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Figure 5 in The rarity of gastroliths in sauropod dinosaurs - a case study in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, western USA

Figure 5. Cedarosaurus site field sketch, in which the gastrolith cluster is clearly visible. Three isolated gastroliths were dispersed throughout the skeleton. Redrawn and modified from Sanders et al. (2001).

Figure 7 in The rarity of gastroliths in sauropod dinosaurs - a case study in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, western USA

Figure 7. Plan-view map of the SI Quarry showing a scavenged juvenile Camarasaurus with vertebrate tracks, abundant theropod teeth, and gastroliths. Redrawn and modified from Jennings and Hasiotis (2006).

Figure 4. Carbonized material with a in The rarity of gastroliths in sauropod dinosaurs - a case study in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, western USA

Figure 4. Carbonized material with a single gastrolith from Howe Quarry. The presence of plant matter surrounding the clast is interpreted as evidence of former stomach contents. This is specimen number D18-15 in the Sauriermuseum Aathal.

Figure 3 in The rarity of gastroliths in sauropod dinosaurs - a case study in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, western USA

Figure 3. Section of R. T. Bird's Howe Quarry map showing the Barosaurus bones (yellow; A – pubis; B – abdominal rib?) as well as the gastroliths seen in the photograph in Fig. 2. The bones of the Barosaurus individual were partially articulated. Redrawn and modified from Rice and Bierwert (1935) and Michelis (2003).

Figure 6 in The rarity of gastroliths in sauropod dinosaurs - a case study in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, western USA

Figure 6. Distribution of bones and stones at the Diplodocus "Seismosaurus" longus locality (a) and cross section of the quarry (b). Note that bone-bearing blocks occurred below the first pebble lag and that there are two concentrations of gastroliths. A defined cluster was found in the pelvic area, whereas the majority of the stones were dispersed in the area north of the bone material. Redrawn and modified from Lucas (2000), and including information from Gillette (1994) (in a) and Schwartz and Manley (1992) (in b).

Figure 1 in The rarity of gastroliths in sauropod dinosaurs - a case study in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, western USA

Figure 1. Studied dinosaur localities in the western USA. The surrounding line represents the extension of the Morrison Formation. Abbreviations: BCQ – Bone Cabin Quarry; CLDQ – Cleveland- Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry; DMDQ – Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry; DNM (CQ) – Dinosaur National Monument (Carnegie Quarry); Howe Q and HSQ – Howe Quarry and Howe Stephens Quarry; SIQ – "Something Interesting Quarry" (Camarasaurus). The red bones represent sites where gastroliths have been found in association with bones. Redrawn and modified from Dodson et al. (1980b).

Figure 2 in The rarity of gastroliths in sauropod dinosaurs - a case study in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, western USA

Figure 2. Photograph of gastroliths found at Howe Quarry. Next to a Barosaurus pubis (a) and an elongated bone (b), probably an abdominal rib, the cluster of 64 stones is visible. Modified from Bird (1985).

Fig. 2–11 in Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Kaliningrad Region (Russia): The Commented Actual Checklist, Assessment Of Rarity And Notes To Regional Protection

Fig. 2–11. Sampling and observation locations in the Kaliningrad Region: 2 –Ceruchus chrysomelinus (red points), Sinodendron cylindricum (blue points), and Lucanus cervus (green point); 3 – Dorcus parallelepipedus (green points), Platycerus caprea (red points), and P. caraboides (yellow points); 4 – Trox sabulosus (green points), and Trox scaber (red points); 5 – Geotrupes spiniger (green points), Geotrupes stercorarius (blue points), and Trypocopris vernalis (red points); 6 – Aphodius brevis (yellow point), A. borealis (green point), A. coenosus (red point), and A. fasciatus (blue points); 7 – Aphodius conspurcatus (red points), A. melanostictus (green points), Aegialia sabuleti (blue point), and Copris lunaris (yellow point); 8 – Aphodius varians (blue points), A. porcus (yellow points); A. distinctus (red points), and A. subterraneus (green points); 9 – Rhyssemus puncticollis (blue points), Psammodius asper (green points), and Oxyomus sylvestris (red points); 10 – Onthophagus coenobita (blue point), O. taurus (red points), O. gibbulus (yellow point), and O. nuchicornis (green points); 11 – Maladera holosericea (green points), and Omaloplia nigromarginata (red points).

Fig. 46–51 in Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Kaliningrad Region (Russia): The Commented Actual Checklist, Assessment Of Rarity And Notes To Regional Protection

Fig. 46–51. The images of the living regional Scarabaeoidea specimens in nature: 46 – A. dubia, habitually coloured form (05 July 2011); 47 – Phyllopertha horticola (11 June 2018); 48 – Hoplia graminicola (11 June 2018); 49 – Protaetia marmorata (28 May 2010); 50 – P. metallica (07 July 2011); 51 – Cetonia aurata (20 June 2010).

Fig. 28–33 in Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Kaliningrad Region (Russia): The Commented Actual Checklist, Assessment Of Rarity And Notes To Regional Protection

Fig. 28–33. The images of the living regional Scarabaeoidea specimens in nature: 28 – Aphodius rufipes (11 September 2018); 29 – A. prodromus (01 Oktober 2018); 30 – A. porcus (10 September 2018); 31 – A. sordidus (17 September 2018); 32 – A. foetens (10 September 2018); 33 – A. conspurcatus (15 Oktober 2018).

Fig. 52–57 in Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Kaliningrad Region (Russia): The Commented Actual Checklist, Assessment Of Rarity And Notes To Regional Protection

Fig. 52–57. The images of the living regional Scarabaeoidea specimens in nature: 52 – Oxythyrea funesta (15 June 2010); 53 – Gnorimus nobilis (08 July 2011); 54 – Osmoderma barnabita, male (09 July 2018); 55 and 56 – Trichius fasciatus, colour variations (14 July 2010); 57 – Valgus hemipterus, female (11 May 2018).

Fig. 12–15 in Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Kaliningrad Region (Russia): The Commented Actual Checklist, Assessment Of Rarity And Notes To Regional Protection

Fig. 12–15. Sampling and observation locations in the Kaliningrad Region: 12 – Melolontha hippocastani (green point), and Polyphylla fullo (red points); 13 – Oxythyrea funesta (green points), and Hoplia parvula (red points); 14 – Protaetia marmorata (green points); 15 – Gnorimus nobilis (blue points), and Osmoderma barnabita (green points).

Fig. 40–45 in Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Kaliningrad Region (Russia): The Commented Actual Checklist, Assessment Of Rarity And Notes To Regional Protection

Fig. 40–45. The images of the living regional Scarabaeoidea specimens in nature: 40 – Melolontha melolontha (24 May 2010); 41 – Maladera holosericea (11 May 2016); 42 – Omaloplia nigromarginata (05 July 2010); 43 – Polyphylla fullo, male, light colour form (25 June 2018); 44 – P. fullo, female, dark colour form (07 July 2018); 45 – Anomala dubia, variation with metallic coloured elytra (02 July 2014).

Fig. 1 in Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Kaliningrad Region (Russia): The Commented Actual Checklist, Assessment Of Rarity And Notes To Regional Protection

Fig. 1. Schematic map of the administrative division of the Kaliningrad Region into districts: Bagr. – Bagrationovsky, Chern. – Cherniakhovsky, Gur. – Gur'evsky, Gus. – Gusevsky, Gvard. – Gvardeysky, Krasn. – Krasnoznamensky, Nem. – Nemansky, Nest. – Nesterovsky, Oz. – Ozersky, Pol. – Polessky, Pravd. – Pravdinsky, Slav. – Slavsky, Zel. – Zelenogradsky.

Fig. 34–39. 34 – A in Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Kaliningrad Region (Russia): The Commented Actual Checklist, Assessment Of Rarity And Notes To Regional Protection

Fig. 34–39. 34 – A. haemorrhoidalis (11 September 2018); 35 – A. sticticus (10 September 2018); 36 – Rhyssemus puncticollis (29 May 2017); 37 – Onthophagus gibbulus, male, forma major (11 September 2018); 38 – O. nuchicornis, male (18 June 2018); 39 – Serica brunnea (04 July 2018).

Fig. 22–27 in Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Kaliningrad Region (Russia): The Commented Actual Checklist, Assessment Of Rarity And Notes To Regional Protection

Fig. 22–27. The images of the living regional Scarabaeoidea specimens in nature: 22 – Anoplotrupes stercorosus (15 May 2013); 23 – Trypocopris vernalis (19 July 2015); 24 – Aegialia arenaria (07 May 2018); 25 – Oxyomus sylvestris (10 April 2018); 26 – Aphodius fimetarius 16 Oktober 2018); 27 – A. distinctus (25 September 2018).

Fig. 16–21 in Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) Of The Kaliningrad Region (Russia): The Commented Actual Checklist, Assessment Of Rarity And Notes To Regional Protection

Fig. 16–21. The images of the living regional Scarabaeoidea specimens in nature: 16 – Platycerus caprea (30 April 2018); 17 – P. caraboides (16 May 2010); 18 – Sinodendron cylindricum, male (23 July 2012); 19 – Sinodendron cylindricum, female (31 May 2010); 20 – Dorcus parallelepipedus, male (16 July 2015); 21 – Geotrupes spiniger (11 September 2018).

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

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Eco-evolutionary causes and consequences of rarity in plants: a meta-analysis

Species differ dramatically in their prevalence in the natural world, with many species characterized as rare due to restricted geographic distribution, low local abundance, and/or habitat specialization. We investigated eco-evolutionary causes and consequences of rarity with phylogenetically-controlled meta-analyses of population genetic diversity, fitness, and functional traits in rare and common congeneric plant species. Our syntheses included 252 rare species and 267 common congeners reported in 153 peer-reviewed articles published from 1978-2020 and one manuscript in press. Rare species have reduced population genetic diversity, depressed fitness, and smaller reproductive structures than common congeners. Rare species also could suffer from inbreeding depression and reduced fertilization efficiency. By limiting their capacity to adapt and migrate, these characteristics could influence contemporary patterns of rarity and increase the susceptibility of rare species to rapid environmental change. We recommend that future studies present more nuanced data on the extent of rarity in focal species, expose rare and common species to ecologically-relevant treatments, including reciprocal transplants, and conduct quantitative genetic and population genomic analyses across a greater array of systems. This research could elucidate the processes that contribute to rarity and generate robust predictions of extinction risks under global change.

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Data and code from: Functional rarity of plants in German hay meadows - patterns on the species level and mismatches with community species richness

Functional rarity (FR) - a feature combining a species' rarity with the distinctiveness of its traits - represents a promising tool to better understand the ecological importance of rare species and consequently to protect functional diversity more efficiently. Yet, we lack a systematic understanding of FR on both the species level (which species are functionally rare and why) and the community level (how is FR associated with biodiversity and environmental conditions). Here, we quantify FR for 218 plant species from German hay meadows on a local, regional, and national scale by combining data from 6500 vegetation relevés and 15 ecologically relevant traits. We investigate the association between rarity and trait distinctiveness on different spatial scales via correlation measures and show which traits lead to low or high trait distinctiveness via distance-based redundancy analysis. We test how species richness and FR are correlated and use boosted regression trees to determine environmental conditions driving species richness and FR. On the local scale, only rare species showed high trait distinctiveness while on larger spatial scales rare and common species showed high trait distinctiveness. As infrequent trait attributes (e.g., legumes, low clonality) led to higher trait distinctiveness, we argue that functionally rare species are either specialists or transients. While specialists occupy a particular niche in hay meadows leading to lower rarity on larger spatial scales, transients display distinct but maladaptive traits resulting in high rarity across all spatial scales. More functionally rare species than expected by chance occurred in species-poor communities indicating that they prefer environmental conditions differing from characteristic conditions of species-rich hay meadows. Finally, we argue that functionally rare species are not necessarily relevant for nature conservation, since many were transients from surrounding habitats. Yet, FR can facilitate our understanding of why species are rare in a habitat and under which conditions these species occur.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →