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42 results for “predator-induced”
Quantifying the relation between predator-induced behavior and growth performance in larval anurans, 1999.
Because the nature and magnitude of species interactions are functions of the traits that species possess, understanding how individual traits affect performance is important to our understanding of community structure. To examine the relation between species traits and performance, we first assessed behavioral responses of two larval anurans to three predator species in the laboratory. We then correlated these responses with growth performance of the two anurans when they competed in the field. In the laboratory experiment, larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and green frogs (R. clamitans) exhibited no reduction in activity or spatial avoidance to bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), moderate reductions in activity and spatial avoidance of mudminnows (Umbra limi ), and large reductions in activity and spatial avoidance of larval dragonflies (Anax spp.). In the field experiment, these behavioral responses were directly related to corresponding reductions in growth of the anuran larvae. Thus, for both species, changes in growth in the field could be correlated to the behavioral responses observed in the laboratory. Further, proportional changes in behavior in the presence of the different predators appeared to be related to changes in competitive relations in the field.
Detecting small environmental differences: Risk-response curves for predator-induced behavior and morphology. 2008.
Most organisms possess traits that are sensitive to changes in the environment (i.e. plastic traits) which results in the expression of environmentally-induced polymorphisms. While most phenotypically plastic traits have traditionally been treated as threshold switches between induced and uninduced states, there is growing evidence that many traits can respond in a continuous fashion. In this experiment we exposed larval anurans (wood frog tadpoles, Rana sylvatica) to an increasing gradient of predation risk to determine how organisms respond to small environmental changes. We manipulated predation risk in two ways: by altering the amount of prey consumed by a constant number of predators (Dytiscus sp.) and by altering the number of predators that consume a constant amount of prey. We then quantified the expression of predator-induced behavior, morphology, and mass to determine the level of risk that induced each trait, the level of risk that induced the maximal phenotypic response for each trait, whether the different traits exhibited a plateauing response, and whether increasing risk via increasing predator number or via increasing prey consumption induced similar phenotypic changes. We found that all of the traits exhibited fine-tuned, graded responses and most of them exhibited a plateauing response with increased predation risk, suggesting either a limit to plasticity or the reflection of high costs of the defensive phenotype. For many traits, a large proportion of the maximum induction occurred at low levels of risk, suggesting that the chemical cues of predation are effective at extremely low concentrations. In contrast to earlier work, we found that behavioral and morphological responses to increased predator number were simply a response to increased total prey consumption. These results have important implications for models of plasticity evolution, models of optimal phenotypic design, expectations for how organisms respond to fine-grained changes (i.e. wi
Relyea, R. A. 2002. Local population differences in phenotypic plasticity: Predator-induced changes in wood frog tadpoles. Ecological Monographs 72:77-93
Taxa that are divided into separate populations with low levels of interpopulation dispersal have the potential to evolve genetically based differences in their phenotypes and the plasticity of those phenotypes. These differences can be due to random processes, including genetic drift and founder effects, or they can be the result of different selection pressures among populations. I investigated population-level differences in predator- induced phenotypic plasticity in eight populations of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) over a small geographic scale (interpopulation distances of 0.3–8 km). Using a common-garden experiment containing predator and no-predator environments, I found population differences in behavior, morphology, and life history. These responses exhibited a habitat-related pattern: the four populations from closed-canopy ponds did not differ from each other in any of their phenotypes whereas the four populations from opencanopy ponds did differ from each other in these traits. This phenotypic pattern matches the pattern of competitors and predators found in these two types of ponds. Based on two years of pond surveys, the four closed-canopy ponds contained very similar competitor and predator assemblages while the assemblages of the four open-canopy ponds were more diverse and highly variable among open-canopy ponds. When combined with past studies, which demonstrate that predators and competitors select for alternative behavioral and morphological traits, these patterns suggest that the population differences may have arisen via natural selection and not via random mutation or drift. In a second experiment, I cross-transplanted two of the populations into each other’s ponds to determine if the populations were locally adapted to the conditions of their native pond (using low and high competition crossed with the presence or absence of a lethal predator). The populations continued to exhibit phenotypic differences, and one of the two populations t
Relyea, R. A., and N. Mills. 2001. Predator-induced stress makes the pesticide carbaryl more deadly to grey treefrog tadpoles (Hyla versicolor). PNAS 98:2491-2496.
Global declines in amphibians likely have multiple causes, including widespread pesticide use. Our knowledge of pesticide effects on amphibians is largely limited to short-term (4-d) toxicity tests conducted under highly artificial conditions to determine lethal concentrations (LC50). We found that if we used slightly longer exposure times (10–16 d), low concentrations of the pesticide carbaryl (3–4% of LC504-d) killed 10–60% of gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles. If predatory cues also were present, the pesticide became 2–4 times more lethal, killing 60–98% of tadpoles. Thus, under more realistic conditions of increased exposure times and predatory stress, current application rates for carbaryl can potentially devastate gray treefrog populations. Further, because predator-induced stress is ubiquitous in animals and carbaryl’s mode of action is common to many pesticides, these negative impacts may be widespread in nature.
Relyea, R. A. 2001. The lasting effects of adaptive plasticity: Predator-induced tadpoles become long-legged frogs. Ecology 82:1947-1955.
Changes in environmental conditions often alter the traits of individuals; however, we have a poor understanding of how changes in phenotypically plastic traits early in development may affect traits later in life. Such effects are of particular interest in organisms with complex life cycles in which early and late life stages can have drastically different morphologies and occupy different habitats. In this study, I examined how differences in the mass, morphology, and larval period of wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) subsequently affected the mass and morphology of metamorphic frogs. I found three major patterns: (1) larval mass and larval period were positively related to metamorphic mass; (2) larval period was positively related to metamorph hindlimb and forelimb length and negatively related to metamorph body width; and (3) larval body length was positively related to metamorph forelimb size. I then used these correlations to interpret the connection between the traits of predator-induced tadpoles and the subsequent traits of metamorphic frogs. Tadpoles reared with caged predators (aeshnid dragonflies) developed relatively deeper tail fins and had shorter bodies, lower mass, and longer developmental times than tadpoles reared without predators. Metamorphs emerging from larval predator environments exhibited no differences in mass but developed relatively large hindlimbs and forelimbs and narrower bodies than metamorphs emerging from predator-free larval environments. These differences arose primarily due to predator-induced changes in larval development time and not due to the predator-induced changes in larval morphology. By focusing on a large number of traits and a wide range of trait values, one can readily generate predictions about how a variety of environments, which alter traits early in development, can subsequently alter traits later in development.
data for paper: Predator-induced defense decreases growth rate and photoprotective capacity in a nitrogen-limited dinoflagellate
<p>this is the data for paper "Predator-induced defense decreases growth rate and photoprotective capacity in a nitrogen-limited dinoflagellate" </p>
Figure 3 in Predator-induced plasticity in tadpoles of Polypedates cruciger (Anura: Rhacophoridae)
Figure 3. Principal components space of PC1 vs. PC2 (unregressed) of tadpole measurements in the two experimental conditions ("open" and "closed") and the controls of the early sampling regime. The PC1 axis, which explains 46% of the variance, is mostly represented by tail length, total length, and inter-orbital width. The PC2 axis, which explains 24% of the variance, mostly represents tail height-related variables.
Figure 4 in Predator-induced plasticity in tadpoles of Polypedates cruciger (Anura: Rhacophoridae)
Figure 4. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis (unregressed) of the two experimental conditions ("open" and "closed") and the control. Ninety-five percent confidence elipses of these three do not overlap with one another, and are centered on the centroid each group.
Figure 1 in Predator-induced plasticity in tadpoles of Polypedates cruciger (Anura: Rhacophoridae)
Figure 1. Outline of tadpole (lateral and dorsal views), depicting measurements that were used in this study: total length (TL), tail length (TAL), maximum tail height (MTH), maximum tail height to tip of tail (MTH-t), total muscle height (TMH), total muscle width (TMW), body length (BL), inter-orbital distance (IOD), internasal distance (IND), and limb length (LL).
Figure 5 in Predator-induced plasticity in tadpoles of Polypedates cruciger (Anura: Rhacophoridae)
Figure 5. Boxplot depicting the means and standard errors of the two treatments ("open" and "closed") and the control.
Figure 1 in An investigation of predator-induced defence responses in ciliated protozoa
Figure 1. Effect of different predators on Euplotes muscorum. Results are means of three independent replicates for each treatment; ''eaten'', E. muscorum cells ingested by predators; ''cysts'', encysted E. muscorum cells; ''alive'', uningested, trophic E. muscorum cells.
Figure 2 in An investigation of predator-induced defence responses in ciliated protozoa
Figure 2. Prey width distributions of Colpidium kleini from the experiment described in Table II, i.e. (a) in the absence of predators; (b) in the presence of Euplotes sp. Each distribution was calculated after 24 h and represents the mean of three replicates (n5150).
Data from: More than meets the eye: predator-induced pupil size plasticity in a teleost fish
<p>1. Most animals are visually oriented, and their eyes provide their "window to the world". Eye size correlates positively with visual performance, because larger eyes can house larger pupils that increase photon catch and contrast discrimination, particularly under dim light, which have positive effects on behaviours that enhance fitness, including predator avoidance and foraging.</p> <p>2. Recent studies have linked predation risk to selection for larger eyes and pupils, and such changes should be of importance for the majority of teleost fishes as they have a pupil that is fixed in size (eyes lack a pupillary sphincter muscle) and, hence, do not respond to changes in light conditions.</p> <p>3. Here, we quantify eye and pupil size of individual crucian carp, a common freshwater fish, following controlled manipulations of perceived predation risk (presence/absence). We also tested if crucian carp responded to increased predation risk by shifts in diel activity patterns.</p> <p>4. We found that crucian carp show phenotypic plasticity with regards to pupil size, but not eye size, as pupil size increased when exposed to predators (pike). Predator-exposed crucian carp also shifted from diurnal to nocturnal activity. Using a modelling exercise, we moreover show that the plastically enlarged pupils significantly increase visual range, especially for small objects under dim light conditions.</p> <p>5. Overall, our results provide compelling evidence for predator-induced pupil enlargement resulting in enhanced visual capabilities in a teleost fish. Pupil-size plasticity in combination with the observed shift towards nocturnal activity may allow for efficient foraging also under dark conditions when predation risk from diurnal and visually oriented predators is reduced. The data highlight the powerful role of predation risk for eye development and evolution. 03-Jul-2020</p>
Insights into the genetic basis of predator-induced response in Daphnia galeata
<p>Phenotypic plastic responses allow organisms to rapidly adjust when facing environmental challenges - these responses comprise morphological, behavioral but also life-history changes. Alteration of life-history traits when exposed to predation risk have been reported often in the ecological and genomic model organism <i>Daphnia</i>. However, the molecular basis of this response is not well understood, especially in the context of fish predation. Here, we characterized the transcriptional profiles of two <i>Daphnia galeata</i> clonal lines with opposed life histories when exposed to fish kairomones. First, we conducted a differential gene expression, identifying a total of 125 candidate transcripts involved in the predator-induced response, uncovering substantial intra-specific variation. Second, we applied a gene co-expression network analysis to find clusters of tightly linked transcripts revealing the functional relations of transcripts underlying the predator-induced response. Our results showed that transcripts involved in remodeling of the cuticle, growth and digestion correlated with the response to environmental change in <i>D. galeata</i>. Furthermore, we used an orthology-based approach to gain functional information for transcripts lacking gene ontology (GO) information, as well as insights into the evolutionary conservation of transcripts. We could show that our candidate transcripts have orthologs in other <i>Daphnia</i> species but almost none in other arthropods. The unique combination of methods allowed us to identify candidate transcripts, their putative functions and evolutionary history associated with predator-induced responses in <i>Daphnia</i>. Our study opens up to the question as to whether the same molecular signature is associated with fish kairomones-mediated life-history changes in other <i>Daphnia</i> species.</p>
Predator-induced shape plasticity in D. pulex
<p>All animals and plants respond to changes in the environment during their life cycle. This flexibility is known as phenotypic plasticity and allows organisms to cope with variable environments. A common source of environmental variation is predation risk, which describes the likelihood of being attacked and killed by a predator. Some species can respond to the level of predation risk by producing morphological defences against predation. A classic example is the production of so-called 'neckteeth' in the water flea, <em>Daphnia pulex</em>,<em> </em>which defend against predation from <em>Chaoborus</em> midge larvae. Previous studies of this defence have focussed on changes in pedestal size and the number of spikes along a gradient of predation risk. Although these studies have provided a model for continuous phenotypic plasticity, they do not capture the whole-organism shape response to predation risk. In contrast, studies in fish and amphibians focus on shape as a complex, multi-faceted trait made up of different variables. In this study, we analyse how multiple aspects of shape change in <em>D. pulex</em> along a gradient of predation risk from <em>C.</em> <em>flavicans</em>. These changes are dominated by the neckteeth defence, but there are also changes in the size and shape of the head and the body. We detected change in specific modules of the body plan and a level of integration among modules.<strong> </strong>These results are indicative of a complex, multi-faceted response to predation and provide insight into how predation risk drives variation in shape and size at the level of the whole organism.</p>
Finotypic plasticity: Predator-induced plasticity in fin size, darkness, and display behaviour in a teleost fish
<p>Fish fins are remarkable devices of propulsion. Fin morphology is intimately linked to locomotor performance, and hence to behaviours that influence fitness, such as foraging and predator avoidance. This foreshadows a connection between fin morphology and variation in predation risk. Yet, whether prey can adjust fin morphology according to changes in perceived risk within their lifetime (a.k.a. predator-induced plasticity) remains elusive. </p> <p>Here, we quantify the structural size of five focal fins in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) following controlled manipulations to perceived predation risk (presence/absence of pike Esox lucius). We also assess if crucian carp respond to increased predation risk by shifts in dorsal fin colouration, and test for differences in how fish actively use their dorsal fins by quantifying the area of the fin displayed in behavioural trials. </p> <p>We find that crucian carp show phenotypic plasticity with regard to fin size as predator-exposed fish consistently have larger fins. Individuals exposed to perceived predation risk also increased dorsal fin darkness and actively displayed a larger area of the fin to potential predators. </p> <p>Our result thus provides compelling evidence for predator-induced fin enlargement, which should result in enhanced escape swimming performance. Moreover, fin-size plasticity may evolve synergistically with fin colouration and display behaviour, and we suggest that the adaptive value of this synergy is to enhance the silhouette of deep-bodied and hard-to-capture prey to deter gape-limited predators prior to an attack. Together, our results provide new perspectives on the role of predation risk for the development and evolution of fins. </p>
Figure 2 in Predator-induced plasticity in tadpoles of Polypedates cruciger (Anura: Rhacophoridae)
Figure 2. The morphology of early tadpole stages: A, control; B, "open." Scale bar 1 mm.
Data from: predator-induced defences under tropicalisation: a biogeographic approach
<p>Aim: The biogeography of predator-induced defences is an understudied area of predator-prey dynamics. Range overlap with predators that induce the response and local demographics (e.g., prey abundances) are likely to be important factors for determining the biogeographic distribution of induced defences within species. However, with climate warming, range expanding warm-water predators are increasingly preying upon temperate species. This is a consequence of a wider phenomenon known as tropicalisation. We aim to determine: (i) if individuals of a temperate barnacle with induced defences ("bent morphs") are primarily present where they co-occur with range-expanding warm-water predators (muricid snails) and, (ii) if bent morphs are size-structured within populations.</p> <p>Location: North-eastern Pacific rocky intertidal zone (~26-40ºN)</p> <p>Taxon: <em>Tetraclita rubescens</em> (Nilsson-Cantell, 1931), Balanomorpha</p> <p>Methods: We use photo quadrats from sites across the range of <em>T. rubescens</em> to determine the biogeographic distribution of populations with bent morphs and to assess size-structure. We use a combination of field surveys, literature, and museum occurrences to assess range overlap between cool and warm-water predators of <em>T. rubescens</em> and their association with populations with bent morphs and abundance patterns of <em>T. rubescens</em>.</p> <p>Results: Bent morphs are commonly found within the equatorward portion of the species' range (where abundances are highest), in populations overlapping with range expanding warm-water predators. Bent morphs primarily occur within the smaller size classes.</p> <p>Main conclusions: To be partly resilient to the effects of tropicalisation, temperate prey must acclimatize/adapt to altered predator-prey dynamics. Predator-induced defences are one way to do this. We show that bent morphs within a temperate prey species (<em>T. rubescens</em>) are largely restricted to populations that overlap with large-bodied and range-expanding warm-water predators. This is evidence for the partial resilience of <em>T. rubescens</em> to tropicalisation and provides the rationale for further exploration of the eco-evolutionary consequences of tropicalisation in this study system and others.</p>
Data from: More than meets the eye: predator-induced pupil size plasticity in a teleost fish
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Data from: predator-induced defences under tropicalisation: a biogeographic approach
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