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24 results for “prey composition”
Adelie penguin diet composition, secondary prey items, 1991-2020
The fundamental long-term objective of the seabird component of the Palmer LTER (PAL) has been to identify and understand the mechanistic processes that regulate the mean fitness (population growth rate) of regional penguin populations. Since the inception of PAL, Adélie penguin populations have effectively collapsed, gentoo penguin populations have increased dramatically and chinstrap penguin populations have remained relatively stable. These trends are spatially and temporally coherent with regional warming and decreasing sea ice duration. Adélie penguins are an ice-obligate polar species whose life history is intimately linked to the presence of sea ice, while chinstrap and gentoo penguins are ice-intolerant species whose life histories evolved in the sub-Antarctic, where sea ice is a less permanent feature of the marine ecosystem. The PAL study region includes five main islands on which Adélie penguin colonies have historically occurred, with each island containing a different number of spatially segregated sub-colonies. These colonies are censused to determine the total number of nests and chicks produced each year, and breeding success. Diet samples are acquired to understand diet composition (e.g., krill, fish) and krill length-frequencies. In general, krill constitute the most important component of the summer diets by mass of these three penguin species, but changes in PAL krill abundances have exhibited no long-term trends and thus far, have failed to explain the divergent patterns in penguin populations evident in our time series. Chick fledging masses are recorded as a cumulative measure of climate, weather, diet, and parental influences on chick health at the end of the breeding season. These data have provided valuable insights into the marine and terrestrial factors that influence Adélie penguin population fitness. No data were collected during the 2021-2022 season due to the Palmer Station pier rebuild.
Fig. 2 in Feeding preference of adult females of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus through prey proximate-composition and caloric values
Fig. 2. Multivariate correspondence analysis considering the proximate-composition and prey species of Trichiurus lepturus in northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Cb: Chirocentrodon bleekerianus; Dp: Doryteuthis plei; Lg: Lycengraulis grossidens; Ph: Pellona harroweri; Pp: Peprilus paru; Tl: Trichiurus lepturus and Xk: Xiphopenaeus kroyeri. CAR = carbohydrate.
Fig. 1 in Feeding preference of adult females of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus through prey proximate-composition and caloric values
Fig. 1. Map of Brazil with Rio de Janeiro State and its northern coast, where adult female specimens of Trichiurus lepturus and their prey species were collected (21º18'S-22º25'S; until 50 m depth).
Fig. 2 in Spatial Variation In Prey Composition And Its Possible Effect On Reproductive Success In An Expanding Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila Heliaca) Population
Fig. 2. Cluster analyses of imperial eagle breeding areas based on prey composition data. Region codes are presented in Fig. 1. Codes with bold characters represent mountainous habitats. The single breeding pair of the Cserehát Mountains was excluded from the analysis, because of low sample size
Fig. 3 in Spatial Variation In Prey Composition And Its Possible Effect On Reproductive Success In An Expanding Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila Heliaca) Population
Fig. 3. Frequency of the three main prey species (a-c) and reproductive success (d) of imperial eagles in two East-Hungarian regions. Boxplots presents the minimum-maximum (whiskers), lower and upper quartiles (box) and the median (line) of the data. Dots are outliers. Significance of difference is in-
Figure 2 in Diet composition, guild structure and trophic relationships of wintering birds of prey in an estuarine wetland (The Evros Delta National Park, Greece)
Figure 2. Cluster analysis (dendrogram) based on the biomass proportions of the diets of the seven species of birds of prey studied in Evros Delta.
Figure 1 in Diet composition, guild structure and trophic relationships of wintering birds of prey in an estuarine wetland (The Evros Delta National Park, Greece)
Figure 1. Diet compiled for the most important prey taxa of the seven species of birds of prey studied in the Evros Delta, a) by biomass (upper graph) and b) by numbers (lower graph) (Shannon index/Evenness are shown below each species name).
Data from: Local prey community composition and genetic distance predict venom divergence among populations of the northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus)
Identifying the environmental correlates of divergence in functional traits between populations can provide insights into the evolutionary mechanisms that generate local adaptation. Here, we assess patterns of population differentiation in expressed venom proteins in Northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus) from 13 locations across California. We evaluate the relative importance of major biotic (prey species community composition), abiotic (temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and genetic factors (genetic distance based on RADseq loci) as correlates of population divergence in venom phenotypes. We found that over half of the variation in venom composition is associated with among-population differentiation for genetic and environmental variables, and that this variation occurred along axes defining previously observed functional trade-offs between venom proteins that have neurotoxic, myotoxic and hemorrhagic effects. Surprisingly, genetic differentiation among populations was the best predictor of venom divergence, accounting for 46% of overall variation, whereas differences in prey community composition and abiotic factors explained smaller amounts of variation (23% and 19%, respectively). The association between genetic differentiation and venom composition could be due to an isolation by distance effect or, more likely it may reflect an isolation-by-environment effect where selection against recent migrants is strong, producing a correlation between neutral genetic differentiation and venom differentiation. Our findings suggest that even coarse estimates of prey community composition can be useful in understanding the selection pressures acting on patterns of venom protein expression. Additionally, our results suggest that factors other than adaptation to spatial variation in prey need to be considered when explaining population divergence in venom.
Assessing cooper’s hawk (<em>Astur cooperii</em>) and sharp-shinned hawk (<em>Accipiter striatus</em>) prey size and species composition using citizen science data
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Data from: Local prey community composition and genetic distance predict venom divergence among populations of the northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus)
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Data from: Seabirds vary responses to supplemental food under dynamic natural prey availability and feeding aggregation composition
While foraging, a predator can feed solitarily or in a group. The net energy gain of joining a group is predicted to vary with prey patch quality, species-specific prey capture behavior and the size and species composition of the predator group. In coastal Newfoundland, Canada, capelin (Mallotus villosus), a key forage fish, migrates inshore to spawn during the summer, resulting in a dramatic shift in prey availability. During July-August, 2015-2017, we examined the numerical and behavioral responses of procellarid (Great Shearwater Ardenna gravis, Sooty Shearwater A. grisea, Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis) and gull species (Herring Gull Larus argentatus, Great Black-backed Gull L. marinus) to fish offal under varying capelin availability as well as flock size and composition using an at-sea experiment on the northeast Newfoundland coast. The experiment consisted of providing a offal every 30 s (10-min experimental period), along with 10-min control periods before and after. We recorded the species-specific number of birds on the water, the number of birds simultaneously attempting to capture offal, and the number of successful attempts ('foraging success'). The number of birds on the water was lower during high capelin availability for all species, except for Northern Fulmar. The number of conspecifics simultaneously attempting increased with the number of conspecifics on the water, but plateaued at different numbers (4-17) for each species. The species-specific proportion of successful attempts (i.e. 'foraging success') varied with flock size and composition (i.e. number of conspecifics, heterospecifics, species). Foraging success of Herring Gulls and fulmars were moderately affected by flock size and composition, suggesting that they may be dominant competitors. Findings suggest that seabirds rely more heavily on supplemental food sources, such as fisheries discards and offal, when natural prey availability declines, potentially resulting in a higher risk of by-catch during fisheries activities as forage fish stocks decline.
Supplementary material 2 from: Grabowska J, Płóciennik M, Grabowski M (2024) Detailed analysis of prey taxonomic composition indicates feeding habitat partitioning amongst co-occurring invasive gobies and native European perch. NeoBiota 92: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.92.116033
Relative abundance of prey categories (%N) (number of given prey category in relation to total number of prey) identified in fish guts at sites Z, R, B in the Western Bug River in August 2007
Supplementary material 1 from: Grabowska J, Płóciennik M, Grabowski M (2024) Detailed analysis of prey taxonomic composition indicates feeding habitat partitioning amongst co-occurring invasive gobies and native European perch. NeoBiota 92: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.92.116033
Relative abundance of species (%N) in fish assemblages found at sites Z, R, B in the Western Bug River in August 2007 (Penczak et al. 2010)
Predator cannibalism can shift prey community composition toward dominance by small prey species
<p><span>Cannibalism among predators is a key intraspecific interaction affecting their density and foraging behaviour, eventually modifying the strength of predation on heterospecific prey. Interestingly, previous studies showed that cannibalism among predators can increase or reduce predation on heterospecific prey; however we know less about the factors that lead to these outcomes. Using a simple pond community consisting of <em>Hynobius retardatus</em> salamander larvae and their associated prey, I report empirical evidence that cannibalism among predators can increase predation on large heterospecific prey but reduce that on small heterospecific prey. In a field-enclosure experiment in which I manipulated the occurrence of salamander cannibalism, I found that salamander cannibalism increased predation on frog tadpoles but reduced that on aquatic insects simultaneously. The contrasting effects are most likely to be explained by prey body size. In the study system, frog tadpoles were too large for non-cannibal salamanders to consume, while aquatic insects were within the non-cannibals' consumable prey size range. However, when cannibalism occurred, a few individuals that succeeded in cannibalising reached large enough size to consume frog tadpoles. Consequently, although cannibalism among salamanders reduced their density, salamander cannibalism increased predation on large prey frog tadpoles. Meanwhile, salamander cannibalism reduced predation on small prey aquatic insects probably because of a density reduction of non-cannibals primarily consuming aquatic insects. Body size is often correlated with various ecological traits, for instance, diet width, consumption and excretion rates, and is thus considered as a good indicator of species' effects on ecosystem function. All this considered, cannibalism among predators could eventually affect ecosystem function by shifting the size composition of the prey community. </span></p>
Data for: Phenotypic outcomes of predator-prey coevolution are predicted by landscape variation in climate and community composition
<ol> <li>Landscape patterns of phenotypic coevolution are determined by variation in the outcome of predator-prey interactions. These outcomes may depend not only on the functional phenotypes that mediate species interactions but also on aspects of the environment that enable encounters between coevolutionary partners.</li> <li>Exploring the relationship between coevolutionary traits and the environment requires extensive sampling across the range of the interaction to determine the relationship between local ecological variation and coevolution.</li> <li>In this study, we synthesized >30 years of data on predator-prey interactions between toxic newts (<em>Taricha</em> <em>granulosa</em>) and their snake predators (<em>Thamnophis</em> <em>sirtalis</em>) to explore the environmental predictors of arms race escalation.</li> <li>We found that geographic variation in phenotypes at the interface of coevolution was best predicted by a combination of community and climatic variation. Coevolutionary phenotypes were greatest in environments with climate favorable for newt-snake overlap. We found prey toxicity was elevated in regions with more predator species, and predator resistance was higher in regions with more prey species.</li> <li>Our results suggest specific environmental conditions reinforce the process of coevolution, signifying the phenotypic outcomes of coevolutionary arms races are sensitive to local ecological contexts that vary across the landscape. </li> </ol>
Predator cannibalism can shift prey community composition toward dominance by small prey species
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Data for: Phenotypic outcomes of predator-prey coevolution are predicted by landscape variation in climate and community composition
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Data from: Seabirds vary responses to supplemental food under dynamic natural prey availability and feeding aggregation composition
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Dataset_2020_Biogeosciences_Protists and collembolans alter microbial community composition, C dynamics and soil aggregation in simplified consumer - prey systems
<p>Dataset associated to the publication: Erktan, A., Rillig, M.C., Carminati, A., Jousset, A., Scheu, S. (2020) Protists and collembolans alter microbial community composition, C dynamics and soil aggregation in simplified consumer - prey systems, Biogeosciences, accepted the 27/08/2020.</p>
Fig. 1 in Spatial Variation In Prey Composition And Its Possible Effect On Reproductive Success In An Expanding Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila Heliaca) Population
Fig. 1. Breeding distribution of the imperial eagle in Hungary between 1995 and 2004. Data are presented in a 10 km × 10 km UTM grid. Regions: (1) Eastern Zemplén Mts, (2) Western Zemplén Mts, (3) Cserehát Mts, (4) Bükk Mts, (5) Mátra Mts, (6) Börzsöny Mts, (7) West-Heves Plain, (8) East-Heves Plain, (9) Borsodi Mezőség Plain, (10) Jászság Plain, (11) Nagykunság Plain, (12) Dévaványa Plain, (13) West-Békés Plain, (14) South-Békés Plain, (15) Hortobágy Plain, (16) Aggtelek Mts, (17) Gerecse Mts, (18) Vértes Mts, (19) Eastern Bakony Mts. Dark grey: two sample areas, where diet composition and reproductive success were compared. Grey: data on prey composi-
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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