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32 results for “rainfall gradient”
Rainfall and ion composition data from multiple weather stations along an elevation gradient in northeastern Puerto Rico (2009-2018)
The data archive is here: https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2021-0013 please use this DOI when citing this dataset. Rainfall and ionic composition data were collected at 21 sites along the elevational gradient of the Luquillo Mountains, in Puerto Rico. Stations were selected along the east coast of the island and follow the steep slope of the mountains until the highest peaks. Rainfall data were collected every two weeks and are provided in this data publication as monthly rainfall from January 2009 through May 2019. Also included are pH and conductivity which are provided monthly starting roughly in November 2011 and continue through May 2019. Monthly ionic composition data from rainwater samples collected during the last two weeks of each month are also included from January 2009 through December 2017. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Data from: The extreme rainfall gradient of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve and its impact on forest bird richness. Biodiversity and Conservation
<p><strong>Description of dataset</strong></p> <p>This dataset contains information about forest bird species richness and climatic variables in 61 sample sites of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. This dataset was analysed in : Quilodrán CS, Sandvig EM, Aguirre F, Rivero de Aguilar J, Barroso O, Vásquez RA, and R Rozzi. 2022. Effects of the extreme rainfall gradient in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve on forest bird richness. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em>. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Acknowledgments </strong></p> <p>This study was funded by grants for Technological Centers of Excellence with Basal Financing of the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID-Chile), granted to the Cape Horn International Center (CHIC- FB210018) and the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB-AFB170008). CSQ acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (N°P5R5PB_203169). </p>
Data from: Limited intraspecific variation in drought resistance along a pronounced tropical rainfall gradient
<p>Assessing within-species variation in response to drought is crucial for predicting species responses to climate change and informing restoration and conservation efforts, yet experimental data are lacking for the vast majority of tropical tree species. We assessed intraspecific variation in response to water availability across a strong rainfall gradient for 16 tropical tree species using reciprocal transplant and common garden field experiments, along with measurements of gene flow and key functional traits linked to drought resistance.</p>
Data from: Limited intraspecific variation in drought resistance along a pronounced tropical rainfall gradient
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Data from: Equivocal evidence for a change in balance between selfing and pollinator-mediated reproduction in annual Brassicaceae growing along a rainfall gradient
<p>Because many plants ensure their reproductive success using some level of self-fertilization, it is predicted that the balance between pollinator-mediated pollen transfer and autonomous selfing will be correlated with habitat harshness and pollinator activity. To study these correlations, we used three annual species that differ in their self-incompatibility and compared their reproductive success in the form of fruit production and seed viability, with and without pollinators, along a rainfall gradient and in relation to pollinator activity. We found that pollinator activity decreased with increasing aridity. However, although the reproductive success in the absence of pollinators fitted the species' level of self-incompatibility, no clear trend was detected between pollinator visits or site harshness and relative reproductive success. Only one of the species, <i>Sinapis alba, </i>showed a consistent increase in autonomous selfing with both increased aridity and decreased pollinator visits, a finding that was supported by an increase in the viability of seeds produced in the absence of pollinators. Nevertheless, unlike our prediction, the absolute number of seeds produced per <i>S. alba</i> flower increased with aridity. Our overall findings suggest that despite decreasing pollinator abundance and diversity with increasing aridity, reproductive success of annual species, even of those with high self-incompatibility, remains relatively high. While there may be several mechanisms governing these results, the overall constant seed production despite environmental uncertainties may be part of the mechanism by which plants in arid ecosystems buffer environmental variations.</p>
Data from: Legume abundance along successional and rainfall gradients in neotropical forests
The nutrient demands of regrowing tropical forests are partly satisfied by nitrogen (N)-fixing legume trees, but our understanding of the abundance of those species is biased towards wet tropical regions. Here we show how the abundance of Leguminosae is affected by both recovery from disturbance and large-scale rainfall gradients through a synthesis of forest-inventory plots from a network of 42 Neotropical forest chronosequences. During the first three decades of natural forest regeneration, legume basal area is twice as high in dry compared to wet secondary forests. The tremendous ecological success of legumes in recently disturbed, water-limited forests is likely related to both their reduced leaflet size and ability to fix N2, which together enhance legume drought tolerance and water-use efficiency. Earth system models should incorporate these large-scale successional and climatic patterns of legume dominance to provide more accurate estimates of the maximum potential for natural N fixation across tropical forests.
Temporal and spatial evaluation of satellite-based rainfall estimates across the complex topographical and climatic gradients of Chile (datasets)
<p>This file contains the <strong>dataset</strong> (both raw observed precipitation data and figures obtained as output of the analysis) accompanying the manuscript '<strong>hess-2016-453'</strong> submitted to the HESS journal (http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Title</strong>: "Temporal and spatial evaluation of satellite-based rainfall estimates across the complex topographical and climatic gradients of Chile"</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Accurate representation of the real spatio-temporal variability of catchment rainfall inputs is currently severely limited. Moreover, spatially interpolated catchment precipitation is subject to large uncertainties, particularly in developing countries and regions which are difficult to access (e.g., high elevation zones). Recently, satellite-based rainfall estimates (SRE) provide an unprecedented opportunity for a wide range of hydrological applications, from water resources modelling to monitoring of extreme events such as droughts and floods. </p> <p>This study attempts to exhaustively evaluate -for the first time- the suitability of seven state-of-the-art SRE products (TMPA 3B42v7, CHIRPSv2, CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR, PERSIAN-CCS-adj, MSWEPv1.1 and PGFv3) over the complex topography and diverse climatic gradients of Chile. Different temporal scales (daily, monthly, seasonal, annual) are used in a point to-pixel comparison between precipitation time series measured at 366 stations (from sea level to 4600 m a.s.l. in the Andean Plateau) and the corresponding grid cell of each SRE. The modified Kling-Gupta efficiency was used to identify possible sources of systematic errors in each SRE. In addition, several categorical indices were used to assess the ability of each SRE to correctly identify different precipitation intensities.</p> <p><br> Results revealed that most SRE products performed better for the humid South (36.4-43.7ºS) and Central Chile (32.18-36.4ºS), in particular at low- and mid-elevation zones (0-1000 m a.s.l.) compared to the arid northern regions and the Far South. Seasonally, all products performed best during the wet seasons (MAM-JJA) compared to summer (DJF) and autumn (SON). In addition, all SREs were able to correctly identify the occurrence of no rain events, but they presented a low skill in classifying precipitation intensities during rainy days. Overall, PGFv3 exhibited the best performance everywhere and for all time scales, which can be clearly attributed to its bias-correction procedure using 213 stations from Chile. Good results were also obtained by CHIRPSv2, TMPA 3B42v7 and MSWEPv1.1, while CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR and PERSIANN-CCS-adj were not able to represent observed rainfall. While PGFv3 (currently available up to 2010) might be used in Chile for historical analyses and calibration of hydrological models, the high spatial resolution, low latency and long data records of CHIRPS and TMPA 3B42v7 (in transition to IMERG) show promising potential to be used in meteorological studies and water resources assessments. We finally conclude that despite improvements of most SRE products, a site-specific calibration is still needed before any use in catchment-scale hydrological studies.</p>
Temporal and spatial evaluation of satellite-based rainfall estimates across the complex topographical and climatic gradients of Chile (supplementary material)
<p>This file contains the <strong>Supplement</strong> (both raw observed precipitation data and figures obtained as output of the analysis) accompanying the manuscript '<strong>hess-2016-453'</strong> submitted to the HESS journal (http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/).</p> <p><strong>Title</strong>: "Temporal and spatial evaluation of satellite-based rainfall estimates across the complex topographical and climatic gradients of Chile"</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Accurate representation of the real spatio-temporal variability of catchment rainfall inputs is currently severely limited. Moreover, spatially interpolated catchment precipitation is subject to large uncertainties, particularly in developing countries and regions which are difficult to access. Recently, satellite-based rainfall estimates (SRE) provide an unprecedented opportunity for a wide range of hydrological applications, from water resources modelling to monitoring of extreme events such as droughts and floods.</p> <p>This study attempts to exhaustively evaluate -for the first time- the suitability of seven state-of-the-art SRE products (TMPA 3B42v7, CHIRPSv2, CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR, PERSIAN-CCS-adj, MSWEPv1.1 and PGFv3) over the complex topography and diverse climatic gradients of Chile. Different temporal scales (daily, monthly, seasonal, annual) are used in a point-to-pixel comparison between precipitation time series measured at 366 stations (from sea level to 4600 m a.s.l. in the Andean Plateau) and the corresponding grid cell of each SRE (rescaled to a 0.25° grid if necessary). The modified Kling-Gupta efficiency was used to identify possible sources of systematic errors in each SRE. In addition, five categorical indices (PC, POD, FAR, ETS, fBIAS) were used to assess the ability of each SRE to correctly identify different precipitation intensities.</p> <p>Results revealed that most SRE products performed better for the humid South (36.4-43.7°S) and Central Chile (32.18-36.4°S), in particular at low- and mid-elevation zones (0-1000 m a.s.l.) compared to the arid northern regions and the Far South. Seasonally, all products performed best during the wet seasons autumn and winter (MAM-JJA) compared to summer (DJF) and spring (SON). In addition, all SREs were able to correctly identify the occurrence of no rain events, but they presented a low skill in classifying precipitation intensities during rainy days. Overall, PGFv3 exhibited the best performance everywhere and for all time scales, which can be clearly attributed to its bias-correction procedure using 217 stations from Chile. Good results were also obtained by the research products CHIRPSv2, TMPA 3B42v7 and MSWEPv1.1,while CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR and the real-time PERSIANN-CCS-adj were less skillful in representing observed rainfall. While PGFv3 (currently available up to 2010) might be used in Chile for historical analyses and calibration of hydrological models, the high spatial resolution, low latency and long data records of CHIRPS and TMPA 3B42v7 (in transition to IMERG) show promising potential to be used in meteorological studies and water resources assessments. We finally conclude that despite improvements of most SRE products, a site-specific assessment is still needed before any use in catchment-scale hydrological studies.</p>
Datasets from: Local- and landscape-scale drivers of terrestrial herbaceous plant diversity along a tropical rainfall gradient in Western Ghats, India
<p>This data set contains information on local- and landscape-level terrestrial herbaceous plant diversity and critical abiotic factors along a 36-km East-West transect in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu India. Understory angiosperms with no above-ground wood (secondary cambial growth) were considered as herbaceous plants.</p>
Tillage agriculture and afforestation threaten tropical savanna plant communities across a broad rainfall gradient in India
<p>The consequences of land-use change for savanna biodiversity remain undocumented in most regions of tropical Asia. One such region is western Maharashtra, India, where old-growth savannas occupy a broad rainfall gradient and are increasingly rare due to agricultural conversion and afforestation.</p> <p>To understand the consequences of land-use change, we sampled herbaceous plant communities of old-growth savannas and three alternative land-use types: tree plantations, tillage agriculture, and agricultural fallows (<em>n</em>=15 sites per type). Study sites spanned 457 to 1954 mm of mean annual precipitation—corresponding to the typical rainfall range of mesic savannas globally.</p> <p>Across the rainfall gradient, we found consistent declines in old-growth savanna plant communities due to land-use change. Local-scale native species richness dropped from a mean of 12 species/m<sup>2</sup> in old-growth savannas to 8, 6, and 3 species/m<sup>2</sup> in tree plantations, fallows, and tillage agriculture, respectively. Cover of native plants declined from a mean of 49% in old-growth savannas to 27% in both tree plantations and fallows, and 4% in tillage agriculture. Reductions in native cover coincided with increased cover of invasive species in tree plantations (18%), fallows (18%), and tillage agriculture (3%).</p> <p>In analyses of community composition, tillage agriculture was most dissimilar to old-growth savannas, while tree plantations and fallows showed intermediate dissimilarity. These compositional changes were driven partly by the loss of characteristic savanna species: 65 species recorded in old-growth savannas were absent in other land uses. Indicator analysis revealed 21 old-growth species, comprised mostly of native savanna specialists. Indicators of tree plantations (9 species) and fallows (13 species) were both invasive and native species, while the 2 indicators of tillage agriculture were invasive. As reflective of declines in savanna communities, mean native perennial graminoid cover of 27% in old-growth savannas dropped to 9%, 7%, and 0.1% in tree plantations, fallows, and tillage agriculture, respectively.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis</strong>: Agricultural conversion and afforestation of old-growth savannas in India destroys and degrades herbaceous plant communities that do not spontaneously recover on fallowed land. Efforts to conserve India's native biodiversity should encompass the country's widespread savanna biome and seek to limit conversion of irreplaceable old-growth savannas.</p>
Data from: Legume abundance along successional and rainfall gradients in neotropical forests
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Data from: Predicting climatic limits along a rainfall gradient of dipterocarp species based on leaf turgor loss point
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Tillage agriculture and afforestation threaten tropical savanna plant communities across a broad rainfall gradient in India
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Data from: Equivocal evidence for a change in balance between selfing and pollinator-mediated reproduction in annual Brassicaceae growing along a rainfall gradient
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Datasets from: Local- and landscape-scale drivers of terrestrial herbaceous plant diversity along a tropical rainfall gradient in Western Ghats, India
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Data from: Multiple scales of spatial heterogeneity control soil respiration responses to precipitation across a dryland rainfall gradient
<p><i>Aims –</i> Soil respiration (R<sub>s</sub>) is a major pathway for releasing fixed carbon back to the atmosphere. However, controls over R<sub>s</sub> are poorly understood in arid and hyper-arid systems where microbial activity is frequently constrained by moisture. We addressed key uncertainties in R<sub>s</sub>: 1) How do short-term rainfall pulses affect R<sub>s</sub> at sites that differ in long-term precipitation inputs?, 2) how do R<sub>s</sub> responses to short and long-term rainfall differ across soil surfaces?, and 3) how are R<sub>s</sub> responses affected by local-scale attributes?</p> <p><i>Methods – </i>We measured R<sub>s</sub> responses to rainfall pulses over a 48 h period. Working across a climate gradient, we compared R<sub>s </sub>responses on two contrasting soil surfaces which both had two vegetation/soil morphology patch types that differed in organic matter inputs and accumulation.</p> <p><i>Results – </i>Rates of R<sub>s </sub>were low, but highly responsive to rainfall pulses. Stimulation of R<sub>s </sub>by rainfall was generally greater in areas with higher annual rainfall. However, patterns for R<sub>s </sub>responses to rainfall differed greatly on the two soil surfaces and among patch types.</p> <p><i>Conclusions – </i>The strong role of patch type and soil surface in controlling R<sub>s</sub> points to the need to carefully consider small-scale spatial and temporal variation when interpreting dryland biogeochemical fluxes.</p>
Liana abundance and diversity increase with rainfall seasonality along a precipitation gradient in Panama
<p>In tropical regions, rainfall gradients often explain the abundance and distribution of plant species. For example, many tree and liana species adapted to seasonal drought are more abundant and diverse in seasonally-dry forests, characterized by long periods of seasonal water deficit. Mean annual precipitation (MAP) is commonly used to explain plant distributions across climate gradients. However, the relationship between MAP and plant distribution is often weak, raising the question of whether other seasonal precipitation patterns better explain plant distributions in seasonally-dry forests. In this study, we examine the relationship between liana abundance and multiple metrics of seasonal and annual rainfall distribution to test the hypothesis that liana density and diversity increase with increasing seasonal drought along a rainfall gradient across the isthmus of Panama. We found that a normalized seasonality index, which combines MAP and the variability of monthly rainfall throughout the year, was a significant predictor of both liana density and species richness, whereas MAP, rainfall seasonality, and the mean dry season precipitation (MDP) were far weaker predictors. The strong response of lianas to the normalized seasonality index indicates that, in addition to the total annual amount of rainfall, how rainfall is distributed throughout the year is an important determinant of the hydrological conditions that favor liana proliferation. Our findings imply that changes in annual rainfall and rainfall seasonality will determine the future distribution and abundance of lianas. Models that aim to predict future plant diversity, distribution, and abundance may need to move beyond MAP to a more detailed understanding of rainfall variability at sub-annual timescales. </p>
Data from: Do pathogens limit the distributions of tropical trees across a rainfall gradient?
1. Organisms are adapted to particular habitats; consequently, community composition changes across environmental gradients, enhancing regional diversity. In Panama, a rainfall gradient correlates with the spatial turnover of tree species. While strong evidence suggests that tree species common in the wetter forests are excluded from the drier forests by seasonal drought, the factor(s) excluding drought-tolerant species, common in the drier forests, from the wetter forests remain ambiguous. 2. Here, we show that seedlings were significantly more likely to suffer pathogen-caused damage and mortality in the wetter forest. While seedlings of dry- and wet-forest species were equally likely to suffer pathogen attack, seedlings of dry-forest species were significantly more likely to die when attacked and tended to suffer more pathogen-caused mortality overall. Furthermore, seedlings of dry-forest species suffered pathogen-caused mortality in the forest in which they do not naturally occur and in which conspecific and/or congeneric adults are absent or rare, indicating that some pathogens are relatively widespread and/or are capable of damaging multiple host species. 3. Synthesis. Elevated risk of pathogen-caused damage and mortality in the wetter forests and a greater impact to host fitness from pathogen attack for seedlings of dry-forest species suggest that pathogens may enhance regional forest diversity by contributing to changes in tree species composition via the exclusion of dry-forest tree species from the wetter forests. This study highlights a potentially widespread and under explored mechanism by which pathogens shape plant communities at the landscape scale. An understanding of how species' distributions are shaped by the interplay between abiotic and biotic factors is essential for conservation biology.
Data from: Does soil moisture availability explain liana seedling distribution across a tropical rainfall gradient?
Liana density tends to increase with decreasing rainfall and increasing seasonality. However, the pattern of liana distribution may be due to differences in soil water retention capacity, not rainfall and seasonality per se. We tested the effect of rainfall and soil substrate with respect to the distribution of liana seedlings in six sites across a rainfall gradient from the wet Atlantic to the dry Pacific in central Panama. Soils were either limestone, with low water-holding capacity, or laterite, with higher water-holding capacity. We sampled liana seedlings at each site using three 1 × 100 m transect. We found that relative liana seedling density was higher on limestone soils compared to laterite soils regardless of the amount of rainfall. Furthermore, liana community composition on limestone soils was more similar to dry forest sites than to adjacent wet and moist forest sites. Liana seedling species diversity relative to trees was significantly higher in a low-fertility dry forest site compared to a high-fertility forest, but did not differ from the other sites. Thus, liana seedling density and community structure may be driven more by soil type and thus by soil moisture availability than strictly by mean annual rainfall and the seasonality of rainfall.
Data from: Testing the divergent adaptation of two congeneric tree species on a rainfall gradient using eco-physio-morphological traits
In tropical Africa, evidence of widely distributed genera transcending biomes or habitat boundaries has been reported. The evolutionary processes that allowed these lineages to disperse and adapt into new environments are far from being resolved. To better understand these processes, we propose an integrated approach, based on the eco-physio-morphological traits of two sister species with adjacent distributions along a rainfall gradient. We used wood anatomical traits, plant hydraulics (vulnerability to cavitation, wood volumetric water content and hydraulic capacitance) and growth data from the natural habitat, in a common garden, to compare species with known phylogeny, very similar morphologically, but occupying contrasting habitats: Erythrophleum ivorense (wet forest) and Erythrophleum suaveolens (moist forest and forest gallery). We identified some slight differences in wood anatomical traits between the two species associated with strong differences in hydraulics, growth, and overall species distribution. The moist forest species, E. suaveolens had narrower vessels and intervessel pits, and higher vessel cell-wall reinforcement than E. ivorense. These traits allow a high resistance to cavitation and a continuous internal water supply of the xylem during water shortage, allowing a higher fitness during drought periods, but limiting growth. Our results confirm a trade-off between drought tolerance and growth, controlled by subtle adaptations in wood traits, as a key mechanism leading to the niche partitioning between the two Erythrophleum species. The generality of this trade-off and its importance in the diversification of the African tree flora remains to be tested. Our integrated eco-physio-morpho approach could be the way forward.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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