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FIG. 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 2. — Free-body diagram of the phalanx in the different scenarios. This figure depicts the boundary conditions, areas of insertion of muscles, and direction of forces. For all loading configurations, joint reaction forces resulted from the rigid boundary constraints that were fixed at the distal joint in X, Y and Z-axes (light blue area), and at the proximal joint in the X-axis (dark blue area). The hammer reaction force (HRF) was applied to the entire palmar surface of the bone. 3.29 N for the HRF was simulated for Sc 1 and 3, and 7.65 N for Sc 2 and 4. Phalanges are shown in palmar (right) and radial (left) views.

FIG. 5 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 5. — Box-plots of von Mises stress (MPa) distribution for all species under different scenarios, until Q95 (Sc 1 in grey, Sc 2 in yellow, Sc 3 in green and Sc 4 in red). The first row shows stress distribution of the models using the extant human as a reference to scale muscular forces in all other specimens, whereas the second one shows the results when the chimpanzee is used as a reference. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses.

FIG. 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 1. — Biomechanical model of hammerstone use: B, corresponds to a zoom in palmar view of the area of interest during A, the grip of a human individual (based on Marzke et al. 1998). B, shows the angles of the muscular forces acting on the PP1. HRF is in 90° relative to the horizontal line for scenarios 1 and 2 and in 45° for scenarios 2 and 4. This force was applied on the entire palmar surface of the PP1 except in the joint areas and is represented with a hatched rectangle. Angles of the muscle forces are shown relative to the horizontal line. Abbreviations: FAP, Adductor Pollicis Force; FAPB, Abductor Pollicis Brevis Force; FFPB, Flexor Pollicis Brevis Force; EPB, direction force was applied in 16.7° and is not showed here as it attached on the dorsal surface of the PP1. Grey rectangles represent the origin areas of the muscles.

FIG. 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 3. — Von Mises stress maps for all analyzed species under different loading scenarios using the extant human as reference to scale the simulated muscular forces in all other specimens. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses values. Phalanges are shown at the same length. MPa bar is set at 12 MPa.

FIG. 4 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 4. — Von Mises stress maps for all analyzed species under different loading scenarios using the chimpanzee as reference to scale the simulated muscular forces in all other specimens. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses values. Images are not scaled. MPa is set at 25 MPa.

TABLE 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

<p>TABLE 2. — Percentage of main locomotor behavoir of the non-human sample, according to Hunt (2004).</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Taxon</b></th><th><b>Climb</b></th><th><b>Braquiate</b></th><th><b>Clamber</b></th><th><b>Walk</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>6.5</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>89.9</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>19.7</td><td>3.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>64.4</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>31.3</td><td>15.5</td><td>40.7</td><td>12.0</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>34.2</td><td>51.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Text-fig. 2. Taphonomic and pathological phenomena of bear bones from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Vykopaná chodba in Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic). a – fragment of left mandibula with pathological condylar process; b – thoracic vertebra with pathological rib facet; c – Mc III dext. with exostoses; d – fragment of juvenile right ulna with bite marks; e – gnawed right tibia with bite marks on proximal part; f – gnawed left calcaneus with bite marks. in Basic Population And Taphonomic Analysis Of Bear Assemblages From Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record From 1987-2007

Text-fig. 2. Taphonomic and pathological phenomena of bear bones from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Vykopaná chodba in Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic). a – fragment of left mandibula with pathological condylar process; b – thoracic vertebra with pathological rib facet; c – Mc III dext. with exostoses; d – fragment of juvenile right ulna with bite marks; e – gnawed right tibia with bite marks on proximal part; f – gnawed left calcaneus with bite marks.

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Text-fig. 3. Taphonomic and pathological phenomena of bear bones from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Chodba naděje in Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic). a – gnawed lumbar vertebra with a bite mark on the body head; b – fragment of pelvis with a bite mark; c – femur head with a bite mark; d – Mc II dext. with a pathological phenomenon on the metapodial proximal part (tuberosity/exostosis?). in Basic Population And Taphonomic Analysis Of Bear Assemblages From Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record From 1987-2007

Text-fig. 3. Taphonomic and pathological phenomena of bear bones from Middle Pleistocene deposits from Chodba naděje in Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, the Czech Republic). a – gnawed lumbar vertebra with a bite mark on the body head; b – fragment of pelvis with a bite mark; c – femur head with a bite mark; d – Mc II dext. with a pathological phenomenon on the metapodial proximal part (tuberosity/exostosis?).

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Figure. Constrained ordination plot as produced from canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The variability of environmental variables is summarized on Axis 1 and Axis 2 of the constrained biplot, explaining the variability of the trophic groups included in the red fox's diet. Trophic groups are shown with black line (unfilled) pyramids, whereas environmental variables are shown with black filled pyramids. Proximity and distance of response centroids to predictor centroids indicate positive and negative correlations between them, respectively. in Factors affecting the diet of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in a heterogeneous Mediterranean landscape

Figure. Constrained ordination plot as produced from canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The variability of environmental variables is summarized on Axis 1 and Axis 2 of the constrained biplot, explaining the variability of the trophic groups included in the red fox's diet. Trophic groups are shown with black line (unfilled) pyramids, whereas environmental variables are shown with black filled pyramids. Proximity and distance of response centroids to predictor centroids indicate positive and negative correlations between them, respectively.

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FIGURE 18. Metatarsal proximal morphology. 1 in First comprehensive morphological analysis on the metapodials of Giraffidae

FIGURE 18. Metatarsal proximal morphology. 1, Helladotherium duvernoyi, late Miocene, Pikermi, M 1138; 2, Bramatherium megacephalum, late Miocene-Pliocene, Siwaliks, AMNH 19688; 3, Decennatherium pachecoi, late Miocene, Los Valles de Fuentidueña, MNCN 42764; 4, Birgerbohlinia schaubi, late Miocene, Piera, IPS 5090. Abbreviations: NC, os naviculocuboideum facet; CIL, os cuneiforme intermediolaterale facet; CM, os cuneiforme mediale facet. Images not to scale.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2018View details →

Regression Model to Predict the Higher Heating Value of Poultry Waste from Proximate Analysis.

<p>The response variable is High Heating Values (HHV), while the independent variables are Fixed Carbon (FC), Volatile Matter (VM), and Ash (A). </p>

Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dinisia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Two pollen grains showing poorly defined distal aperture (arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum forming luminae of variable shapes and sizes; note especially the irregularly and incomplete reticulum in the grain on the left; c) Reticulum showing smooth, vermiform muri attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by long columellae; note that columellae often terminate segments of muri that are not closed; d, e) Pollen grains showing proximal surface (d), poorly defined distal aperture (e, arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum supported by long columellae; note dense covering of small, spherical orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall. Specimen, TV44-S148216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 3 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dinisia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Two pollen grains showing poorly defined distal aperture (arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum forming luminae of variable shapes and sizes; note especially the irregularly and incomplete reticulum in the grain on the left; c) Reticulum showing smooth, vermiform muri attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by long columellae; note that columellae often terminate segments of muri that are not closed; d, e) Pollen grains showing proximal surface (d), poorly defined distal aperture (e, arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum supported by long columellae; note dense covering of small, spherical orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall. Specimen, TV44-S148216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 3 Μm (c).

Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Piercipollis simplex gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–d) Pollen grains in distal (b), proximal (c) and lateral views (d) showing the very long colpus and the well-developed reticulum that is only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the large angular lumina, smooth muri and short, sparsely scattered, columellae; note also that main body of pollen grains (foot layer) does not fill out the whole space of the reticulum; e) Reticulum showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short, sparsely scattered, columellae. Specimen, TV44-S136755 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Piercipollis simplex gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–d) Pollen grains in distal (b), proximal (c) and lateral views (d) showing the very long colpus and the well-developed reticulum that is only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the large angular lumina, smooth muri and short, sparsely scattered, columellae; note also that main body of pollen grains (foot layer) does not fill out the whole space of the reticulum; e) Reticulum showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short, sparsely scattered, columellae. Specimen, TV44-S136755 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Juhaszia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragment of a pollen sac (a–e) and stamen fragment and pollen of Dictyozonia pusilla gen. et sp. nov. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; fragment of pollen sac that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b) Proximal surface of pollen grain showing reticulate sculpture in the equatorial regions grading into more a continuous foveolate tectum at the proximal pole; c) Reticulum on the proximal surface showing smooth muri delimiting large and small luminae. Muri supported by numerous short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; d) Distal surface of pollen grain showing the long colpus and reticulate sculpture with a distinctive pattern of large and small luminae; e) Pollen grain from which the reticulum has become in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Juhaszia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragment of a pollen sac (a–e) and stamen fragment and pollen of Dictyozonia pusilla gen. et sp. nov. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; fragment of pollen sac that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b) Proximal surface of pollen grain showing reticulate sculpture in the equatorial regions grading into more a continuous foveolate tectum at the proximal pole; c) Reticulum on the proximal surface showing smooth muri delimiting large and small luminae. Muri supported by numerous short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; d) Distal surface of pollen grain showing the long colpus and reticulate sculpture with a distinctive pattern of large and small luminae; e) Pollen grain from which the reticulum has become

Text-fig. 39. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia intermedia sp. nov. from a pollen clump, probably fragment of a stamen (a–e) and anthers and pollen of Eckhartia sp. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b–d) Pollen grains viewed from distal (d) and proximal surfaces (b, c) showing the long colpus and well-developed reticulum with large and small luminae; e) Reticulum showing smooth muri supported by short columellae firmly attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the occasional small luminae; f, g) Fragments of narrow elongate anthers with same kind of pollen as in (i); h) Inner surface of anther wall showing small spherical orbicules; in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 39. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia intermedia sp. nov. from a pollen clump, probably fragment of a stamen (a–e) and anthers and pollen of Eckhartia sp. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b–d) Pollen grains viewed from distal (d) and proximal surfaces (b, c) showing the long colpus and well-developed reticulum with large and small luminae; e) Reticulum showing smooth muri supported by short columellae firmly attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the occasional small luminae; f, g) Fragments of narrow elongate anthers with same kind of pollen as in (i); h) Inner surface of anther wall showing small spherical orbicules;

Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dejaxia brevicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump (possible single pollen sac) that yielded the pollen in this Textfigure; b, c) Group of almost spherical pollen grains showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum and abundant orbicules; d–g) Pollen grains showing the short colpi with a granular aperture membrane (d, f) and the irregularly undulating psilate tectum with scattered small perforations; note abundant orbicules (g); h) Pollen grain in proximal view showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum resulting from the depressions around the perforations in the pollen wall. Specimen, TV44-S137909 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dejaxia brevicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump (possible single pollen sac) that yielded the pollen in this Textfigure; b, c) Group of almost spherical pollen grains showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum and abundant orbicules; d–g) Pollen grains showing the short colpi with a granular aperture membrane (d, f) and the irregularly undulating psilate tectum with scattered small perforations; note abundant orbicules (g); h) Pollen grain in proximal view showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum resulting from the depressions around the perforations in the pollen wall. Specimen, TV44-S137909 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d–h).

Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania inaequalis sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f, k); b) Group of pollen grains showing distal and proximal surfaces and inner surface of anther wall with densely spaced orbicules; c) Inner surface of anther wall showing small, spherical orbicules with microechinate sculpturing; d, e, j–l) Pollen grains in distal and equatorial view (k) showing the long colpus with an irregular margin flanked by narrow bands of poorly differentiated microechinate; note that colpus is aligned perpendicular to the longest axes in elliptical grains and that the pollen wall is almost psilate around the equator and in the distal in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania inaequalis sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f, k); b) Group of pollen grains showing distal and proximal surfaces and inner surface of anther wall with densely spaced orbicules; c) Inner surface of anther wall showing small, spherical orbicules with microechinate sculpturing; d, e, j–l) Pollen grains in distal and equatorial view (k) showing the long colpus with an irregular margin flanked by narrow bands of poorly differentiated microechinate; note that colpus is aligned perpendicular to the longest axes in elliptical grains and that the pollen wall is almost psilate around the equator and in the distal

Text-fig. 29. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania punctata sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; anther fragment (a) with group of pollen grains showing the distal face (b, c) with clearly delimited colpus, the almost psilate tectum with occasional small perforations, and poorly differentiated microechinae on the proximal face (b). Specimen, TV44-S148024 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 29. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania punctata sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; anther fragment (a) with group of pollen grains showing the distal face (b, c) with clearly delimited colpus, the almost psilate tectum with occasional small perforations, and poorly differentiated microechinae on the proximal face (b). Specimen, TV44-S148024 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c).

Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fragmentary stamens (a, b) with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 1 (c–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamens; c–e) Distal view of pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture and the irregular verrucate aperture membrane; f) Proximal view of pollen grains showing dense reticulum; g) Section through the fractured pollen wall showing foot layer, columellae and muri with faint supratectal ornamentation. Specimens, TV44-S105013 (a, c, d), TV44-S105019 (b, e–g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c–f), 3 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fragmentary stamens (a, b) with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 1 (c–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamens; c–e) Distal view of pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture and the irregular verrucate aperture membrane; f) Proximal view of pollen grains showing dense reticulum; g) Section through the fractured pollen wall showing foot layer, columellae and muri with faint supratectal ornamentation. Specimens, TV44-S105013 (a, c, d), TV44-S105019 (b, e–g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c–f), 3 Μm (g).