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199 results for “quantities”
Long-term trends and synchrony in dissolved organic matter characteristics in Wisconsin, USA lakes: quality, not quantity, is highly sensitive to climate
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a fundamental driver of many lake processes. In the past several decades, many lakes have exhibited a substantial increase in DOM quantity, measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. While increasing DOC is now widely recognized, fewer studies have sought to understand how characteristics of DOM (DOM quality) change over time. Quality can be measured in several ways, including the optical characteristics spectral slope (S275-295), spectral ratio (SR), absorbance at 254 nm (a254), and DOC-specific absorbance (SUVA; a254:DOC). However, long-term measurements of quality are not nearly as common as long-term measurements of DOC concentration. We used 24 years of DOC and absorbance data for seven lakes in the North Temperate Lakes Long Term Ecological Research site in northern Wisconsin, USA to examine temporal trends and synchrony in both DOC concentration and quality. We predicted lower SR and S275-295 and higher a254 and SUVA trends, consistent with increasing DOC and greater allochthony. DOC concentration exhibited both significant positive and negative trends among lakes. In contrast, DOC quality exhibited trends suggesting reduced allochthony or increased degradation, with significant long-term increases in SR in three lakes. Patterns and synchrony of DOM quality parameters suggest they are more responsive to climatic variations than DOC concentration. SUVA in particular tended to increase with greater moisture and decrease with drier conditions. These results demonstrate that DOC quantity and quality can exhibit different complex long-term trends and responses to climate components, with important implications for aquatic ecosystems.
Historical Tropical Cyclone Along-track Potential Intensity (and Derived Quantities) for Six Ocean Basins from Reanalyses
<p>Supporting derived data for Shields et al. (2020, GRL).</p> <p>Derived tropical cyclone potential intensities and associated variables across the North Atlantic (NA), Eastern North Pacific (EP), North Indian (NI), South Indian (SI), South Pacific (SP), and Western North Pacific (WP) ocean basins, from MERRA2, ERA-I, and MERRA2 with SSTs replaced by HadISSTs. NA/WP basins also have potential and observed intensities calculated with NCEP/NCAR and ERA-20C reanalyses over 1950-2016 and 1950-2010, respectively.</p> <p>All files are netcdf format, organized by basin, with suffixes on data variables to indicate reanalysis:</p> <ul> <li>"_m": MERRA2 (Gelaro et al. 2017)</li> <li>"_h": MERRA2-HadISSTs (Rayner et al. 2003)</li> <li>"_e": ERA-I (Dee et al. 2011)</li> <li>"_n": NCEP/NCAR (Kalnay et al. 2016)</li> <li>"_c": ERA-20C (Stickler et al. 2014)</li> </ul> <p>When using this data, please include the citation:</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>Shannon Shields, Allison Wing, and Daniel M. Gilford, 2020: A Global Analysis of Interannual Variability of Potential and Actual Tropical Cyclone Intensities. Geophys. Res. Lett.</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>Potential intensities calculated with the Bister and Emanuel (2002) algorithm (<strong>pcmin.m</strong>) by Kerry Emanuel (revised by Daniel Gilford, Gilford et al. 2019), available freely at: ftp://texmex.mit.edu/pub/emanuel/TCMAX</p> <p>MERRA2, ERA-I, and MERRA2 with SSTs replaced by HadISSTs calculations were performed by Daniel Gilford; NCEP/NCAR and ERA-20C calculations were performed by Dr. Suzana Camargo (many thanks!).</p> <p>Please direct any questions or comments to daniel[dot]gilford[at]rutgers[dot]edu.</p>
The stellar parameters and the quantities of the residual emissions of the detected active stars in the LAMOST-K2 survey
<p>The full Table 1 in <em>Investigation of stellar magnetic activity using variational autoencoder based on low-resolution spectroscopic survey</em> (Xiang, Gu & Cao, 2022, MNRAS, 514, 4781; <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.07257">arXiv:2206.07257</a>). The columns are LAMOST obsid, K2 ID, Teff, logg, [Fe/H], EW_res_Halpha, EW_res_Ca II 8498, EW_res_Ca II 8542, EW_res_Ca II 8662, log F_Halpha, log F_Ca, log R'_Halpha, log R'_Ca. The chromospheric emissions were detected and measured with the spectral subtraction technique, which removes the inactive template spectra (photospheric contribution) from the observed stellar spectra. In this work, we used the variational autoencoder neural networks to efficiently generate the proper template spectra in a data-driven manner. More details can be found in the associated paper (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.07257">https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.07257</a>). The demo code can be found on GitHub (<a href="https://github.com/xylib/vae-for-spectroscopic-survey">https://github.com/xylib/vae-for-spectroscopic-survey</a>).</p>
INDICATORS TO EVALUATE THE LABOUR INSERTION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN CONVENTIONAL COMPANIES IN SPAIN: QUANTITIATIVE DATA SET OF DELPHI STUDY (PHASE 2 AND PHASE 3)
<p><span>The level of labor integration of people with disability (PwD) is notably lower than that of people without disabilities. In order to evaluate the success of the labor market integration of people with disabilities, it is necessary to establish a series of indicators that go beyond hiring rates. Hence, the objective of this study is to develop a list of indicators with their specified individual weight that will serve to evaluate the success of the labor market insertion of PwD in conventional companies. </span></p> <p><span>Methodology: </span></p> <p><span>The Delphi method was used. </span></p> <p><span>PHASE 1</span></p> <p><span>In Phase 1, an open-ended questionnaire was distributed to 48 human resources and disability experts. <span><br></span></span></p> <p><span>PHASE 2</span></p> <p><span>Based on the theoretical dimensions obtained, a list of 52 indicators was drawn up and the experts were asked to evaluate the importance of each item using a scale of 0 to 10 points. In addition, in this second questionnaire, they were encouraged to propose improvements in the final wording of the items, as well as in the relevance and denomination of the dimensions into which they had been grouped. No suggestions were received to modify the wording or to incorporate additional items.</span></p> <p><span>PHASE 3</span></p> <p><span>Once the scores of all the participants had been collected, a third questionnaire was sent out with the aim of achieving a statistical consensus within the group of experts. In this questionnaire, each panel member was informed of their degree of agreement or disagreement in relation to the group as a whole, without revealing the identity of the other participants. In other words, each participant was provided with information on the average rating of the group and their own initial rating (from Phase 2) of each of the 52 indicators, offering them the option to modify their response if they considered it appropriate. If they chose to change their assessment, they were asked to justify their reasons.</span></p> <p><span><span>To assess the possible convergence of opinion, the change in the responses received in the third phase with respect to the second phase was analyzed. We examined whether there had been variations in the scores given by the experts in the second phase once the group's mean ratings had been received. For this purpose, the “proportion of experts” statistic was used to verify that the average value of the responses in this third phase was within a range from [-0.5 to +0.5], compared to the average value of the scores in the second phase. In the case of non-convergence of opinion, this methodology allows for as many rounds as necessary until convergence is achieved. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>THIS DATA SET COLLECT THE ANSWERS OF THE EXPERTS OF PHASE 2 AND PHASE 3.</span></span></p>
Datasets for "Turbulent magnetic decay controlled by two conserved quantities"
<pre>This directory contains an index.html file with links to the run directories and idl plotting routines with secondary data for the other figures for the paper "Turbulent magnetic decay controlled by two conserved quantities" by A. Brandenburg, & A. Banerjee. If anything turns out to be incomplete, please email brandenb@nordita.org.</pre>
Source code and simulation results for computing resonance expansions of quadratic quantities with regularized quasinormal modes
<p>This data publication supplements the article "Resonance expansion of quadratic quantities with regularized quasinormal modes" [1]. Tabulated data related to the figures in the manuscript is provided along with the Matlab scripts used to generate the results. The Riesz projection software package RPExpand [2] has been extended to support quasi normal modes (QNMs) and, in particular, the proposed method for quadratic quantities. A current version is contained in the directory <code>Code</code>. Furthermore, the input files required for scattering and resonance simulations with the finite element method (FEM) solver JCMsuite [3] are contained.</p> <p><strong>Requirements</strong></p> <ul> <li>JCMsuite (version 5.2.1 or newer)</li> <li>MATLAB (tested with version R2019b)</li> </ul> <p>In order to run the scripts you must replace the corresponding place holders in the files by a path to your installation of JCMsuite. Free trial licenses are available, please refer to the homepage of <a href="https://jcmwave.com/">JCMwave</a>. </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>[1] Fridtjof Betz, Felix Binkowski, Martin Hammerschmidt, Lin Zschiedrich, Sven Burger: Resonance expansion of quadratic quantities with regularized quasinormal modes, Physica Status Solidi A <strong>220</strong>, 2370013 (2023)</p> <p>[2] Fridtjof Betz, Felix Binkowski, Sven Burger, RPExpand: Software for Riesz projection expansion of resonance phenomena, SoftwareX <strong>15</strong>, 100763 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2021.100763</p> <p>[3] Jan Pomplun, Sven Burger, Lin Zschiedrich, Frank Schmidt, Adaptive finite element method for simulation of optical nano structures, Physica Status Solidi B <strong>244</strong>, 3419 (2007), http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200743192</p>
Quantity and composition of POM and MAOM in 156 soil samples collected from 20 National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites in 2019
While it is generally assumed that particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral associated organic matter (MAOM) have distinct biogeochemical characteristics, it remains unresolved where and why POM and MAOM differ in their composition and relationships to total SOM decomposition among heterogenous soils. To address these questions, we analyzed elemental, isotopic, and chemical composition, including diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectra, of POM and MAOM in 156 soil samples collected from 20 National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites spanning diverse ecosystems (tundra to tropics) across North America in 2019. We used a classic size separation method for POM (53–2000 µm) and MAOM (< 53 µm) following chemical dispersion.
Measurement of Fuel load (organic biomass) Quantities of Organic Soils, Understory Plants and Trees at Sites within the Bonanza Creek LTER Regional Site Network in Interior Alaska, 2019
This dataset contains fuel load measurements for a subset of the BNZ LTER's RSN sites (n = 28). The data for each site separted by 16 fuel types (or plant functional types) including organic soil layers (fibric, mesic), vascular understory (evergreen shrub, short deciduous shrub, graminoid, forb, tall deciduous shrub, tree seedling/sapling, dead-downed wood), nonvascular understory (feather moss, Sphagnum moss, colonizer moss, lichen) and trees (evergreen tree, deciduous tree).
Source code and simulation results: Poles and zeros of electromagnetic quantities in photonic systems
<h4><strong>Summary</strong></h4> <p>This publication supplements the article "Poles and zeros of electromagnetic quantities in photonic systems" with tabulated data and matlab code that allows to reproduce the results. The article elaborates how evaluating resonances based on contour integrals of scalar electromagnetic quantities extends to computing zeros. Furthermore, direct differentiation of underlying scattering problems is used to compute sensitivities with respect to design parameters.</p> <h4><strong>Structure</strong></h4> <p>The script 'main_text.m' can be used to reproduce the results provided in the paper. In tabulated form the results are contained in the directory <strong>tabulated</strong>. Furthermore, the script 'supplement.m' can be used to reproduce results presented in the supplement. The directory <strong>RPExpand </strong>contains the software RPExpand v2, which is available on <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10371002">Zenodo</a> with additional examples. </p> <h4><strong>Compute residues</strong></h4> <p>The modal expansion of the Fourier transform is based on its residues at the dominant resonances. If the poles are simple, which often is the case, the residues can be obtained directly from the eigenvectors of the generalized eigenvalue problem used to obtain the poles or the zeros. Introducing the Vandermonde matrix</p> <p>\(V = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & \dots & 1 \\ w_1 & \dots & w_M \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ w_1^{M-1} &\dots & w_M^{M-1} \end{bmatrix}\),</p> <p>the Hankel matrix \(H\) can be written as \(H = V A V^T\) with \(A\) being the diagonal matrix \(\mathrm{diag}(a_1,\dots,a_M)\) containing the residues \(a_m \). This decomposition is a consequence of the Cauchy's reisdue theorem if the poles are simple. Furthermore, we now that \(V^{-T}\) solves the generalized eigenproblem \(H^<X = HX\Omega\) (Eq. 2 in the original paper) and hence the eigenvectors we get from Matlabs eig routine are \(X = V^{-T}D\) where \(D\) is some scaling. It follows that we obtain the residues using \(A = X^T H X (X V^T)^{-2}\)</p> <h4><strong>Derivatives</strong></h4> <p>Similarly, our framework provides a straight forward approach to the derivatives of zeros and poles if they are simple. Using direct differentiation we have access to partial derivatives of the quantity \(q(\omega)\) and hence the derivatives of the moments \(s_k = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \oint_C \omega^k q(\omega) \mathrm{d}\omega\). For the zeros the inverse \(1/q(\omega)\) and the respective derivative are considered. Using Cauchy's residue theorem the derivatives \(\frac{\partial w_m}{\partial p}\)are solutions of the linear system of equations \(\frac{\partial s_k}{\partial p} = \sum_{m = 1}^{M}\left[k\omega_m^{k-1}\frac{\partial w_m}{\partial p} a_m + \omega_m^k\frac{\partial a_m}{\partial p} \right]\).</p> <h4><strong>Higher order singularities</strong></h4> <p>Finding higher order poles and zeros is possible without further adaptation. Computing derivatives and residues requires some special care. The moments are then given by \(s_k = \sum_{m=1}^{M} \sum_{n = 1}^{N_m} a_{m,n} \frac{k! \, \omega^{k-n+1}}{(k-n+1)!(n-1)!}\)with \(a_{m,n}\) being the residue of the pole \(\omega_m\) and \(n \) refers to the order. Accordingly expressions for the derivatives are available.</p> <h4><strong>Error estimates</strong></h4> <p>The estimated errors in Table 1 refer to the number of integration points, i.e. we are interested in the question how close we get with a given number of integration points to the exact solution of the chosen approximate model of the physical system. Due to propagation of the error the convergence of the derivatives is shifted towards a larger number of integration points.</p> <h4><strong>Requirements</strong></h4> <ul> <li>JCMsuite (version 5.4.3 or newer)</li> <li>MATLAB (tested with version R2019b)</li> </ul> <p>In order to run the scripts you must replace the corresponding place holder in 'zeros_poles.m' by a path to your installation of JCMsuite. Free trial licenses are available, please refer to the homepage of <a href="https://jcmwave.com/">JCMwave</a>.</p> <h4><strong>References</strong></h4> <p>[1] Felix Binkowski, Fridtjof Betz, Rémi Colom, Patrice Genevet, Sven Burger, Poles and zeros of electromagnetic quantities in photonic systems, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.04654</p> <p>[2] Anthony P. Austin, Peter Kravanja, Lloyd N. Trefethen, Numerical algorithms based on analytic function values at roots of unity, SIAM Journal of Numerical Analysis 52, 1795 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1137/130931035</p> <p>[3] Felix Binkowski, Fridtjof Betz, Martin Hammerschmidt, Philipp-Immanuel Schneider, Lin Zschiedrich, Sven Burger, Computation of eigenfrequency sensitivities using Riesz projections for efficient optimization of nanophotonic resonators, Communications Physics <strong>5</strong>, 202 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-022-00977-1</p>
Rapid assessment of lipidomics sample quality and quantity using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
<p>In this work, we aimed to develop a simple lipid quality and quantification method for biological lipid extracts, as a step in lipidomics workflows, with minimal sample requirement. We chose FTIR spectroscopy with an Attenuate Total Reflectance (ATR) sampling method as it requires just 1 microliter of MS-ready sample without additional sample preparation. We validated the proposed lipidomics sample quality control workflow using a set of plasma samples (n=107, with 3-4 technical replicates) with comparison to LC-MS-based lipidomics. The following file contains the resulting spectra acquired by ATR-FTIR spectrometry for these plasma samples, standard curves and contaminated samples used for method development. Spectrometer was ambient blanked and detector cleaned between each measurement. Lipid samples were extracted by butanol-methanol (3:1) precipitation, and dried directly onto the ATR-FTIR detector. Absorbance was measured between 4,000 and 650 cm-1 wavenumbers, at a resolution of 8cm-1. Each spectra has been baseline corrected (whole spectra).</p>
SI Figure 4: SEM images of either unwashed (left) or washed (right) E. antarcticus nematodes. A. Unwashed head region with arrows pointing to attached material and possible fungal hyphae. B. Washed head region with arrows pointing to the remaining attached material. C. Unwashed annules with arrows pointing to commonly attached foreign material. D. Washed annules with arrows pointing to remaining attached material. E. Unwashed somatic pore with arrows pointing to the common organic material. F. Washed vulva with an arrow pointing to remaining attached organic material. G. Unwashed cuticle with arrows showing a possible biofilm. H. Washed cuticle showing single attached cells indicated with arrows. I. Unwashed cuticle showing an off-axis line of attached material. J. Washed cuticle showing a similar off-axis line of material (as indicated with arrow) but reduced in quantity compared to the unwashed. in External and internal microbiomes of Antarctic nematodes are distinct, but more similar to each other than the surrounding environment
SI Figure 4: SEM images of either unwashed (left) or washed (right) E. antarcticus nematodes. A. Unwashed head region with arrows pointing to attached material and possible fungal hyphae. B. Washed head region with arrows pointing to the remaining attached material. C. Unwashed annules with arrows pointing to commonly attached foreign material. D. Washed annules with arrows pointing to remaining attached material. E. Unwashed somatic pore with arrows pointing to the common organic material. F. Washed vulva with an arrow pointing to remaining attached organic material. G. Unwashed cuticle with arrows showing a possible biofilm. H. Washed cuticle showing single attached cells indicated with arrows. I. Unwashed cuticle showing an off-axis line of attached material. J. Washed cuticle showing a similar off-axis line of material (as indicated with arrow) but reduced in quantity compared to the unwashed.
Food quantity and quality modulates inducible defences in a common predator-prey system
<p><span>Zooplankton display different inducible defences against invertebrate and vertebrate predators. The response pattern to gape-limited invertebrate predators involves increased somatic growth and offspring body size but delayed maturity and reduced offspring numbers. In contrast to this general pattern, the freshwater model organism <em>Daphnia magna</em> has been reported to exhibit a different response when encountering the gape-limited tadpole shrimp <em>Triops cancriformis</em>. Under laboratory conditions, <em>D. magna</em> showed increased somatic growth, earlier maturation, and an increase in both offspring number and size. We propose here that the discrepancy between the previously observed and the theory-based response patterns against invertebrate predators is due to differences in food availability in the applied laboratory settings and assessed whether the defensive response of <em>D. magna</em> against <em>T. cancriformis</em> is modulated differently by food quantity and quality. We found a strong impact of food quantity and quality on the defence response of <em>D. magna</em> to <em>T. cancriformis</em> kairomones. The prey seem to be able to overcome trade-offs between morphological defence traits and reproductive traits, but distinctly between high food quantity and high food quality. Thereby, reproductive traits were preferred over morphological defences. Furthermore, removal of particles from the <em>T. cancriformis</em>-conditioned water caused a defence pattern in <em>D. magna</em> that was consistent with the general response pattern known from other invertebrate predators, thus explaining the described discrepancy to previous studies with <em>T. cancriformis</em>. <span> </span>Our study highlights the importance of assessing food-related effects on predator-prey interactions to understand trophic relationships and food web processes.</span></p>
Scattering matrices and integral scattering quantities of laboratory-characterized silicate and ice particles
<p>Mueller scattering matrices and integral scattering quantities of four different scattering particle shapes, two refractive indices, and various size parameters computed using ADDA (v1.2; Yurkin and Hoekstra, JQSRT 112, pp. 2234-2247, 2011). The file name consists of the particle shape designation (A-D), the refractive index designation ("m254" depicts a silicate-rich particle: m = 2.54 + 0.01i; "m178" depicts an ice-rich particle with impurities: m = 1.78 + 0.001i; both at microwave frequencies), and the volume-equivalent size parameter (spherical-volume-equivalent particle perimeter length per wavelength) ranging from 0.25 to 7-16 depending on the shape type. "CS" refers to Cross Sections, which includes the extinction cross section, the extinction efficiency, the absorption cross section, and the absorption efficiency. The cross sections assume a wavelength of 6.283185307. All Mueller scattering matrices are 4 x 4 matrices for 180 different scattering angles, and orientation-averaged over hundreds or thousands of orientations. The scattering matrix files include a descriptive header line. In the ADDA computations, the polarizability prescription is "Lattice dispersion relation" when |m| < 2 and "Filtered coupled dipoles" when |m| > 2. The Interaction term prescription is "Point dipoles" when |m| < 2 and "Filtered Green's tensor" when |m| > 2.</p> <p>The corresponding scatterer shape models are given in the files ending "dipoles_x12.out". ADDA uses scatterer shape models that have been discretized into equally-sized cubic voxels. The shape model files list the x, y, and z coordinates of each voxel. The shape models have been scaled to optimize computation times but ensuring that the number of dipoles per wavelength is greater than 10|m| for each size parameter. The given shape model fulfills this condition for a size parameter of 12. The particle shape models have been derived from atmospheric dust particles by scanning-electron microscopes (Lindqvist et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 143-157, 2014).</p>
Text-fig. 3. Green alga of genus Botryococcus – curve occurrence (quantity %) and findings of quillwort microspores in Prášilské Lake (Analysed by E. Břízová). in Quillwort (Isoëtes), A Mysterious Plant From The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 3. Green alga of genus Botryococcus – curve occurrence (quantity %) and findings of quillwort microspores in Prášilské Lake (Analysed by E. Břízová).
Figure 1 in Impact of Drought and Land - Use Changes on Surface - Water Quality and Quantity: The Sahelian Paradox
Figure 1. - Location of the sampling site (star) of flying gurnard Dactylopterus volitans in the Eastern English Channel.
Figure 3 in Impact of Drought and Land - Use Changes on Surface - Water Quality and Quantity: The Sahelian Paradox
Figure 3. - Specimen of flying gurnard Dactylopterus volitans (MNHN 2013-0612; 47 cm TL) caught in the Eastern English Channel in 2011.
Figure 2 in Impact of Drought and Land - Use Changes on Surface - Water Quality and Quantity: The Sahelian Paradox
Figure 2. - Whole otolith of flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) with annotation of growth rings (red stars).
Data and Code for "Value dissonance in research(er) assessment: Individual and institutional priorities in review, promotion and tenure criteria related to research quality, quantity, openness and responsibility"
<p>This snapshot contains code and data for the preprint "Value dissonance in research(er) assessment: Individual and institutional priorities in review, promotion and tenure criteria related to research quality, quantity, openness and responsibility".</p> <p>Instructions on re-using the data and running the code can be found in the README.md.</p> <p>Changes:</p> <ul> <li>Added survey instrument and informed consent.</li> </ul>
Resource quantity and quality differentially control stream invertebrate biodiversity across spatial scales
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Resource quantity controls biodiversity across spatial scales, however the importance of resource quality to cross-scale patterns in species richness has seldom been explored. We evaluated the relationship between stream basal resource quantity (periphyton chlorophyll-<em>a</em>) and invertebrate richness and compared this to the relationship of resource quality (periphyton stoichiometry) and richness at local and regional scales across 27 North American streams. At the local scale, invertebrate richness peaked at intermediate levels of chlorophyll-<em>a</em>, but had a shallow negative relationship with periphyton C:P and N:P. However, at the regional scale richness had a strong negative relationship with both chlorophyll-<em>a</em> and periphyton C:P and N:P. The divergent effects of periphyton chl-<em>a</em> and stoichiometry on invertebrate richness suggest that basal resource quantity limits diversity more than resource quality, consistent with patterns of eutrophication. Collectively, we demonstrate that resource quantity and quality play important, yet differing roles in shaping freshwater biodiversity across spatial scale.</span></p>
Data from: Predictive links between petal color and pigment quantities in natural Penstemon hybrids
<p class="MsoNormal">Flowers have evolved remarkable diversity in petal color, in large part due to pollinator-mediated selection. This diversity arises from specialized metabolic pathways that generate conspicuous pigments. Despite the clear link between flower color and floral pigment production, studies determining predictive relationships between pigmentation and petal color are currently lacking. In this study, we analyze a dataset consisting of hundreds of natural <em>Penstemon</em> hybrids that exhibit variation in flower color, including blue, purple, pink, and red. For each individual hybrid, we measured anthocyanin pigment content and petal spectral reflectance. We found that floral pigment quantities are correlated with hue, chroma, and brightness as calculated from petal spectral reflectance data: hue is related to the relative amounts of delphinidin vs. pelargonidin pigmentation, whereas brightness and chroma are correlated with the total anthocyanin pigmentation. We used a partial least squares regression approach to identify predictive relationships between pigment production and petal reflectance. We find that pigment quantity data provide robust predictions of petal reflectance, confirming a pervasive assumption that differences in pigmentation should predictably influence flower color. Moreover, we find that reflectance data enables accurate inferences of pigment quantities, where the full reflectance spectra provide much more accurate inference of pigment quantities than spectral attributes (brightness, chroma, and hue). Our predictive framework provides readily interpretable model coefficients relating spectral attributes of petal reflectance to underlying pigment quantities. These relationships represent key links between genetic changes affecting anthocyanin production and ecological functions of petal coloration.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.