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48 results for “prey availability”
Effects of Prey Availability on Sarracenia Physiology at Harvard Forest 2005
Allometric relationships exist between maximal mass-based net photosynthetic rates, leaf mass per unit area, and foliar Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) content, which hold across a diverse spectrum of over 2500 plant species worldwide. Carnivorous plants depart from this spectrum because they dedicate substantial leaf area to capturing prey, from which they derive N and P under very nutrient-limiting situations. We conducted a manipulative feeding experiment to test whether morphological and physiological allometric relationships of carnivorous plants when nutrients are not limiting are more similar to allometric relationships of non-carnivorous plants. We examined the effects of prey availability on photosynthetic rate (Amass), chlorophyll fluorescence, growth, architecture, and foliar nutrient and chlorophyll content of ten pitcher plant (Sarracenia) species. We tested the hypothesis that increased prey availability would stimulate Amass of one or more leaves, increase photosynthetic N- and P-use efficiencies (PNUEN, PNUEP), increase relative biomass allocation to photosynthetically efficient, non-predatory phyllodes rather than pitchers, increase overall plant biomass, and reduce stress-related chlorophyll fluorescence. This is the first multi-species, controlled feeding experiment using realistic prey treatments, measuring these physiological parameters directly, and elucidating mechanisms of nutrient stoichiometry and allometry in carnivorous plants. Increased prey availability increased chlorophyll content, Amass and photosystem efficiency (the Fv/Fm ratio) across the 10 Sarracenia species. These increases were most evident in younger leaves, as older leaves rapidly translocated nutrients to newer, growing tissues. Better-fed plants produced a significantly higher proportion of phyllodes than controls. Higher prey availability was associated with lower N:P ratios, and a shift from P- to N-limitation. PNUEP was significantly enhanced by supplementary feeding, w
Effect of Prey Availability on Sarracenia Purpurea Stoichiometry at Belvidere Bog, Vermont 2002
The carnivorous pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea receives nutrients from both captured prey and atmospheric deposition, making it a good subject for the study of ecological stoichiometry and nutrient limitation. We added prey in a manipulative field experiment and measured nutrient accumulation in pitcher-plant tissue and pitcher liquid, as well as changes in plant morphology, growth, and photosynthetic rate. Prey addition had no effect on traditional measures of nutrient limitation (leaf morphology, growth, or photosynthetic rate). However, stoichiometric measures of nutrient limitation were affected, as the concentration of both N and P in the leaf tissue increased with the addition of prey. Pitcher fluid pH and nitrate concentration did not vary among treatments, although dissolved oxygen levels decreased and ammonia levels increased with prey addition. Ratios of N:P, N:K, and K:P in pitcher-plant tissues suggest that prey additions shifted these carnivorous plants from P limitation under ambient conditions to N limitation with the addition of prey.
SBC LTER: Santa Cruz Island: Aggregated mean abundance of black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni) and prey availability, 1994-2008
These data are the annual mean abundances of three age-classes of black surfperch and their prey at each of 11 sites at Santa Cruz Island, California. Reported values are a) the average number of adult black surfperch, young-of-year black surfperch, and one year-old black surfperch per 40m x 2m transect (for all transects), and b) total food availability (grams per 0.1 m squared) at each site. Food availability includes biomass of caprellid and gammarid amphipods and is calculated from the mean density within Gelidium spp. (for caprellids) and all other foliose or turfing algae (for gammarids). The data also include one year lags for each variable, i.e. the value of the variable at that site in the previous year.
Supplementary data for "Influence of prey availability on habitat selection during the non-breeding period in a resident bird of prey"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Background: For resident birds of prey in the temperate zone, the cold non-breeding period can have strong impacts on survival and reproduction with implications for population dynamics. Therefore, the non-breeding period should receive the same attention as other parts of the annual life cycle. Birds of prey in intensively managed agricultural areas are repeatedly confronted with unpredictable, rapid changes in their habitat due to agricultural practices such as mowing, harvesting, and ploughing. Such a dynamic landscape likely affects prey distribution and availability and may even result in changes in habitat selection of the predator throughout the annual cycle.</p> <p>Methods: In the present study, we 1) quantified barn owl prey availability in different habitats across the annual cycle, 2) quantified the size and location of barn owl breeding and non-breeding home ranges using GPS-data, 3) assessed habitat selection in relation to prey availability during the non-breeding period, and 4) discussed differences in habitat selection during the non-breeding period to habitat selection during the breeding period.</p> <p>Results: The patchier prey distribution during the non-breeding period compared to the breeding period led to habitat selection towards grassland during the non-breeding period. The size of barn owl home ranges during breeding and non-breeding were similar, but there was a small shift in home range location which was more pronounced in females than males. The changes in prey availability led to a mainly grassland-oriented habitat selection during the non-breeding period. Further, our results showed the importance of biodiversity promotion areas and undisturbed field margins within the intensively managed agricultural landscape. </p> <p>Conclusions: We showed that different prey availability in habitat categories can lead to changes in habitat preference between the breeding and the non-breeding period. Given these results we show how important it is to maintain and enhance structural diversity in intensive agricultural landscapes, to effectively protect birds of prey specialised on small mammals. Hereafter we provide the datasets and R script to reproduce the resource selection functions.</p>
Temperature and nutrient availability alter consequences of phenological shifts in predatory-prey communities
<p>While there is mounting evidence indicating that the relative timing of predator and prey phenologies shapes the outcome of trophic interactions, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how important the environmental context (e.g. abiotic conditions) is for shaping this relationship. Environmental conditions not only frequently drive shifts in phenologies, but they can also affect the very same processes that mediate the effects of phenological shifts on species interactions. Thus, identifying how environmental conditions shape the effects of phenological shifts is key to predict community dynamics across a heterogenous landscape and how they will change with ongoing climate change in the future. Here I tested how environmental conditions shape effects of phenological shifts by experimentally manipulating temperature, nutrient availability, and relative phenologies in two predator-prey freshwater systems (mole salamander- bronze frog vs dragonfly larvae-leopard frog). This allowed me to (1) isolate the effect of phenological shifts and different environmental conditions, (2) determine how they interact, and (3) how consistent these patterns are across different species and environments. I found that delaying prey arrival dramatically increased predation rates, but these effects were contingent on environmental conditions and predator system. While both nutrient addition and warming significantly enhanced the effect of arrival time, their effect was qualitatively different: Nutrient addition enhanced the positive effect of early arrival while warming enhanced the negative effect of arriving late. Predator responses varied qualitatively across predator-prey systems. Only in the system with strong gape-limitation were predators (salamanders) significantly affected by prey arrival time and this effect varied with environmental context. Correlations between predator and prey demographic rates suggest that this was driven by shifts in initial predator-prey size ratios and a positive feedback between size-specific predation rates and predator growth rates. These results highlight the importance of accounting for temporal and spatial correlation of local environmental conditions and gape-limitation in predator-prey systems when predicting the effects of phenological shifts and climate change on predator-prey systems.</p>
Selection against early flowering in geothermally heated soils is associated with pollen but not prey availability in a carnivorous plant
<p>This data set includes data on flowering phenology, rosette diameters and fitness of the perennial herb Pinguicula vulgaris, as well as data on soil temperature and experimental treatment applied. The data was collected during the summer of 2020 in 287 plant individuals located in a sub-arctic geothermal area in Ölfus municipality in SW-Iceland, Hengill (64°03’N; 21°18’W, ~360 m.a.s.l.).</p>
Sources of prey availability data alter interpretation of outputs from prey choice null networks
<p><em>Spider surveys</em></p> <p>Data collection was described previously by Cuff, Tercel, et al., (2022). This study pertains to a subset of those data, collected between 1<sup>st</sup> May and 9<sup>th</sup> July 2018 at 19 separate locations, for which paired sticky trap and vacuum sample data were collected (described below). Briefly, money spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae) and wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) were visually located along transects in two adjacent barley fields at Burdons Farm, Wenvoe in South Wales (51°26'24.8"N, 3°16'17.9"W) and collected from webs and the ground. Transects were randomly distributed across the entire field. Along these transects, separate 4 m<sup>2</sup> quadrats, at least 10 m apart, were searched and all observed linyphiids and lycosids were collected. Spiders were placed in 100 % ethanol using an aspirator, regularly changing meshing to limit potential cross-contamination. Linyphiids occupying webs were prioritised for collection, but ground-active spiders were also collected. Spiders were taken to Cardiff University, transferred to fresh ethanol and stored at -80 °C in 100 % ethanol until DNA extraction. Extraction, amplification and sequencing of DNA, and bioinformatic analysis is described by Cuff, Tercel, et al., (2022) and Drake et al., (2022), and is also detailed below.</p> <p><em>Extraction and high-throughput sequencing of spider gut DNA</em></p> <p>Given their prevalence in field collections, dietary analysis was carried out for the linyphiid genera <em>Erigone</em>, <em>Tenuiphantes</em>, <em>Bathyphantes</em> and <em>Microlinyphia </em>(Araneae: Linyphiidae), and the Lycosidae genus <em>Pardosa</em>. Spiders were transferred to and washed in fresh 100 % ethanol to reduce external contaminants prior to identification via morphological key (Roberts, 1993). Abdomens were removed from spiders and again transferred to and washed in fresh 100 % ethanol. DNA was extracted from the abdomens via Qiagen TissueLyser II and DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen) as per the manufacturer protocol, but with an extended lysis time of 12 hours to account for the complex and branched gut system in spider abdomens (Krehenwinkel et al., 2017).</p> <p>For amplification of DNA, two primer pairs were used. BerenF-LuthienR (Cuff et al., 2021) amplified a broad range of invertebrates including spiders, and TelperionF-LaureR (Cuff et al., 2022), amplified a range of invertebrates but fewer spiders. Primers were labelled with unique 10 bp molecular identifier tags (MID-tags) so that each individual had a unique pairing of forward and reverse tags for identification of each spider post-sequencing. PCR reactions of 25 µl contained 12.5 µl Qiagen PCR Multiplex kit, 0.2 µmol (2.5 µl of 2 µM) of each primer and 5 µl template DNA. Reactions were carried out in the same thermocycler, optimised via temperature gradient, with an initial 15 minutes at 95 °C, 35 cycles of 95 °C for 30 seconds, the primer-specific annealing temperature for 90 seconds and 72 °C for 90 seconds, respectively, followed by a final extension at 72 °C for 10 minutes. BerenF-LuthienR and TelperionF-LaureR used annealing temperatures of 52 °C and 42 °C, respectively.</p> <p>Within each PCR 96-well plate, 12 negative controls (extraction and PCR), 2 blank controls and 2 positive controls were included (i.e. 80 samples per plate), based on Taberlet <em>et al. </em>(2018). Positive controls were mixtures of invertebrate DNA comprised of non-native Asiatic species in four different proportions and blanks were empty wells within each plate to identify tag-jumping into unused MID-tag combinations. PCR negative controls were DNase-free water treated identically to DNA samples. A negative control was present for each MID-tag to identify any contamination of primers. All PCR products were visualised in a 2 % agarose gel with SYBRSafe (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Paisley, UK) and placed in categories based on their relative brightness. The concentration of these brightness categories was quantified via Qubit dsDNA High-sensitivity Assay Kits (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with at least three representatives of each category per plate. The PCR products were then proportionally pooled according to these concentrations. Each pool was cleaned via SPRIselect beads (Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA), with a left-side size selection using a 1:1 ratio (retaining ~300-1000 bp fragments). The concentration of the pooled DNA was then determined via Qubit dsDNA High-sensitivity Assay Kits and pooled together into one library per primer pair. Library preparation for Illumina sequencing was carried out on the cleaned libraries via NEXTflex Rapid DNA-Seq Kit (Bioo Scientific, Austin, USA) and samples were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq via a V3 chip with 300-bp paired-end reads (expected capacity ≤25,000,000 reads). Bioinformatic analysis followed Drake et al. (2022).</p> <p><em>Bioinformatic analysis</em></p> <p>The Illumina run generated 11,165,405 and 10,959,010 reads for BerenF-LuthienR and TelperionF-LaureR, respectively, which were quality-checked and paired via FastP (Chen et al., 2018) to retain only sequences of at least 200 bp with a quality threshold of 33, resulting in 10,561,874 and 9,355,112 paired reads. The paired reads were demultiplexed and assigned to their respective spider sample according to their MID-tags via the “trim.seqs” command in Mothur v1.39.5 (Schloss et al., 2009), leaving 7,854,610 and 7,437,929 reads with exact matches to the primer and MID-tags.</p> <p>Replicates were removed, and denoising and clustering to zero-radius operational taxonomic units (ZOTUs; clustered without % identity to avoid multiple species represented within a single operational taxonomic unit (OTU)) completed via Unoise3 in Usearch11 (Edgar, 2010). The resultant sequences were assigned a taxonomic identity from GenBank via BLASTn v2.7.1 (Camacho et al., 2009) using a 97 % identity threshold (Alberdi et al., 2017). The BLAST output was analysed in MEGAN v6.15.2 (Huson et al., 2016). Where the top BLAST hit, determined by lowest e-value, was resolved at a higher taxonomic level than species-level, the results were checked; where possibly erroneous entries were preventing species-level assignment (e.g., poorly resolved identifications on GenBank), finer resolution was assigned based on the next-closest match. Where ZOTUs were assigned the same taxon, these were aggregated.</p> <p>Data clean-up used the optimal minimum sequence copy thresholds identified by Drake et al. (2022). The maximum value for a ZOTU present in blank or negative controls was identified and subtracted from all read counts for that ZOTU to remove background contaminants. Simultaneously, known lab contaminants (e.g., German cockroach <em>Blattella germanica</em>), artefacts and errors of the sequencing process, unexpected reads in positive controls and positive control taxon reads in dietary samples were identified. These were calculated as a percentage of their respective sample’s read count and any read counts lower than the highest of these percentages for their respective sample were removed to eliminate additional instances of contamination. These thresholds were defined as 0.38 % and 0.39 % for BerenF-LuthienR and TelperionF-LaureR, respectively. The data from the two libraries (i.e., from each primer pair) were then aggregated together by sample and aggregated again by taxon. Non-target taxa (e.g., fungi) and instances in which predator DNA was amplified (i.e., ZOTUs with high read counts matching the individual’s morphological identity) were removed. </p> <p>The resultant sequencing read counts were converted into relative proportions (all values made to sum to one within each sample) and a mean value across the two primer pairs retained for each taxon within each sample. Relative read abundances were converted to presence-absence data of each detected prey taxon in each individual spider, but relative read abundance data were also retained for separate analyses to compare experimental outcomes between treatments.</p> <p><em>Invertebrate surveys</em></p> <p>To estimate prey availability using sticky traps, we placed one white dry 100 mm x 125 mm trap (Oecos) in the 4 m<sup>2</sup> quadrat centred at the position where the spider was captured. The trap was suspended with wire approximately 25 mm above the ground to catch falling, crawling and flying invertebrates, and left in place for 72 hours. Invertebrates were identified on the traps under a stereomicroscope. To estimate prey availability using suction sampling, ground and crop stems were sampled using a ‘G-vac’ for approximately 30 seconds at each location. The collected material was emptied into a bag, any organisms immediately killed with ethyl-acetate and material frozen for storage before sorting into 70 % ethanol in the lab. All invertebrates were identified to family level to match the resolution of the least resolved of the metabarcoding-derived trophic interaction data, and due to difficulties associated with identification to finer taxonomic resolution for many taxa. Exceptions included springtails of the superfamily Sminthuroidea (Sminthuridae and Bourletiellidae were often indistinguishable following suction sampling and preservation due to the fine features necessary to distinguish them) which were left at super-family, mites (many of which were immature or in poor condition) which were identified to order level, and wasps of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea which were identified no further due to obscurity of wing venation due to damage following suction sampling.</p> <p><em>Statistical Analysis</em></p> <p>All analyses were conducted in R v4.0.3 (R Core Team, 2021) and carried out on invertebrate data at the family or superfamily level. Alongside the dietary data derived from metabarcoding, and prey availability as determined directly by suction sampling (abundance) and sticky trapping (activity density), three additional datasets were generated where two were designed to combine data from the two trapping methods. The first approach simply set all invertebrate taxa detected in the field to have equal abundance, to provide a baseline against which to assess the effects of different prey abundance estimates. When generating the two combined data sets, it was apparent that simply adding them together would underrepresent one of the datasets as abundance and activity density are measured in different units. Therefore, a ‘proportional combined’ dataset was generated by converting counts to relative proportions of each sample (to equally weight the two methods), which were then combined by summing proportions between the two methods for each sample, multiplied by the total count of individuals across both methods for each sample (to create realistic abundance values), and then rounded to the nearest integer (to return count data). In addition, a ‘frequency of occurrence (FOO) combined’ dataset was generated by converting counts to binary presence-absence values of each sample, which were then summed between the two methods for each sample. To assess the diversity represented by the two sampling methods and their combinations, and the completeness of those datasets, coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation were carried out, and Hill diversity calculated (Chao et al., 2014; Roswell et al., 2021) using the ‘iNEXT’ package with families represented by frequency-of-occurrence across samples (Chao et al., 2014; Hsieh et al., 2016).</p> <p>The remaining analyses were performed using both presence-absence and relative read abundance dietary data separately to show how differences in the treatment of the observed data are reflected in the outcomes of the analyses. Figures and outputs given in the main text relate to the presence-absence data, while relative read abundance figures and outputs are presented in the Supplementary Information. Prey preferences of spiders were analysed using network-based null models in the ‘econullnetr’ package (Vaughan et al., 2018) with the ‘generate_null_net’ function. Econullnetr generates null models based on prey availability to predict how consumers would forage if based on the availability of resources alone. These null models are then compared against the observed interactions of consumers (e.g., interactions of spiders with their prey based on dietary metabarcoding) to ascertain the extent to which resource consumption deviated from random. In five separate null models, prey availability was represented separately by the datasets described above: abundance (suction sampling), activity density (sticky trapping), proportional combined, FOO combined and equal prey abundance.</p> <p>To compare effect sizes between null models for each resource taxon, mean prey preference standardised effect size (SES) values were calculated from the individual spiders per model. The SES values were plotted and joined between taxa to visualise paired differences using ‘ggplot’ (Wickham, 2016). Null model-predicted trophic interactions were generated via an econullnetr null model with 999 simulations with outputs extended to allow the comparison of the null interactions for individual consumers (generate_null_net_indiv; Cuff, Kitson, et al., 2023). A visualisation of the per-individual differences in null model and observed data was generated via non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) using the ‘metaMDS’ function in the ‘vegan’ package (Oksanen et al., 2016) in two dimensions and 9999 simulations, with Euclidean distance. Centroid coordinates for each null model and the observed data were extracted and pairwise distances calculated between model centroids:</p> <p>The ‘observed’ network (i.e., the network determined solely by dietary data, not necessarily the objectively ‘true’ network) and each null network were visualised with the associated prey choice effect sizes as a bipartite network using ‘ggnetwork’ (Briatte, 2021; Wickham, 2016) via an ‘igraph’ object (Csardi & Nepusz, 2006). The degree of each prey node, weighted nestedness and linkage density were generated using the ‘bipartite’ package (Dormann et al., 2008) for each network and compared visually via ggplot2.</p>
Temperature and nutrient availability alter consequences of phenological shifts in predatory-prey communities
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Data from: Tooth fracture frequency in gray wolves reflects prey availability
Exceptionally high rates of tooth fracture in large Pleistocene carnivorans imply intensified interspecific competition, given that tooth fracture rises with increased bone consumption, a behavior that likely occurs when prey are difficult to acquire. To assess the link between prey availability and dental attrition, we documented dental fracture rates over decades among three well-studied populations of extant gray wolves that differed in prey:predator ratio and levels of carcass utilization. When prey:predator ratios declined, kills were more fully consumed, and rates of tooth fracture more than doubled. This supports tooth fracture frequency as a relative measure of the difficulty of acquiring prey, and reveals a rapid response to diminished food levels in large carnivores despite risks of infection and reduced fitness due to dental injuries. More broadly, large carnivore tooth fracture frequency likely reflects energetic stress, an aspect of predator success that is challenging to quantify in wild populations.
Data for: Spatial prey availability and pulsed reproductive tactics: encounter risk in a canid-ungulate system
<ol> <li>Predation risk is a function of spatiotemporal overlap between predator and prey, as well as behavioral responses during encounters. Dynamic factors (e.g., group size, prey availability, and animal movement or state) affect risk, but rarely are integrated in risk assessments. Our work targets a system where predation risk is fundamentally linked to temporal patterns in prey abundance and behavior. For neonatal ungulate prey, risk is defined within a short temporal window during which the pulse in parturition, increasing movement capacity with age, and anti-predation tactics have the potential to mediate risk.</li> <li>In our coyote – mule deer (<em>Canis</em> <em>latrans</em> – <em>Odocoileus</em> <em>hemionus</em>) system, leveraging GPS data collected from both predator and prey, we tested expectations of the shared enemy and reproductive risk hypotheses. We asked two questions regarding risk: (A) how do primary and alternative prey habitat, predator and prey activity, and reproductive tactics (e.g., birth synchrony, maternal defense) influence vulnerability of a neonate encountering a predator? (B) How do the same factors affect behavior by predators relative to time before and after an encounter?</li> <li>Despite increased selection for mule deer and intensified search behavior by coyotes during the peak in mule deer parturition, mule deer were afforded protection from predation via predator swamping, experiencing reduced per-capita encounter risk when most neonates were born. Mule deer occupying rabbit habitat (<em>Sylvilagus</em> spp.; coyote's primary prey) experienced the greatest risk of encounter but the availability of rabbit habitat did not affect predator behavior during encounters. Encounter risk increased in areas with greater availability of mule deer habitat, coyotes shifted their behavior relative to deer habitat, and the pulse in mule deer parturition and movement of neonatal deer during encounters elicited increased speed and tortuosity by coyotes.</li> <li>In addition to the spatial distribution of prey, temporal patterns in prey availability, and animal behavioral state were fundamental in defining risk. Our work reveals the nuanced consequences of pulsed availability on predation risk for alternative prey, whereby responses by predators to sudden resource availability, the lasting effects of diversionary prey, and inherent antipredation tactics ultimately dictate risk.</li> </ol>
Percentage of individuals per size class of available prey for Setophaga petechia gundlachi
<p>Supplemetary materials 3. Percentage of individuals per size class of available prey for <em>Setophaga petechia gundlachi </em>during the reproductive season in Bajo de Santa Ana (n = 159) and Laguna de Cobre-Itabo (n = 813) of Havana, Cuba.</p>
Web decoration is important in mediating foraging site fidelity as well as prey availability and predation risk in an orb-web spider
<p>Animals may consider both biotic and abiotic factors in foraging site choice. Among the biotic factors, food availability and predation risk are two widely reported important factors in determining foraging site fidelity. Their earlier investments, such as those retreat-building species' efforts in retreats construction, however, have been largely ignored. The orb-web spider <em>Cyclosa monticola</em> constructs a long column of masquerading detritus decoration in its web for predator avoidance purpose. This detritus decoration also functions as a retreat. However, the role of the detritus decoration for its foraging site fidelity is unknown. By manipulating three factors, presence of detritus decoration, prey availability, and predation risk to the spider webs in the field, we show that the self-constructed detritus decoration is as important as prey availability and predation risk in mediating web site fidelity. In addition, the web area also has a significant impact to the foraging site fidelity of the spider, those with larger webs were more likely to leave after being manipulated. However, other factors such as spider body size, decoration length, and rain all have no significant impact. Our study may strengthen the current understanding of the movement and foraging of animals, especially those building retreats.</p>
Prey availability influences the effect of boldness on reproductive success in a mammalian predator
<p>Boldness is an important trait in wild populations and among-individual differences can link to individual fitness<span>. </span>The strength and direction of relationships between behavioral and life-history traits may however vary according to environmental conditions, where fluctuating selection acting on behavioral traits contributes to the maintenance of personality differences. <span>We </span>explored sources of variation in <span>Arctic fox (<em>Vulpes</em> <em>lagopus</em>) boldness </span>and <span>investigated how temporal variation in the abundance of a main prey (lemmings) influences the relationship between fox boldness and reproductive success. We measured the behavioral reaction of individuals when escaping after handling, as an indicator of their boldness. We obtained 70 measurements from 42 individuals </span>during two years of low lemming abundance and two years of high lemming abundance<span> and assessed fox litter size as an indicator of reproductive success. First, individual characteristics (age, sex, mass) did not affect Arctic fox boldness, while individual identity generated variation in boldness. Next, </span>we found that during years of low lemming density, individuals behaving boldly had more pups than those behaving less boldly, suggesting boldness may provide an advantage when lemmings are scarce by increasing hunting success or allowing access to alternative resources. However, all <span>individuals tended to show high levels of boldness when lemming density was high, and all produced large litters. </span>Temporal variation in the abundance of a main prey might therefore influence the relation between boldness and reproductive success of a predator, and if individuals consistently differ in their level of boldness, fluctuating selection could contribute to the maintenance of personality.</p>
Data from: Feeding en route: Prey availability and traits influence prey selection by an avian predator on migration
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Data from: Bottom trawling affects fish condition through changes in the ratio of prey availability to density of competitors
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Web decoration is important in mediating foraging site fidelity as well as prey availability and predation risk in an orb-web spider
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Plasticity in extend phenotype how the cobweb spider <em>Campanicola campanulata</em> altering web architecture and trade-off behavioral investments in response to prey availability variation
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Data from: Tooth fracture frequency in gray wolves reflects prey availability
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Data for: Spatial prey availability and pulsed reproductive tactics: encounter risk in a canid-ungulate system
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Prey selection by Chordeiles minor (Common Nighthawks) does not reflect differences in prey availability between breeding and nonbreeding grounds
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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