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Supplemental Information to Climate-driven habitat shifts of high-ranked prey species structure Late Upper Paleolithic hunting
<p>The data provided here are the supplemental information accompanying Yaworsky et al, 2023 in the journal <em>Scientific Reports</em>. These data represent the following, which are referenced in the published work at DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31085-x.</p> <p><strong>Below is the legend for the Supplementary Information</strong>, including how it is referenced within the text of the publication, the file name, and a brief description. More thorough descriptions of the data can be found within the publication in <em>Scientific Reports</em>.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary 1</strong> – <em>UpperPaleoDietV4.html</em> – HTML document of the analyses performed and presented in the paper. This is a Markdown document compiled in R with R code chunks and descriptions.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary 2</strong> – <em>Support Information 2.docx</em> – Word document containing supplementary tables 2 and 3.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary 3</strong> – <em>ArchaeoloigcalDataset_v8.csv</em> – Archaeological data referenced in the Material and Methods. These data are necessary for running the code presented in SI 1.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary 4</strong> – <em>EuroUpperPaleoFaunas_v6.csv</em> – Zooarchaeological data referenced in the Material and Methods. These data are necessary for running the code presented in SI 1.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary 5 </strong>– <em>Lupo2016.csv</em> – Data of Arficant fauna weight derived from table in Lupo and Schmitt 2016 (Table 2). These data are necessary for running the code presented in SI 1.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary 6</strong> – <em>PushkinaRaia_FaunaWeights.csv</em> – Data of Pleistocene fauna weights derived from table in Pushkina and Raia 2008 (Table 1). These data are necessary for running the code presented in SI 1.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary 7</strong> – <em>environmental_BG.csv</em> – Data representing background environmental conditions derived from the CHELSA TRaCE21k data. These data are necessary for running the code in SI 1.</p> <p>For more information on the data, methods, and results, please see the main paper. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Feeding trials of Leptagrion andromache and prey species
<p>We quantified the consumption rate for one damselfly larvae predator and many of its prey. The top predator Leptagrion andromache (Zygoptera: Odonata, dry mass = 3.31 mg, se = 2.45, n = 29) was fed several densities of each prey. The prey were chosen because they were the most abundant prey in bromeliads. All prey are aquatic insect larvae. We chose Culex sp 1 (Culicidae: Diptera, density range = 1- 50, mean dry mass = 0.17 mg, se = 0.04, n = 25), Culex sp 2 (Culicidae: Diptera, 1-20, 0.09 mg, 0.02, 14), Forcipomyia (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera, 1-60, 0.07 mg, 0.01, 5), Dero superterrenus (Naididae: Haplotaxida, 1-60, 0.12 mg, 0.01, 2), Psychodidae (Psychodidae: Diptera, 1-30, 0.22 mg, 0.11, 18), Scirtes sp 1 (Scirtidae: Coleoptera, 1-30, 0.33 mg, 0.12, 13), Scirtes sp 2 (Scirtidae: Coleoptera, 1-6, 0.43 mg, 0.27, 65), and Trentepohlia (Tipulidae: Diptera, 1-7, 0.29 mg, 0.19, 43).</p>
Balancing carnivore conservation and sustainable hunting of a key prey species: a case study on the Florida panther and white-tailed deer
<p>1. Large carnivore restoration programs are often promoted as capable of providing ecosystem services. However, these programs rarely measure effects of successful restoration on other economically and ecologically important species. In South Florida, while the endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) population has increased in recent years due to conservation efforts, the population of its main prey, the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), has declined in some regions. The extent to which panther predation has affected deer populations has been difficult to assess because several other factors have changed during this period, including hydrology and hunting regulations.</p> <p>2. We collected known-fate survival data on 241 GPS-collared adult deer (156 females and 85 males) from 2015 to 2018 in the Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge and the Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida, USA, to assess effects of panther predation on the deer population, while also evaluating the impacts of hunting and hydrology.</p> <p>3. Predation was the primary cause of death (110 of 134 mortalities), and 87% of predation events were attributed to panthers, a much greater rate than reported by studies conducted before the panther genetic restoration effort initiated in 1995. One deer was legally harvested, and two were likely killed by poachers. Increasing water depth decreased female survival but had little impact on male survival, and drowning was never a cause of mortality.</p> <p>4. Females had greater survival probability than males, except during fawning season. From 2015 to 2018, annual survival rates increased from 0.61 (0.52-0.70) to 0.86 (0.79-0.91) for females, and from 0.45 (95% CI: 0.33-0.58) to 0.79 (0.69-0.86) for males.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications – High predation rates, coupled with previous evidence of low recruitment of deer in South Florida, suggest that it will be challenging to meet society's competing demands for large predator restoration and sustainable deer harvest. Deer hunting in the area must remain tightly controlled, for now, if it is to be sustainable, and managers should seek to mitigate effects of high waters and improve deer habitat quality to increase deer population viability. Future work should closely monitor the deer population to assess if management actions can increase vital rates and abundance in the context of high predation rates.</p>
Great tits (Parus major) flexibly learn that herbivore-induced plant volatiles indicate prey location – an experimental evidence with two tree species
<p>1. When searching for food, great tits (Parus major) can use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) as an indicator of arthropod presence. Their ability to detect HIPVs was shown to be learned, and not innate, yet the flexibility and generalization of learning remains unclear. 2. We studied if, and if so how, naïve and trained great tits (Parus major) discriminate between herbivore-induced and non-induced saplings of Scotch elm (Ulmus glabra) and cattley guava (Psidium cattleyanum). We chemically analysed the used plants and showed that their HIPVs differed significantly and overlapped only in a few compounds. 3. Birds trained to discriminate between herbivore-induced and non-induced saplings preferred the herbivore-induced saplings of the plant species they were trained to. Naïve birds did not show any preferences. Our results indicate that the attraction of great tits to herbivore-induced plants is not innate, rather it is a skill that can be acquired through learning, one tree species at a time. 4. We demonstrate that the ability to learn to associate HIPVs with food reward is flexible, expressed to both tested plant species, even if the plant species has not coevolved with the bird species (i.e. guava). Our results imply that the birds are not capable of generalising HIPVs among tree species but suggest that they either learn to detect individual compounds or associate whole bouquets with food rewards.</p>
Figure 1 Hilarempis sigillata Collin, 1933 and prey. A in Prey of the Patagonian species Hilarempis sigillata Collin (Diptera, Empididae, Empidinae, Hilarini), and the first record of nocturnal activity in the tribe
Figure 1 Hilarempis sigillata Collin, 1933 and prey. A, white light sheet used to capture insects with H. sigillata smaller than specimens of trichopterans; B, male with prey (black arrow) and female without prey (white arrow) standing on sheet; C, detail of male holding the prey on sheet. Figures D–G. Multilayered photo montage from alcohol preserved specimens. D, male specimens holding the prey by the mid tarsi; E, a chironomid specimen, specifically a prey specimen belonging to the genus Cricotopus, adult partially contained within the pupal exuviae; F, Hilarempis sigillata, male; G, Hilarempis sigillata, female.
Fig. 3 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of Lithobates catesbeianus invasive populations and predation reports of native anurans in Brazil. White circles: American Bullfrog populations in Brazil (Both et al. 2011; Instituto Horus 2016); yellow stars: predation reports of adult Boana raniceps and adult Phyllomedusa distincta in southern and southeastern Brazil; light green circles: locations of 41 published predation records.
Fig. 2 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 2. (A) Predation of an adult Phyllomedusa distincta by Lithobates catesbeianus, (B) Adult P. distincta partially digested, removed from the oral cavity of L. catesbeianus.
Fig. 1 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records
Fig. 1. Adult Lithobates catesbeianus swallowing an adult Boana raniceps in an artificial permanent pond within pasture area in southern Brazil.
Figure 6–8 in A new species of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from nests of Cerceris fumipennis Say (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in northeastern Florida, USA, with new state records for species of Chrysobothris and a list of buprestid prey species taken by the wasp in Florida
Figure 6–8. Chrysobothris cerceripraeda Westcott and Thomas, n. sp. 6) Male aedeagus, dorsal. 7) Male aedeagus, ventral. 8) Female terminal ventrite.
Figures 1–5 in A new species of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from nests of Cerceris fumipennis Say (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in northeastern Florida, USA, with new state records for species of Chrysobothris and a list of buprestid prey species taken by the wasp in Florida
Figures 1–5. Chrysobothris cerceripraeda Westcott and Thomas, n. sp., male. 1) Dorsal habitus. 2) Front of head. 3) Ventral habitus. 4) Prosternum. 5) Protibia.
Figure 10–13. Locality photographs. 10 in A new species of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from nests of Cerceris fumipennis Say (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in northeastern Florida, USA, with new state records for species of Chrysobothris and a list of buprestid prey species taken by the wasp in Florida
Figure 10–13. Locality photographs. 10) View of salt marsh surrounding Pelotes Island Nature Preserve, Duval Co., FL. 11) Dirt road that runs length of Pelotes Island Nature Preserve. All Cerceris fumipennis Say nests were found on or next to road. 12) Drs. Leroy Whilby, FDACS-DPI CAPS, and Adam Silagyi, formerly FDACS-DPI CAPS, excavating nest of Cerceris fumipennis on Pelotes Island. 13) Excavation from nest of Cerceris fumipennis showing a common prey species, Chrysobothris shawnee Wellso and Manley.
Figs. 11−18 in Species inventory, preys and host plants of Anthocoridae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Shiraz and its environs (Iran, Fars province)
Figs. 11−18. Parameres of Anthocoridae. 11 − Temnostethus reduvinus parilis (Horváth, 1891), 12 − Anthocoris minki pistaciae Wagner, 1957, 13 − Orius albidipennis (Reuter, 1884), 14 − O. niger (Wolff, 1811), 15 − O. laevigatus laevigatus (Fieber, 1860), 16 − O. laticollis discolor (Reuter, 1884), 17 − O. horvathi (Reuter, 1884), 18 − O. vicinus (Ribaut, 1923). Abbreviations: cn − cone, dt − denticule, fg − flagellum. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.
Fig. 7 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore
Fig. 7. Box and whisker (a, d) and scatter (b, c) plots showing the relationships between the inquiline species richness of individual pitchers and pitcher type (a), pitcher size (b), canopy cover (c), and location (within or outside of the CCNR; d). The plots show that inquiline species richness was higher in lower than upper pitchers (a), and pitcher size (b) and canopy cover (c) had weak positive effects on inquiline species richness, but there was no significant difference in inquiline species richness between pitchers outside of and within the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) (d). In (a) and (d), boxes represent interquartile ranges, whiskers represent maxima and minima, and points represent outliers. In (b) and (c), points (green = lower, beige = upper pitchers) represent the species richness of individual pitchers, and lines represent the model predictions of the second (b; ΔAICc = 1.94) and third (c; ΔAICc = 1.99) best models for lower (green) and upper (beige) pitchers.
Fig. 11 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore
Fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs exemplifying morphological differences in the chelicerae of Nepenthes histiostomatid mites: (a) Creutzeria sp., (b) Zwickia sp., (c) Nepenthacarus sp. Scale bar = 10 micrometres. (Photographs by: Norman J. Fashing).
Fig. 3 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore
Fig. 3. Two-dimensional NMDS plot of the plant communities co-occurring with Nepenthes rafflesiana in plots located within (brown points) and outside (pink points) of the CCNR (a), and box and whisker plot comparing the log-transformed floristic species richness of these locations (b). Plant communities differed significantly in composition (a; pseudo-F1,11 = 3.80, p-value <0.001) and species richness (b; T11 = 4.74, p-value = 0.001). Each point in the NMDS plot (a) represents the plant communities of a single plot. Colours are translucent, so that overlapping points may be distinguished. Points which are located closer to each other in the NMDS plot share more similar plant communities. Texts represent plant species centroids, with font sizes proportional to the number of plots in which each was found (species which were found in two or less plots are not displayed). A species is more likely to occur in a plot if the plot's point is located close to the species' centroid. Bold lines in the box and whisker plot represent median log-transformed species richness, boxes represent interquartile ranges, whiskers represent maxima/minima and points represent outliers.
Fig. 6 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore
Fig. 6. Box and whisker plots show that inquiline taxa were found in different abundances across the different forest types, with several species being confined to the old secondary forests within the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR). Bold horizontal lines represent median log-transformed number of each inquiline taxon in pitchers from each forest type (denoted by colours); boxes represent interquartile range; whiskers represent maximum values. Taxon names are abbreviated as done in the previous figure; rare inquiline taxa which were present in only one sample are not displayed.
Fig. 2 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore
Fig. 2. Habitat types in which Nepenthes rafflesiana plants were found in this study: (a) coastal cliffs; (b) adinandra belukar; (c) old secondary forests (in this case, a tree fall gap within an old secondary forest). Nepenthes rafflesiana plants are indicated by an arrow in panels a and c. Coastal cliffs (a) and adinandra belukar (b) type habitats were mainly found outside the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR), while old secondary forests type habitats were only found within the CCNR. Despite their different locations, plant communities in which N. rafflesiana were found in coastal cliff habitats (a) and typical adinandra belukar habitats (b) were compositionally highly similar and may both be classified as adinandra belukar type plant communities. (Photographs by: Lam Weng Ngai).
Fig. 1 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore
Fig. 1. Nepenthes rafflesiana lower (a) and upper (b) pitchers in situ; location of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) in Singapore (c). Data sources for (c): Singapore Public Data (https://data.gov.sg); Global Administrative Areas Database version 3.6 (https:// gadm.org/data.html). (Photographs by: Lam Weng Ngai).
Fig. 5 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore
Fig. 5. Sample-size- (a) and coverage-based (b) rarefaction curves of inquiline species richness from pitchers collected outside of (pink lines) and within (brown lines) the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR). Lines represent the interpolated (continuous) and extrapolated (dashed) species richness of each forest type, as a function of the number of individuals sampled within it (a) and the estimated sample coverage (b); shaded regions represent the 95% confidence intervals of these estimates; points represent the observed species richness (these are omitted from panel b to prevent the obscuring of other details in the figure).
Fig. 4 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore
Fig. 4. Two-dimensional NMDS plot of the pitcher inquiline communities of the sampled Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers. Each point represents an inquiline community from an individual pitcher, with its colour denoting the location in which it was found (within [brown] or outside [pink] the Central Catchment Nature Reserve [CCNR]), and its shape denoting its pitcher type (triangles denote upper, and circles, lower, pitchers). Texts represent inquiline species centroids, with font sizes proportional to the number of pitchers in which each was found. A species is more likely to occur in a pitcher if the pitcher's point is located close to the species' centroid. Taxon name abbreviations: Dasy = Dasyhelea spp.; Phor = Phoridae; Ar.giv = Armigeres giveni; Ar.kuc = Ar. cf. kuchingensis; Cx.bre = Culex brevipalpus complex; Cx.cur = Cx. curtipalpis; Tp.tnx = Tripteroides tenax; Lest = Lestodiplosis sp.; Nsyr = Nepenthosyrphus sp. raff; Creu = Creutzeria spp.; M2.sp1 = Histiostomatidae genus 1 sp. 1; Naca = Nepenthacarus spp.; Zwic = Zwickia spp.; Nema = nematodes.
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