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10 results for “protection mutualism”
Data from: Which traits optimize plant benefits? Meta-analysis on the effect of partner traits on the outcome of an ant-plant protective mutualism
<p><span>1. Theoretical models on mutualism dynamics predict that partner traits may influence the outcome of mutualistic interactions. However, most empirical data on this issue is restricted to case studies, limiting our ability to reach a more widespread comprehension of the role of partner traits on the dynamic of mutualisms. </span></p> <p><span>2. We investigated how the outcome of protective mutualisms between ants and plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) is influenced by the traits of EFNs and ants feeding on EFNs. We used a meta-analytical approach based on 35 studies investigating the effect of ant attendance on the herbivores and reproductive performance of EFN-bearing plants. We evaluated how variation in the EFN vascularization and location on plants and the ant aggressiveness can modulate the effect of ant attendance on the plants. </span></p> <p><span>3. Both plant and ant traits investigated here drove the outcome of the protective mutualism for EFN-bearing plants. Plants exclusively bearing EFNs near reproductive organs benefited more from ant attendance than plants bearing EFNs on vegetative or vegetative and reproductive organs. Ants had a higher positive impact on the reproductive performance of plants bearing non-vascularized EFNs than plants bearing vascularized EFNs, although their effects on herbivores had been similar in both plant types. Regarding the ant behavior, plants often attended by more aggressive ant species had a higher reproductive performance than plants often attended by less aggressive ones. </span></p> <p><span>4. Synthesis</span><span>: Our results highlight that the selective pressures and evolutionary routes in ant-plant protective mutualisms may depend on the pool of traits exhibited by partner species. Although some studies have already reported some impact of species traits on the outcome of ant-plant mutualisms, this is the first time that a generalization about the role of species traits on the net balance of ant attendance was proposed. Due to this generalization, it was possible to advance our knowledge about the evolution of facultative mutualisms by showing that the role of species traits on the mutualistic outcome can vary in intricate ways due to a particular trait combination found among partners in communities where the interactions are embedded in.</span></p>
Data from: Which traits optimize plant benefits? Meta-analysis on the effect of partner traits on the outcome of an ant-plant protective mutualism
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Data from: Multi-modal defenses in aphids offer redundant protection and increased costs likely impeding a protective mutualism
1.The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, maintains extreme variation in resistance to its most common parasitoid wasp enemy, Aphidius ervi, which is sourced from two known mechanisms: protective bacterial symbionts, most commonly Hamiltonella defensa, or endogenously encoded defenses. We have recently found that individual aphids may employ each defense individually, occasionally both defenses together, or neither. 2.In field populations, Hamiltonella-infected aphids are found at low to moderate frequencies and while less is known about the frequency of resistant genotypes, they show up less often than susceptible genotypes in field collections. To better understand these patterns, we sought to compare the strengths and costs of both types of defense, individually and together, in order to elucidate the selective pressures that maintain multi-modal defense mechanisms or that may favor one over the other. 3.We experimentally infected five aphid genotypes (two lowly and three highly resistant), each with two symbiont strains, Hamiltonella-APSE8 (moderate protection) and Hamiltonella-APSE3 (high protection). This resulted in three sublines per genotype: uninfected, +APSE8, and +APSE3. Each of the fifteen total sublines was first subjected to a parasitism assay to determine its resistance phenotype and in a second experiment a subset were chosen to compare fitness (fecundity and survivorship) in presence and absence of parasitism. 4.In susceptible aphid genotypes, parasitized sublines infected with Hamiltonella generally showed increased protection with direct fitness benefits, but clear infection costs to fitness in the absence of parasitism. In resistant genotypes, Hamiltonella infection rarely conferred additional protection, often further reduced fecundity and survivorship when enemy challenged, and resulted in constitutive fitness costs in the absence of parasitism. We also identified strong aphid-genotype X symbiont-strain interactions, such that the best defensive strategy against parasitoids varied for each aphid genotype; one performed best with no protective symbionts, the others with particular strains of Hamiltonella. 5.This surprising variability in outcomes helps explain why Hamiltonella infection frequencies are often intermediate and do not strongly track parasitism frequencies in field populations. We also find that variation in endogenous traits, such as resistance, among host genotypes may offer redundancy and generally limit the invasion potential of mutualistic microbes in insects.
How efficient is symbiont-mediated protection to heat under daily fluctuating thermal environments? A study on an aphid-bacterium mutualism
<p>These are the two datasets for the article "<strong>How efficient is symbiont-mediated protection to heat under daily fluctuating thermal environments? A study on an aphid-bacterium mutualism</strong>".</p> <p>We examined the effects of four thermal regimes defined by their combination of mean temperature (18 or 25°C) and diurnal thermal range (day-night fluctuations: 5 or 10°C) on the interaction between the aphid <em>Acyrthosiphon pisum</em>, its obligate symbiont <em>Buchnera aphidicola </em>and the facultative heat-protective symbiont <em>Serratia symbiotica</em>. We used two clonal lines of <em>A. pisum </em>uninfected (5A) or infected with <em>S. symbiotica </em>(5AR). Thermal treatments were applied form aphid birth to death. We recorded both aphid traits (immature survival rate, longevity, immature development time, total fecundity, body size) and symbiont titres at the onset of reproduction (for both <em>B. aphidicola </em>and <em>S. symbiotica</em>), expressed relatively to aphid gene copy number through quantitative PCRs (qPCRs).</p> <p><strong>Aphid traits</strong></p> <p>. Individual = identification of the individual</p> <p>. Line = aphid clonal line, either deprived of (5A) or infected with <em>S. symbiotica </em>(5AR)</p> <p>. MT = Mean Temperature, either 18°C or 25°C</p> <p>. DTR = Diurnal Temperature Range (day-night fluctuations), either 5°C or 10°C</p> <p>. surv.adult = whether (Y) or not (N) the individual survived until reaching reproduction (immature survival rate)</p> <p>. adulthood = time elapsed between birth and first reproduction (in days)</p> <p>. lifespan = time elapsed between birth and death (in days)</p> <p>. offspring = total number of larvae produced by each aphid throughout lifetime</p> <p>. tibia = hind tibia length as a proxy of body size (in mm)</p> <p>. wing = whether (Y) or not (N) the individual developed wings following imaginal moult</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Symbiont titres</strong></p> <p>. Individual = identification of the individual</p> <p>. Line = aphid clonal line, either deprived of (A) or infected with <em>S. symbiotica </em>(AR)</p> <p>. MT = Mean Temperature, either 18°C or 25°C</p> <p>. DTR = Diurnal Temperature Range (day-night fluctuations), either 5°C or 10°C</p> <p>. QPCR = identification of the microplate used during qPCR analyses (to handle pseudoreplication)</p> <p>. EfAlph = number of copies of aphid housekeeping gene elongation factor 1-alpha (<em>EF1-α</em>)</p> <p>. SdEfAlph = standard deviation of the aphid gene copy number, calculated over three technical replicates</p> <p>. DnaKBa = number of copies of <em>B. aphidicola </em>gene <em>dnaK</em></p> <p>. SdDnaKBa = standard deviation of <em>B. aphidicola </em>gene copy number, calculated over three technical replicates</p> <p>. DnakSs = number of copies of <em>S. symbiotica </em>gene <em>dnaK</em></p> <p>. SdDnaKSs = standard deviation of <em>S. symbiotica </em>gene copy number, calculated over three technical replicates</p> <p>. RappBa = ratio between DnaKBa and EfAlph to calculate relative titre of <em>B. aphidicola</em></p> <p>. RappSs = ratio between DnaKSs and EfAlph to calculate relative titre of <em>S. symbiotica</em></p>
Data from: Multi-modal defenses in aphids offer redundant protection and increased costs likely impeding a protective mutualism
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Data from: Network reorganization and breakdown of an ant–plant protection mutualism with elevation
Both the abiotic environment and the composition of animal and plant communities change with elevation. For mutualistic species, these changes are expected to result in altered partner availability, and shifts in context-dependent benefits for partners. To test these predictions, we assessed the network structure of terrestrial ant-plant mutualists and how the benefits to plants of ant inhabitation changed with elevation in tropical forest in Papua New Guinea. At higher elevations, ant-plants were rarer, species richness of both ants and plants decreased, and the average ant or plant species interacted with fewer partners. However, networks became increasingly connected and less specialized, more than could be accounted for by reductions in ant-plant abundance. On the most common ant-plant, ants recruited less and spent less time attacking a surrogate herbivore at higher elevations, and herbivory damage increased. These changes were driven by turnover of ant species rather than by within-species shifts in protective behaviour. We speculate that reduced partner availability at higher elevations results in less specialized networks, while lower temperatures mean that even for ant-inhabited plants, benefits are reduced. Under increased abiotic stress, mutualistic networks can break down, owing to a combination of lower population sizes, and a reduction in context-dependent mutualistic benefits.
More or less? The effect of symbiont density in protective mutualisms
<p><span><span>Symbionts can provide hosts with effective protection from natural enemies, but it can sometimes come at a cost. </span>It is unclear to what extent the density of symbionts modulates the cost and benefits of conferred protection. Here we use a meta-analysis of 103 effect sizes from a broad taxonomic range of protective symbioses, to show that the degree of both protection and cost afforded to hosts is a positive function of symbiont density. We found that the effects of symbiont density on protection and cost are robust across ecological contexts. Density-function relationships did not vary with host type, symbiont localization or transmission mode, nor the method of density manipulation. Together, our results suggest symbiont density can be a key variable determining the costs and benefits of a protective interaction. </span></p>
More or less? The effect of symbiont density in protective mutualisms
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Data from: Network reorganization and breakdown of an ant–plant protection mutualism with elevation
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Loss of mutual protection between osteoclasts and chondrocytes in damaged joints: effects on osteoclast-mediated cartilage degradation via matrix metalloproteinases
GEO Series GSE166535. Homo sapiens. 24 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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