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209 results for “raptors”
Supplementary material from "Experimentally disentangling intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of natal dispersal in a nocturnal raptor"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Equivocal knowledge of the phase-specific drivers of natal dispersal remains a major deficit in understanding causes and consequences of dispersal and thus, spatial dynamics within and between populations. We performed a field experiment combining partial cross-fostering of nestlings and nestling food supplementation in little owls (<em>Athene noctua</em>). This approach disentangled the effect of nestling origin from the effect of the rearing environment on dispersal behaviour, while simultaneously investigating the effect of food availability in the rearing environment. We radio-tracked fledglings to quantify the timing of pre-emigration forays and emigration, foray and transfer duration, and the dispersal distances. Dispersal characteristics of the pre-emigration phase were affected by the rearing environment rather than by the origin of nestlings. In food-poor habitats, supplemented individuals emigrated later than unsupplemented individuals. By contrast, transfer duration and distance were influenced by the birds' origin rather than by their rearing environment. We found no correlation between timing of emigration and transfer duration or distance. We conclude that food supply to the nestlings and other characteristics of the rearing environment modulate the timing of emigration, while innate traits associated with the nestling origin affect the transfer phases after emigration. The dispersal behaviours of juveniles prior and after emigration, therefore, were related to different determinants, and are suggested to form different life-history traits.</p>
Data & R-Code for "Weather and food availability additively affect reproductive output in an expanding raptor population"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The joint effects of interacting environmental factors on key demographic parameters can exacerbate or mitigate the separate factors’ effects on population dynamics. Given ongoing changes in climate and land use, assessing interactions between weather and food availability on reproductive performance is crucial to understand and forecast population dynamics. By conducting a feeding experiment in 4 years with different weather conditions, we were able to disentangle the effects of weather, food availability and their interactions on reproductive parameters in an expanding population of the red kite (<em>Milvus milvus</em>), a conservation-relevant raptor known to be supported by anthropogenic feeding. Brood loss occurred mainly during the incubation phase, and was associated with rainfall and low food availability. In contrast, brood loss during the nestling phase occurred mostly due to low temperatures. Survival of last-hatched nestlings and nestling development was enhanced by food supplementation and reduced by adverse weather conditions. However, we found no support for interactive effects of weather and food availability, suggesting that these factors affect reproduction of red kites additively. The results not only suggest that food-weather interactions are prevented by parental life-history trade-offs, but that food availability and weather conditions are crucial separate determinants of reproductive output, and thus population productivity. Overall, our results suggest that the observed increase in spring temperatures and enhanced anthropogenic food resources have contributed to the elevational expansion and the growth of the study population during the last decades.</p>
Complete datasets and code for "Hungry or angry? Experimental evidence for the effects of food availability on two measures of stress in developing wild raptor nestlings"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Food shortage challenges the development of nestlings; yet, to cope with this stressor, nestlings can induce stress responses to adjust metabolism or behaviour. Food shortage also enhances the antagonism between siblings, but it remains unclear whether the stress response induced by food shortage operates via the individual nutritional state or via the social environment experienced. In addition, the understanding of these processes is hindered by the fact that effects of food availability often co-vary with other environmental factors. We used a food supplementation experiment to test the effect of food availability on two complementary stress measures, feather corticosterone (CORTf) and Heterophil/Lymphocyte-ratio (H/L) in developing red kite (Milvus milvus) nestlings, a species with competitive brood hierarchy. By statistically controlling for the effect of food supplementation on the nestlings’ body condition, we disentangled the effects of food and ambient temperature on nestlings during development. Experimental food supplementation increased body condition, and both CORTf and H/L were reduced in nestlings of high body condition. Additionally, CORTf decreased with age in non-supplemented nestlings. H/L decreased with age in all nestlings and was lower in supplemented last-hatched nestlings compared to non-supplemented ones. Ambient temperature showed a negative effect on H/L. Our results indicate that food shortage increases the nestlings’ stress levels through both, a reduced food intake affecting nutritional state and the nestlings’ social environment. Thus, food availability in conjunction with ambient temperature shape between- and within nest differences in stress load, which may have carry-over effects on behaviour and performance in further life-history stages.</p>
Data and Code for "Extracting reproductive parameters from GPS tracking data for a nesting raptor in Europe"
<p>Understanding population dynamics requires estimation of demographic parameters. We build on existing approaches to develop a new tool that uses GPS tracking data to estimate breeding propensity and breeding success, and show that this tool yielded accurate predictions for two red kite populations in Central Europe. The tool is available as an R package at <a href="https://github.com/Vogelwarte/NestTool">https://github.com/Vogelwarte/NestTool</a> and will facilitate the estimation of demographic parameters from tracking data to inform population assessments. The files in this repository contain the data and analytical code to replicate the results of the publication in the Journal of Avian Biology (DOI: 10.1111/jav.03246). The version contained in this repository does not include updates and improvements that occurred after the 29 August 2024.</p>
Data from: "Imprinted habitat selection varies across dispersal phases in a raptor species"
<p><span><span>Natal Habitat Preference Induction (NHPI) plays a significant role in shaping settlement decisions in dispersive animals. Despite its importance, limited research has explored how NHPI varies during natal dispersal phases and across different types of natal habitats. In this study, we examined NHPI in 77 GPS-tagged juvenile red kites <em>(Milvus milvus</em>) originating from different natal habitats along an elevational gradient in Switzerland. We applied individual-based step selection analysis to investigate habitat selection from independence to settlement. We found that during the prospecting phase, individuals predominantly selected habitats similar to their natal environments. However, this pattern changed in the settlement phase: individuals fledged from habitats at higher elevations or closer to urban areas mostly avoided similar habitats (negative NHPI), while those from areas with more farmlands or pastures (combined with forests) showed a preference for similar habitats (positive NHPI). Moreover, the magnitude and individual variation in NHPI differed depending on the natal habitat types from which individuals originated. These findings highlight that strength, direction, and individual variation in NHPI differ between natal habitat types and dispersal phases. Natal habitats therefore can have pervasive legacy effects on subsequent habitat selection, likely affecting population and range dynamics.</span></span></p>
Figure 1 in At the crossroads from Asia to Europe: spring migration of raptors and black storks in Dadia National Park (Greece)
Figure 1. Dadia National Park (GR) at the crossroads from Asia to Europe. Letters refer to locations mentioned in the text, A: Dardanelles (TR), B: Evros Delta (GR/TR), C: Dadia NP (GR). Arrows symbolize the main raptor migration routes in spring, 1: Bosphorus (TR), 2: Marmara Flyway (TR), 3: Dardanelles (TR), 4: Black Sea coast (TR/BG), 5: Hypothetical flyway connecting Bosphorus with Central Bulgaria, 6: Flyway connecting Bosphorus and the Evros Delta (TR), 7: Flyway from the Evros Delta northwards along the western fringe of the Evros river floodplain (GR).
Isotopic niche partitioning and individual specialization in an Arctic raptor guild
<p>Intra- and inter-specific resource partitioning within predator communities is a fundamental component of trophic ecology, and one proposed mechanism for how populations partition resources is through individual niche variation. The Niche Variation Hypothesis (NVH) predicts that inter-individual trait variation leads to functional trade-offs in foraging efficiency, resulting in populations composed of individual dietary specialists. The degree to which niche specialization persists within a population is plastic and responsive to fluctuating resource availability. We quantified niche overlap and tested the NVH within an Arctic raptor guild, focusing on three species that employ different foraging strategies: golden eagles (generalists); gyrfalcons (facultative specialists); and rough-legged hawks (specialists). Tundra ecosystems exhibit cyclic populations of arvicoline rodents (lemmings and voles), providing a unique system in which to examine predator diet in response to interannual fluctuations in resource availability. Using blood δ13C and δ15N values from 189 raptor nestlings on Alaska's Seward Peninsula (2014–2019), we calculated isotopic niche width and used Bayesian stable isotope mixing models (BSIMMs) to characterize individual specialization and test the NVH. Nest-level specialization estimated from stable isotopes was strongly correlated with indices of specialization based on camera trap data. We observed a high degree of isotopic niche overlap between the three species and gyrfalcons displayed a positive relationship between individual specialization and population niche width on an interannual basis consistent with the NVH. Our findings suggest plasticity in niche specialization may reduce intra- and inter-specific resource competition under dynamic ecological conditions.</p>
Figure 3. Haemoproteus multivacuolatus n in Novel phylogenetic clade of avian Haemoproteus parasites (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from Accipitridae raptors, with description of a new Haemoproteus species
Figure 3. Haemoproteus multivacuolatus n. sp. (lineage hBUBT1) from the blood of the Common buzzard Buteo buteo: a–d – young gametocytes, e–h – macrogametocytes, i–p – microgametocytes. Long simple arrows – nuclei of parasites. Short simple arrows – vacuoles. Simple arrowhead – pigment granules. Triangle arrowheads – volutin granules. Note that due to marked vacuolisation, the cytoplasm of macrogametocytes stains relatively pale and looks similar to microgametocytes based on the intensity of staining. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm. All images were from the hapantotype preparation.
Figure 2 in Novel phylogenetic clade of avian Haemoproteus parasites (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from Accipitridae raptors, with description of a new Haemoproteus species
Figure 2. Haemoproteus nisi (lineage hCIAE08) from the blood of Western marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus: a – young gametocytes, b–h – macrogametocytes, i–l – microgametocytes. Long simple arrows – nuclei of parasites. Short simple arrows – vacuoles. Simple arrowhead – pigment granules. Triangle arrowheads – clamps of volutin. Simple wide long arrows – spaces between gametocytes and erythrocyte nuclei. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm.
Figure 1 in Novel phylogenetic clade of avian Haemoproteus parasites (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from Accipitridae raptors, with description of a new Haemoproteus species
Figure 1. Haemoproteus nisi (lineage hACCNIS08) from the blood of Eurasian sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus: a–d – macrogametocytes, e–h – microgametocytes. Long simple arrows – nuclei of parasites. Short simple arrows – vacuoles. Simple arrowhead – pigment granules. Triangle arrowheads – volutin granules. Simple wide long arrows – spaces between gametocytes and erythrocyte nuclei. Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Scale bar = 10 µm.
Figure 5. Bayesian Inference tree calculated with complete cox1 in Novel phylogenetic clade of avian Haemoproteus parasites (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from Accipitridae raptors, with description of a new Haemoproteus species
Figure 5. Bayesian Inference tree calculated with complete cox1 (1428 bp), cox3 (753 bp), and cytb (1127 bp) sequences of haemosporidian parasites and Klossiella equi (MH203050) and Klossia razorbacki (MT084562) as the outgroup. Bayesian posterior probabilities and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values are indicated at most nodes. The scale bar indicates the expected number of substitutions per site according to the model of sequence evolution applied.
Figure 4 in Novel phylogenetic clade of avian Haemoproteus parasites (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) from Accipitridae raptors, with description of a new Haemoproteus species
Figure 4. Median-Joining DNA haplotype network showing the host and geographic distribution of six Haemoproteus nisi group lineages (478 bp cytb sequences) found in accipitriform raptors from Austria and France.
Fig. 1. A in Effect of host decoys on the ability of the parasitoids Muscidifurax raptor and Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to parasitize house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) puparia
Fig. 1. A set of 1,000 live house fly puparia and an equal volume (33 cm3) of the acrylic beads used in the assays to illustrate the general appearance of the bead decoys.
Fig. 1 in Caryospora neofalconis and other enteroparasites in raptors from Mexico
Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of Caryospora neofalconis showing one spherical to subspherical unsporulated oocyst (A). Wall bilayered oocysts (B and C) and oocyst residuum present as a spheric diffuse mass (D). Scale bar = 10 Mm.
Fig. 2 in Caryospora neofalconis and other enteroparasites in raptors from Mexico
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationship of Caryospora neofalconis, strain ESV-19, based on maximum likelihood analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences. The numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values obtained from 1000 resamplings. The scale bar represents sequence variation.
Fig. 6 in Captive individuals of endangered Philippine raptors maintain native feather mites (Acariformes: Pterolichoidea) species
Fig. 6. Pseudalloptinus pithecophagae sp. n. details. A – opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–D – legs I–III of male, respectively, E – tibia and tarsus IV of male, G – tibia and tarsus IV of female, H – spermatheca and spermaducts.
Fig. 3 in Captive individuals of endangered Philippine raptors maintain native feather mites (Acariformes: Pterolichoidea) species
Fig. 3. Hieracolichus philippinensis sp. n. details. A – opisthosoma of male, dorsal view B–D – genua, tibiae and tarsi I–III of male, respectively, E – tibia and tarsus IV of male, G – tibia and tarsus IV of female, H – spermatheca and spermaducts.
Fig. 9 in Captive individuals of endangered Philippine raptors maintain native feather mites (Acariformes: Pterolichoidea) species
Fig. 9. Pseudogabucinia nisaeti sp. n. details. A – opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–D – genu, tibia and tarsus I–III of male, respectively, dorsal view, E – tibia and tarsus IV of male, F, G – tibia and tarsus III and IV of female, respectively, G – tibia and tarsus IV of female, H – spermatheca and spermaducts.
Fig. 10 in Captive individuals of endangered Philippine raptors maintain native feather mites (Acariformes: Pterolichoidea) species
Fig. 10. Phylogenetic tree of EF1 sequences from pterolichoid feather mites available in GenBank (black) with feather mites from Philippine raptors studied (red); tree topology was reconstructed in the RaxML program. Values of the statistical support (are given above the branches if they exceed 65%) were computed by following methods: Mr. Bayes/ML (by RaxML) and NJ (by Mega6). ABGD and GMYC marks represent significant nodes (p <0.05). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in The prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp. in nestlings of three wild raptor species including implications on haematological and blood chemistry values
Fig. 1. Prevalence of Leucozytozoon spp. infection in nestlings of common buzzards (Buteo buteo), red kites (Milvus milvus) and northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis). Asterisks refer to P-values ≤0.05, determined by GLMM. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.