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21 results for “primitive eusociality”
Built to change: dominance strategy changes with life stage in a primitively eusocial bee
<p>Access to reproduction is determined by an individual's dominance rank in many species and is achieved through aggression and/or dominance signalling. In eusocial insects one or several dominant females (queens) monopolize reproduction but to what extent queens rely on aggression and signalling remains obscure. Aggression is costly and its efficiency depends on the group size, whereas signalling may reduce the risks and costs of aggression. Both strategies are used to regulate reproduction in social taxa, with aggression being more common in small social groups, compared to signalling in larger societies. Here, we examine the use of aggression and chemical signalling in a social species (Bombus impatiens) where the dominant queen interacts with increasing numbers of workers as she ages. We found that the queen's strategy to monopolize reproduction changes with life stage, shifting from overt aggression to chemical signalling as the queen gets older. Particularly, old queens exhibited a higher ratio of short to long cuticular hydrocarbons compared to young queens, an endogenous shift that was attributed to age, as all egg-laying queens were fecund and kept with the same number of workers. Our findings contribute to the understanding of reproductive dominance in the context of an individual's life history.</p>
Built to change: dominance strategy changes with life stage in a primitively eusocial bee
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Data from: Nest inheritance is the missing source of direct fitness in a primitively eusocial insect
Animals that co-operate with non-relatives represent a challenge to inclusive fitness theory, unless co-operative behavior is shown to provide direct fitness benefits. Inheritance of breeding resources could provide such benefits, but this route to co-operation has been little investigated in the social insects. We show that nest inheritance can explain the presence of unrelated helpers in a classic social insect model, the primitively eusocial wasp Polistes dominulus. We found that subordinate helpers produced more direct offspring than lone breeders, some while still subordinate but most after inheriting the dominant position. Thus, while indirect fitness obtained through helping relatives has been the dominant paradigm for understanding eusociality in insects, direct fitness is vital to explain co-operation in P. dominulus.
Figure 1 in Behavioural and morphological dimorphism of the sexes: an account of two primitively eusocial wasps
Figure 1. Body size of R. marginata and R. cyathiformis males and females plotted in a twodimensional principal component space.
Figure 3 in Behavioural and morphological dimorphism of the sexes: an account of two primitively eusocial wasps
Figure 3. Comparison of R. marginata and R. cyathiformis males and females for eight behaviours: (a) sit and groom (SG), (b) away from nest (FG), (c) feeding (FE), (d) feeding larvae (FL), (e) solicit, (f) being solicited (SS), (g) dominance behaviour (DB) and (h) subordinate behaviour. Letters represent comparison across sex within species; numbers represent comparison within sex across species. Bars carrying different letters/numbers are significantly different from each other (Mann–Whitney U test, p <0.05; please see supplementary table S1 for detailed statistical results).
Figure 2 in Behavioural and morphological dimorphism of the sexes: an account of two primitively eusocial wasps
Figure 2. Dry body weight of R. marginata and R. cyathiformis males and females. Bars carrying different letters are significantly different from each other (t-test, p <0.05).
Figure 5 in Behavioural and morphological dimorphism of the sexes: an account of two primitively eusocial wasps
Figure 5. Behavioural dendrograms of R. marginata and R. cyathiformis based on the Morisita– Horn index of beta diversity. The indices were calculated for each pair of groups based on frequency of or proportion of time spent in (a) individual behaviours and (b) interaction-based behaviours.
Figure 2 in Natural history and behaviour of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): a comparison of the two sexes
Figure 2. Comparison of residence time of Ropalidia marginata males and females. Note: Different letters on the bars signify they are statistically different from each other (t-test, p <0.05).
Figure 1 in Natural history and behaviour of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): a comparison of the two sexes
Figure 1. Average number of Ropalidia marginata nests observed (upper panel) and average proportion of males observed (lower panel) every two months over three years.
Figure 5 in Natural history and behaviour of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): a comparison of the two sexes
Figure 5. Comparison of feed self (FE); feed larva (FL); solicit (SC); being solicited (SS); dominance behaviour (DB); and subordinate behaviour (S–) of males and young females in Ropalidia marginata. Note: Bars carrying different letters are significantly different from each other (Mann–Whitney U-test, p <0.007).
Figure 4 in Natural history and behaviour of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): a comparison of the two sexes
Figure 4. Comparison of feed self (FE); feed larva (FL); solicit (SC); being solicited (SS); dominance behaviour (DB); and subordinate behaviour (S–) of males and females in Ropalidia marginata. Note: Bars carrying different letters are significantly different from each other (Mann–Whitney U-test, p <0.007).
Data from: Nest inheritance is the missing source of direct fitness in a primitively eusocial insect
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The effect of age on non-reproductive division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia cyathiformis
Division of labour among workers (non-reproductive division of labour), a characteristic feature of eusocial insects enables the efficient functioning of their colonies. In many advanced insect societies division of labour is based on age (age polyethism). Primitively eusocial insects however are believed to have a weak age polyethism. Here we investigated the role of age in non-reproductive division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia cyathiformis and compared it with that in Ropalidia marginata, a congeneric species that exhibits relatively strong age polyethism. Age had a significant effect on the first performance of the four tasks studied; tasks were initiated in the sequence feed larva, build, bring food and bring building material. We measured task performance as the absolute frequency of tasks performed (FTP) and the probability of performing a task relative to other tasks (PTP) and age as absolute age in days since eclosion as well as relative age compared to nestmates. FTP varied significantly with both absolute and relative age, although absolute age explained more variance. PTP varied significantly with absolute age but not always with relative age. This is contrary to R. marginata, where more variation is explained by relative age than by absolute age. There was no trade-off between intranidal and extranidal tasks in R. cyathiformis unlike in R. marginata where the frequency of intranidal tasks decreased and that of extranidal tasks increased with age. We conclude that age polyethism is weak and less flexible in R. cyathiformis compared to that in R. marginata.
Dominance behaviour and division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia cyathiformis
<p>Primitively eusocial insects exhibit reproductive division of labour such that one or a small number of individuals monopolize reproduction while the remaining function as non-reproductive workers. They also exhibit non-reproductive division of labour such that some workers primarily perform the extra-nidal tasks of foraging, while others primarily perform the intra-nidal tasks of feeding larvae, building the nest and other nest maintenance activities. In some species queens regulate both reproductive as well as non-reproductive division of labour by means of their dominance behavior toward the workers. Here we show that in the primitively eusocial species <i>R. cyathiformis</i>, (1) the queen shows significantly more aggression towards the potential queen (PQ) than to the rest of the workers; (2) the PQ shows significantly more aggression towards the workers than they show to each other; (3) the activities of the workers such as bringing food and feeding the larvae continue unabated in the absence of the queen; (4) the amount of dominance received by a worker does not predict her rate of foraging; (5) there is a positive correlation between workers' rates of bringing food and the rates at which they themselves feed the larvae. We suggest that while queen (along with PQ) regulates reproductive division of labour, dominance behavior is not used to regulate the non-reproductive activities of the workers such as bringing food and feeding the larvae; these are self-regulated by individual workers by themselves.</p>
Data from: Using social parasitism to test reproductive skew models in a primitively eusocial wasp
Remarkable variation exists in the distribution of reproduction (skew) among members of cooperatively breeding groups, both within and between species. Reproductive skew theory has provided an important framework for understanding this variation. In the primitively eusocial Hymenoptera, two models have been routinely tested: concessions models, which assume complete control of reproduction by a dominant individual, and tug-of-war models, which assume on-going competition among group members over reproduction. Current data provide little support for either model, but uncertainty about the ability of individuals to detect genetic relatedness and difficulties in identifying traits conferring competitive ability mean that the relative importance of concessions versus tug-of-war remains unresolved. Here, we suggest that the use of social parasitism to generate meaningful variation in key social variables represents a valuable opportunity to explore the mechanisms underpinning reproductive skew within the social Hymenoptera. We present a direct test of concessions and tug-of-war models in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus by exploiting pronounced changes in relatedness and power structures that occur following replacement of the dominant by a congeneric social parasite. Comparisons of skew in parasitized and unparasitized colonies are consistent with a tug-of-war over reproduction within P. dominulus groups, but provide no evidence for reproductive concessions.
Figure 3 in Natural history and behaviour of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): a comparison of the two sexes
Figure 3. Survivorship curve for Ropalidia marginata male (solid line) and female (dashed line).
Data from: Using social parasitism to test reproductive skew models in a primitively eusocial wasp
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Dominance behaviour and division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia cyathiformis
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The effect of age on non-reproductive division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia cyathiformis
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Data from: The genomes of two key bumblebee species with primitive eusocial organisation
Background: The shift from solitary to social behavior is one of the major evolutionary transitions. Primitively eusocial bumblebees are uniquely placed to illuminate the evolution of highly eusocial insect societies. Bumblebees are also invaluable natural and agricultural pollinators, and there is widespread concern over recent population declines in some species. High-quality genomic data will inform key aspects of bumblebee biology, including susceptibility to implicated population viability threats. Results: We report the high quality draft genome sequences of Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens, two ecologically dominant bumblebees and widely utilized study species. Comparing these new genomes to those of the highly eusocial honeybee Apis mellifera and other Hymenoptera, we identify deeply conserved similarities, as well as novelties key to the biology of these organisms. Some honeybee genome features thought to underpin advanced eusociality are also present in bumblebees, indicating an earlier evolution in the bee lineage. Xenobiotic detoxification and immune genes are similarly depauperate in bumblebees and honeybees, and multiple categories of genes linked to social organization, including development and behavior, show high conservation. Key differences identified include a bias in bumblebee chemoreception towards gustation from olfaction, and striking differences in microRNAs, potentially responsible for gene regulation underlying social and other traits. Conclusions: These two bumblebee genomes provide a foundation for post-genomic research on these key pollinators and insect societies. Overall, gene repertoires suggest that the route to advanced eusociality in bees was mediated by many small changes in many genes and processes, and not by notable expansion or depauperation.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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