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12 results for “propagule dispersal”
Data from: The hydrochorous dispersal of plant propagules in a giant river reservoir: implications for restoration of riparian vegetation
<p><span>The riparian vegetation of many rivers around the world is impacted by flow regulation for hydropower. Water levels behind dams are being raised to generate electric energy, forming river reservoirs. River regulation has a large impact on the riparian vegetation which influences both the adjacent aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, restoration of degraded riparian vegetation in river reservoirs has been of increasing research interest.</span></p> <p><span>Propagules dispersed from connected tributaries via water (hydrochory) are considered a vital source for the recovery of riparian vegetation in regulated rivers. However, the hydrochorous dispersal of plant propagules in river reservoirs is unclear. We explored the dispersal distance and deposition patterns of hydrochorous propagule mimics in three tributaries that are regulated by the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China.</span></p> <p><span>In eight out of nine release experiments, 95% of propagule mimics were found within 3 km downstream from the release points. Cumulative wind speed was the most important factor affecting the dispersal distance of propagule mimics in the TGR. However, the dispersal distance of propagule mimics was not significantly affected by water-level variation and channel sinuosity. Variations in water level strongly affected the deposition pattern of propagule mimics, with only 6.6% of the propagule mimics stranding on the riparian zones under raised water level and 83.8% stranding under declined water levels. The majority of stranded propagule mimics were deposited at gentle slopes (0‒20°).</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that the majority of propagules that enter river reservoirs via water would be retained within the first few kilometers. Wind and water level variation are the main factors determining the dispersal distance and deposition pattern of propagules. Our findings have applications for riparian vegetation restoration in river reservoirs. The vegetation in steep riparian zones distant from free-flowing tributaries should be the priority for restoration actions because these areas receive limited hydrochorous propagules. The plant biodiversity and hydrological connectivity of connected tributaries, which is an important propagule sources for riparian vegetation along river reservoirs, should be protected. The seasonal dominant wind pattern should be considered when evaluating the importance of tributaries as the source of hydrochorous propagules for river reservoirs.</span></p>
Evidence that long-distance dispersal of aquatic invertebrates by ducks increases with propagule size
<ol> <li> <span>Migratory ducks are key dispersal agents for aquatic organisms, yet </span><span>differences in their potential for short- and long-distance dispersal are still poorly understood, particularly differences among </span><span>aquatic invertebrate taxa</span><span>. </span> </li> <li> <span>Using seven species of </span><span>aquatic invertebrates and </span><span>a duck species known to feed on them in the wild (the northern shoveler) </span><span>as a model system, we evaluated whether their potential for endozoochorous dispersal varies among 5 of the species and scales with propagule size for the 7 species. We also tested the expectation of a lower dispersal potential for invertebrate propagules, as compared to plant seeds; and evaluated whether intra-specific variation (in particular, sexual dimorphism) influences the potential of waterbirds as dispersal vectors. </span> </li> <li><span>An experiment with 5 invertebrate species demonstrated that most resting eggs (68–95%) were retrieved by 4 h after ingestion, with maximum gut passage times ranging from 16 h for <em>Daphnia</em> <em>magna</em> to 36 h for <em>Artemia</em> <em>salina</em> and <em>Thamnocephalus</em> <em>platyurus</em>. Using models that combine migratory duck movements with gut passage times, we show that aquatic invertebrates may disperse frequently over distances of 15–16 km (median dispersal distance) and regularly over distances up to 110–166 km (Q99 distance). </span></li> <li> <span>I</span><span>ncreasing propagule size resulted in increasing gut passage times, decreasing survival of gut passage and decreasing hatching success. While propagule size had no effects on 'regular' dispersal distances (mean, median, Q95 and Q99), the frequency of long-distance dispersal (LDD) increased with it. </span> </li> <li><span>Increasing propagule size therefore had two contrasting effects on invertebrate dispersal potential, decreasing the frequency of dispersal (less seeds dispersed) but increasing the potential for long-distance dispersal. </span></li> <li><span><em>Conclusions</em>: We provide evidence that endozoochory of invertebrate propagules by waterbirds results in frequent dispersal among wetlands (tens of km) and regular dispersal at regional scale (over a hundred km).</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Terrestrial species adapted to sea dispersal: differences in propagule dispersal of two Caribbean mangroves
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Size matters: Effects of propagule size on dispersal in rivers
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Data from: Forest passerines as a novel dispersal vector of viable bryophyte propagules
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Evidence that long-distance dispersal of aquatic invertebrates by ducks increases with propagule size
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Data from: The hydrochorous dispersal of plant propagules in a giant river reservoir: implications for restoration of riparian vegetation
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Data from: Genetic evidence for high propagule pressure and long-distance dispersal in monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) invasive populations
The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is a successful invasive species that does not exhibit life history traits typically associated with colonizing species (e.g., high reproductive rate or long-distance dispersal capacity). To investigate this apparent paradox, we examined individual and population genetic patterns of microsatellite loci at one native and two invasive sites. More specifically, we aimed to evaluate the role of propagule pressure, sexual monogamy, and long-distance dispersal in monk parakeet invasion success. Our results indicate little loss of genetic variation at invasive sites relative to the native site. We also found strong evidence for sexual monogamy from patterns of relatedness within sites, and no definite cases of extra-pair paternity in either the native site sample or the examined invasive site. Taken together, these patterns directly and indirectly suggest that high propagule pressure has contributed to monk parakeet invasion success. In addition, we found evidence for frequent long-distance dispersal at an invasive site (~100km) that sharply contrasted with previous estimates of smaller dispersal distance made in the native range (~2km), suggesting long-range dispersal also contributes to the species' spread within the United States. Overall, these results add to a growing body of literature pointing to the important role of propagule pressure in determining, and thus predicting, invasion success, especially for species whose life history traits are not typically associated with invasiveness.
Data from: Genetic evidence for high propagule pressure and long-distance dispersal in monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) invasive populations
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Data from: Measuring ectomycorrhizal fungal dispersal: macroecological patterns driven by microscopic propagules
Dispersal plays a prominent role in most conceptual models of community assembly. However, direct measurement of dispersal across a whole community is difficult at ecologically relevant spatial scales. For cryptic organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, the scale and importance of dispersal limitation has become a major point of debate. We use an experimental island biogeographic approach to measure the effects of dispersal limitation on the ecological dynamics of an important group of plant symbionts, ectomycorrhizal fungi. We manipulated the isolation of uncolonized host seedlings across a natural landscape and used a range of molecular techniques to measure dispersal rates of ectomycorrhizal propagules and host colonization. Some species were prolific dispersers, producing annual spore loads on the order of trillions of spores per km2. However, fungal propagules reaching host seedlings decreased rapidly with increasing distance from potential spore sources, causing a concomitant reduction in ectomycorrhizal species richness, host colonization, and host biomass. There were also strong differences in dispersal ability across species, which correlated well with the predictable composition of ectomycorrhizal communities associated with establishing pine forest. The use of molecular tools to measure whole community dispersal provides a direct confirmation for a key mechanism underlying island biogeography theory and has the potential to make microbial systems a model for understanding the role of dispersal in ecological theory.
Data from: Measuring ectomycorrhizal fungal dispersal: macroecological patterns driven by microscopic propagules
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Estimates of dispersal propagule loads on woodpecker natural history collection specimens
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