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17 results for “pteropods”
Data from: Assessing species boundaries in the open sea: an integrative taxonomic approach to the pteropod genus Diacavolinia
To track changes in pelagic biodiversity in response to climate change, it is essential to accurately define species boundaries. Shelled pteropods are a group of holoplanktonic gastropods that have been proposed as bio-indicators because of their vulnerability to ocean acidification. A particularly suitable, yet challenging group for integrative taxonomy is the pteropod genus Diacavolinia, which has a circumglobal distribution and is the most species-rich pteropod genus, with 24 described species. We assessed species boundaries in this genus, with inferences based on geometric morphometric analyses of shell-shape variation, genetic (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 28S rDNA sequences) and geographic data. We found support for a total of 13 species worldwide, with observations of 706 museum and 263 freshly collected specimens across a global collection of material, including holo‐ and paratype specimens for 14 species. In the Atlantic Ocean, two species are well supported, in contrast to the eight currently described, and in the Indo‐Pacific we found a maximum of 11 species, partially merging 13 of the described species. Distributions of these revised species are congruent with well-known biogeographic provinces. Combining varied datasets in an integrative framework may be suitable for many diverse taxa and is an important first step to predicting species-specific responses to global change.
Stacking microscopy images of the pteropod Limacina bulimoides
<p>Pteropods, a group of holoplanktonic gastropods, are regarded as bioindicators of the effects of ocean acidification on open ocean ecosystems, because their thin aragonitic shells are susceptible to dissolution. While there have been recent efforts to address their capacity for physiological acclimation, it is also important to gain predictive understanding of their ability to adapt to future ocean conditions. However, little is known about the levels of genetic variation and large scale population structuring of pteropods, key characteristics enabling local adaptation. We examined the spatial distribution of genetic diversity in the mitochondrial cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase I (COI) and nuclear 28S gene fragments, as well as shell shape variation, across a latitudinal transect in the Atlantic Ocean (35°N-36°S) for the pteropod <i>Limacina bulimoides</i>. We observed high levels of genetic variability (COI π = 0.034, 28S π = 0.0021) and strong spatial structuring (COI Φ<sub>ST </sub>= 0.230, 28S Φ<sub>ST </sub>= 0.255) across this transect. Based on the congruence of mitochondrial and nuclear differentiation, as well as differences in shell shape, we identified a primary dispersal barrier in the southern Atlantic subtropical gyre (15-18°S). This barrier is maintained despite the presence of expatriates, a gyral current system, and in the absence of any distinct oceanographic gradients in this region, suggesting that reproductive isolation between these populations must be strong. A secondary dispersal barrier supported only by 28S pairwise Φ<sub>ST </sub>comparisons was identified in the equatorial upwelling region (between 15°N-4°S), which is concordant with barriers observed in other zooplankton species. Both oceanic dispersal barriers were congruent with regions of low abundance reported for a similar basin-scale transect that was sampled two years later. Our finding supports the hypothesis that low abundance indicates areas of suboptimal habitat that result in barriers to gene flow in widely-distributed zooplankton species. Such species may in fact consist of several populations or (sub)species that are adapted to local environmental conditions, limiting their potential for adaptive responses to ocean changes. Future analyses of genome-wide diversity in pteropods could provide further insight into the strength, formation and maintenance of oceanic dispersal barriers.</p>
Data from: Additive effects of pCO2 and temperature on respiration rates of the Antarctic pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica
The Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica, is a dominant member of the zooplankton in the Ross Sea and supports the vast diversity of marine megafauna that designates this region as an internationally protected area. Here, we observed the response of respiration rate to abiotic stressors associated with global change – environmentally relevant temperature (-0.8˚C, 4˚C) and pH treatments reflecting current-day and future modeled extremes. Sampling repeatedly over a 14-day period in laboratory experiments and using microplate respirometry techniques, we found that the metabolic rate of juvenile pteropods increased in response to high pCO2 exposure (920 µatm) at -0.8˚C, a near-ambient temperature. Similarly, metabolic rate increased when pteropods were exposed simultaneously to multiple stressors, elevated pCO2 conditions (960 µatm) and a high temperature (+4˚C). Overall, the results showed that pCO2 and temperature interact additively to affect metabolic rates in pteropods. Furthermore, we found that L. h. antarctica can tolerate acute exposure to temperatures far beyond its maximal habitat temperature. Overall, L. h. antarctica appears to be susceptible to pH and temperature stress, two abiotic stressors which are expected to be especially deleterious for ectothermic marine metazoans in polar seas.
Data from: Additive effects of pCO2 and temperature on respiration rates of the Antarctic pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica
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Data from: Assessing species boundaries in the open sea: an integrative taxonomic approach to the pteropod genus Diacavolinia
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Stacking microscopy images of the pteropod Limacina bulimoides
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Shelled Pteropod individual-based model output for the publication: The impact of aragonite saturation variability on shelled pteropods: An attribution study in the California current system
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The origin and diversification of pteropods predate past perturbations in the Earth's carbon cycle
<p>This study examines the taxonomy of pteropods and their divergence time using phylogenomics by incorporating 21 new species and new fossil evidence. In agreement with traditional taxonomy, we recovered the first molecular support for a division between sea butterflies (Thecosomata) and sea angels (Gymnosomata). Molecular dating demonstrated that these two lineages diverged in the early Cretaceous, and that all main pteropod clades, including shelled, partially-shelled and unshelled groups, diverged in the mid to late Cretaceous. This datasets includes the following files: </p> <ul> <li>'pteropods_May18_s7.cali': fossil calibrations used for molecular dating </li> <li>'Concat-Ptero200.phy.gz': reduced alignment with 200 marker genes showing highest support</li> <li>'Concat-Ptero040317.phy.gz': main alignment of 2654 marker genes </li> <li>'OMA-alis.tgz': individual alignments for each marker gene</li> <li>'Ptero200_PBcatgtr.tgz': phylobayes run files on the reduced 200 genes dataset</li> <li>'Ptero040317_examl.tgz': examl run files on the main 2654 markers alignment</li> <li>'pteropods_May18_s7_cir_sb_bd.tgz'z: phylobayes molecular dating run with log-normal model </li> <li>'pteropods_May18_s7_ugam_sb_bd.tgz': phylobayes molecular dating run with UGALM model </li> </ul>
Data from: Degradation of internal organic matter is the main control on pteropod shell dissolution after death
The potential for preservation of thecosome pteropods is thought to be largely governed by the chemical stability of their delicate aragonitic shells in seawater. However, sediment trap studies have found that significant carbonate dissolution can occur above the carbonate saturation horizon. Here we present the results from experiments conducted on two cruises to the Scotia Sea to directly test whether the breakdown of the organic pteropod body influences shell dissolution. We find that, on the timescales of three to thirteen days, the oxidation of organic matter within the shells of dead pteropods is a stronger driver of shell dissolution than the saturation state of seawater. Three to four days after death, shells became milky white and nano‐SEM images reveal smoothing of internal surface features and increased shell porosity, both indicative of aragonite dissolution. These findings have implications for the interpretation of the condition of pteropod shells from sediment traps and the fossil record, as well as for understanding the processes controlling particulate carbonate export from the surface ocean.
Data from: Time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of pteropods
Pteropods are a widespread group of holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs and are uniquely suitable for study of long-term evolutionary processes in the open ocean because they are the only living metazoan plankton with a good fossil record. Pteropods have been proposed as bioindicators to monitor the impacts of ocean acidification and in consequence have attracted considerable research interest, however, a robust evolutionary framework for the group is still lacking. Here we reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and examine the evolutionary history of pteropods based on combined analyses of Cytochrome Oxidase I, 28S, and 18S ribosomal rRNA sequences and a molecular clock calibrated using fossils and the estimated timing of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. Euthecosomes with uncoiled shells were monophyletic with Creseis as the earliest diverging lineage, estimated at 41–38 million years ago (mya). The coiled euthecosomes (Limacina, Heliconoides, Thielea) were not monophyletic contrary to the accepted morphology-based taxonomy; however, due to their high rate heterogeneity no firm conclusions can be drawn. We found strong support for monophyly of most euthecosome genera, but Clio appeared as a polyphyletic group, and Diacavolinia grouped within Cavolinia, making the latter genus paraphyletic. The highest evolutionary rates were observed in Heliconoides inflatus and Limacina bulimoides for both 28S and 18S partitions. Using a fossil-calibrated phylogeny that sets the first occurrence of coiled euthecosomes at 79–66 mya, we estimate that uncoiled euthecosomes evolved 51–42 mya and that most extant uncoiled genera originated 40–15 mya. These findings are congruent with a molecular clock analysis using the Isthmus of Panama formation as an independent calibration. Although not all phylogenetic relationships could be resolved based on three molecular markers, this study provides a useful resource to study pteropod diversity and provides general insight into the processes that generate and maintain their diversity in the open ocean.
Data from: Global biogeography and evolution of Cuvierina pteropods
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Data from: Degradation of internal organic matter is the main control on pteropod shell dissolution after death
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Data from: Time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of pteropods
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Elemental composition, respiration, and excretion measurements of pteropods collected from the PAL LTER research cruises along the Western Antarctic Peninsula 2017-2019.
Pteropods (pelagic snails) are abundant zooplankton in the Southern Ocean where they are important grazers of phytoplankton, prey for higher trophic levels, and sensitive to environmental change. In this study, the effects of warming seawater temperatures and shifting food availability on Limacina helicina antarctica metabolism (respiration and excretion) were determined by conducting shipboard experiments that exposed pteropods to a range of temperatures and phytoplankton (food) concentrations. Pteropods and all other macrozooplankton were collected with a 2 m square frame Metro net (700 µm mesh), towed obliquely to depths up to 120 m (Ross et al., 2008; Steinberg et al., 2015), or with shallower (0-50 m), vertical tows if pteropods were very abundant. Pteropods were exposed to varying temperature and food conditions for 12 hours and respiration and excretion were measured. Incubations were also conducted with non-shelled pteropod species and shelled pteropod, Clio pyramidata, measuring pteropod respiration under in situ conditions. Finally, a CO2 perturbation experiment measuring L. h. antarctica metabolism (respiration and excretion) under pre-industrial and elevated dissolved CO2 conditions at ambient temperature in filtered seawater (no food), during the 2018 PAL LTER research cruise. Results reveal the metabolic response of pteropods to ocean variability, increase our understanding of the role of zooplankton in biogeochemical cycles, and help predict future responses to climate change.
Shell lengths of pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica, collected from the PAL LTER sediment trap along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 2004 - 2018, and from net tows 2017-2018.
Pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica, is an abundant zooplankton along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and prey for higher trophic organisms. Changes in the pteropod (pelagic snail) phenology (life history) have important implications for regional food web dynamics. Pteropod shell lengths were collected from the PAL LTER sediment trap located along the northern continental shelf of the PAL LTER sampling grid, 2004-2018. PAL LTER has deployed a time-series trap near 64.5° S, 66.0° W since late 1992. The trap is moored in 300 m depth and collects sinking particles at 170 m. Pteropod samples are stored in 21 sample collection bottles on the sediment trap that were prepared with a Milli-Q deionized water rinse and filled with 7.5 g NaCl l-1 solution and 2% borate-buffered formalin in filtered seawater (34 ppt), with a final salinity concentration of 41 ppt. L. h. antarctica shell lengths also collected during the PAL LTER 2018 January offshore cruise and for four months at Palmer Station, Anvers Island (November 2017 to February 2018). L. h. antarctica and all other macrozooplankton collection on the PAL LTER cruise are performed with a 2 m square frame Metro net (700 µm mesh), towed obliquely to a depth of 120 m. At Palmer Station, pteropods are collected with a 1 m x 1 m square frame Metro net (700 µm mesh) and a 1 m diameter ring net (200 or 500 µm mesh), towed obliquely to a depth of ~50 m. Shell lengths are determined by measuring from the opening of the shell aperture directly across the diameter of the shell. The shell lengths analyzed within the WAP region are used to determine phenology patterns in pteropod population dynamics and changes thereof over time.
Transcriptome-wide analysis of the response of the thecosome pteropod Clio pyramidata to short-term moderate CO2 exposure
GEO Series GSE53151. Clio pyramidata. 8 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Near future pH conditions severely impact calcification, metabolism and nervous system in the pteropods Heliconoides inflatus
GEO Series GSE77934. Heliconoides inflatus. 11 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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