that include electronics, typically have just one onboard PCB. This work describes a generalizable strategy to integrate all heaters and the electronics needed to control them onto a single low-cost, USB-powered PCB. We built a multiplexable disposable NAAT ("MD NAAT") platform that applies these principles, integrating small-area heaters that heat small regions to near-boiling (for pathogen lysis and deactivation) and large-area heaters (for amplification) on the same PCB. We show that both classes of heaters have high intra-board and inter-device reproducibility despite only heating a NAAT cartridge from below. We validated the small-area heaters by lysing methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus</em> <em>aureus</em> (MRSA) cells and the large-area heaters by performing two types of isothermal NAATs (isothermal strand displacement amplification (iSDA) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)). These results demonstrate the merit of integrating NAAT heaters and control electronics onto a single printed circuit board and are a step toward translating NAATs to the home.</p>
Evidence for multi-scale power amplification in skeletal muscle
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Disposable platform for bacterial lysis and nucleic acid amplification based on a single USB-powered printed circuit board
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A power amplification dyad in seahorses
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Data from: Snap-jaw morphology is specialized for high-speed power amplification in the Dracula ant, Mystrium camillae
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Data from: Modularity and scaling in fast movements: power amplification in mantis shrimp
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