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23 results for “ray tracing”
Processing of 3-D Polygon Mesh Model and Radio Propagation Simulations in a Cave: Surface Reconstruction from Point Cloud, Simplification of the Mesh, and Ray Tracing
<p><strong>ABOUT</strong></p><p>This repository includes mesh data from cave geometry scanning and processing, and radio propagation data from ray tracing simulations.</p><p>The geometry data is obtained with laser scanning in a cave in Slovenija. </p><p>The geometry processing includes (i) 3-D shape reconstruction - surface reconstruction from point cloud data and (ii) simplification - reduction of the geometric complexity of the 3-D mesh model. </p><p>The radio propagation data is obtained using CloudRT [1] ray-tracing simulator. </p><p>The obtained propagation-related quantities include information about the propagation mechanism, interactions with the geometry, received power, delay, azimuth and elevation angles of arrival and departure, and path loss. </p><p> </p><p><strong>AUTHORS</strong></p><p>Teodora Kocevska, Andrej Hrovat, Tomaž Javornik</p><p>Department of Communication Systems</p><p>Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</p><p>teodora.kocevska@ijs.si</p><p> </p><p><strong>GEOMETRY PROCESSING</strong></p><p>The cave segment used for the propagation calculations is selected from a point cloud obtained in a cave in Litia, Slovenia. The point cloud is obtained with 3-D laser scanning of the environment. The selected segment is approx. 58 m long. Several parameter configurations were considered for 3-D shape reconstruction, including Poisson surface reconstruction with octree depths of 8, 10, and 12. Geometries that represent the cave shape and have different levels of complexity were created and studied. In the simplification process, one and two-stage simplification was explored using the Quadric Edge Collapse Decimation approach. </p><p> </p><p><strong>RADIO SETUP</strong></p><p>The transmitter (Tx) is fixed at the entrance of the cave and the receiver (Rx) is moved along the cave in 40 positions with a step of 1 m.</p><p>Omnidirectional antennas at the Tx and Rx sites and vertical polarization are considered. The antenna is mounted 1.5 m above the ground.</p><p>The start frequency is 3.5 GHz, the end frequency is 3.6 GHz and the step is 10 MHz. Direct propagation and first-order reflection are considered. </p><p>The cave geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, and the material of the cave is wet earth. The material electromagnetic properties are selected according to the specifications presented in [2].</p><p> </p><p><strong>FOLDER STRUCTURE</strong></p><p>The folder structure is:</p><p> - Polygon_Mesh_Models</p><p> <i># 3-D environment models with varying </i>levels<i> of geometry complexity</i></p><p> - Reconstruction_Segmen1_Poisson_Surface_Reconstruction</p><p> - Simplification_Segment1_Quadric_Edge_Collapse_Decimation</p><p> - Propagation_Data</p><p> <i># Propagation quantities of all rays between a transmitter and receiver</i></p><p> - AllRay_PropData</p><p> - PathLoss</p><p> - readme.txt</p><p> - RayTracing_EnvironmentModel</p><p> <i> # Final environment model used for ray tracing simulations</i></p><p> - Cave_MeshModel.json</p><p> - Cave_MeshModel.skb</p><p> - Cave_MeshModel.skp</p><p> - RayTracing_MaterialProperties</p><p> <i># Properties of the materials in the environment</i></p><p> - materials.json</p><p> - materials.mtl</p><p> - readme.txt</p><p> - Cave_Length.txt</p><p> <i># Length between selected locations in the environment</i></p><p> - Cave_Segment1_visual.png</p><p> <i> # Visualization of the environment segment used for propagation calculation</i></p><p> - readme.txt</p><p> <i># Overall description </i></p><p><strong>REFERENCES</strong></p><p>[1] D. He, B. Ai, K. Guan, L. Wang, Z. Zhong, and T. Kürner, "The Design and Applications of High-Performance Ray-Tracing Simulation Platform for 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: A Tutorial," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 10-27, First quarter 2019, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2865724.</p><p>[2] R. sector of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R), "Effects of building materials and structures on radio wave propagation above about 100 MHz," International Telecommunication Union, ITU-R Recommendation P.2040-2, 2021.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</strong></p><p>This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency under grant <strong>J2-3048</strong>.</p><p> </p>
Reproduction package for: 'Exploring Waveform Variations among Neutron Star Ray-tracing Codes for Complex Emission Geometries'
<p>Data files, python scripts and notebooks to reproduce the code output comparisons performed in "Exploring Waveform Variations among Neutron Star Ray-tracing Codes for Complex Emission Geometries" by Choudhury et al. (2024; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7255" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>ApJ</em> <strong>975</strong> 202</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2406.07285" target="_blank" rel="noopener">arXiv.2406.07285</a>).</p> <p>Please refer to the README for detailed information.</p> <p>N.B. The neutral hydrogen column density (${\rm N}_{\rm H}$) value is mentioned in the paper to be $0.2 \times 10^{20} {\rm cm}^{-2}$, whereas all the analyses in the paper, as reflected in this Zenodo package, actually uses ${\rm N}_{\rm H} = 2 \times 10^{20} {\rm cm}^{-2}$.</p>
Ray Tracing-Based Delay Model for Compensating Gravitational Deformations of VLBI Radio Telescopes (Data Set)
<p>The precision and the reliability of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) depend on several factors. Apart from fabrication discrepancies or meteorological effects, gravity-induced deformations of the receiving unit of VLBI radio telescopes are identified as a crucial error source biasing VLBI products and obtained results such as the scale of a realized global geodetic reference frame. Gravity-induced deformations are systematical errors and yield signal path variations (SPVs). In 1988, Clark and Thomsen derived a VLBI delay model, which was adopted by the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) to reduce these systematic errors. However, the model parametrizes the SPV by a linear substitute function and considers only deformations acting rotationally symmetrically. The aim of this investigation is to derive the signal path variations of a legacy radio telescope and a modern broadband VGOS-specified radio telescope and to study the effect of nonrotationally symmetric deformation patterns. For that purpose, SPVs are obtained from a nonlinear spatial ray tracing approach. For the first time, a tilt and a displacement of the subreflector perpendicular to the optical axis of the feed unit is taken into account. The results prove the commonly used VLBI delay model as a suitable first-order delay model to reduce gravity-induced deformations.</p>
BLE Ray-Tracing Simulation Dataset
<p>BLE ray-tracing propagation data generated via Altair Feko WinProp software in a simulation environment of dimensions 14m x 7m. Four horizontal facing APs are placed in the corners of the room at 2.5m height and at 45 degrees azimuth rotation pointing towards the center of the room. The elevation angle of all APs is 45 degrees pointing downwards. Three transmitting frequencies are simulated i.e., 2402, 2426 and 2480 MHz, corresponding to the three advertising BLE channels (numbered 37, 38 and 39, respectively) and two antenna polarizations (omni-directional), i.e., horizontal and vertical. The tag is positioned at a fixed height of 1.5 m (z-dimension) and 2450 signal samples are collected per room configuration, evenly distributed across the room. Data was collected for 9 different room configurations with varying furniture, furniture material and anchor points positions and orientation as shown below. <br> </p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Room Setup</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>testbench_01</td> <td>No line-of-sight blocking furniture</td> </tr> <tr> <td>testbench_01_furniture_low</td> <td>One line-of-sight blocking furniture</td> </tr> <tr> <td>testbench_01_furniture_mid</td> <td>Three line-of-sight blocking furniture</td> </tr> <tr> <td>testbench_01_furniture_high</td> <td>Six line-of-sight blocking furniture</td> </tr> <tr> <td>testbench_01_furniture_low_concrete</td> <td>Same as low but with concrete furniture</td> </tr> <tr> <td>testbench_01_furniture_mid_concrete</td> <td>Same as mid but with concrete furniture</td> </tr> <tr> <td>testbench_01_furniture_high_concrete</td> <td>Same as high but with concrete furniture</td> </tr> <tr> <td>testbench_01_rotated_anchors</td> <td>Same as testbench_01 but the anchors have been rotated clockwise by 5 degrees</td> </tr> <tr> <td>testbench_01_translated_anchors</td> <td>Same as testbench_01 but the anchors have been translated by 10cm</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><br> For each room setup, data is split into 12 json files - 6 for the tag signal data collected from the 4 anchor points and 6 for the properties of each anchor point. The 6 different files correspond to the different channel-polarization combinations as indicated by their names. </p> <p>Each entry of the anchor json files contains the following information:</p> <ul> <li>anchor: anchor's index</li> <li>x_anchor, y_anchor, z_anchor: anchor point's coordinates</li> <li>az_anchor: anchor's horizontal rotation</li> <li>el_anchor: anchor's vertical rotation</li> <li>reference_power: received signal strength (RSS) reference value in dB</li> </ul> <p>Each entry of the tag json files contains the following information:</p> <ul> <li>anchor: anchor's index</li> <li>point: point's index</li> <li>x_tag, y_tag, z_tag: tag point's coordinates</li> <li>los: point is in line of sight of anchor {0=false,1=true}</li> <li>relative power: RSS value in dB</li> <li>pdda_input_real: in-phase components of the anchor's antennas' measurements</li> <li>pdda_input_image: quadrature-phase components of the anchor's antennas' measurements</li> <li>pdda_phi: pdda prediction for azimuth angle</li> <li>pdda_theta: pdda prediction for elevation angle</li> <li>pdda_out_az: pdda's spatial power spectrum for azimuth angle</li> <li>pdda_out_el: pdda's spatial power spectrum for elevation angle</li> <li>true_phi: actual azimuth angle</li> <li>true_theta: actual azimuth angle</li> </ul>
Monte Carlo ray tracing code and simulations for photons scattered by an optically thin slab
<p>This directory contains code and data used to simulate photon path length distributions in an optically thin slab.<br> This material was used to prepare the manuscript "Photon Path Distributions in Optically Thin Slabs" by Quentin Libois and Anthony B. Davis, submitted to Optics Express</p>
Perceived image quality of real time ray tracing in video games survey image archive
<p>These screenshots were used in my Bachelor’s Thesis Perceived image quality of real time ray tracing in video games survey. Images have been labeled with RT ON or RT OFF depending on whether the screenshot contains ray traced graphics or not. Original survey did not have these labels.<br> <br> Images 1-5 are from Control, Images 6-10 are from Shadow of the Tomb Raider, Images 11-15 are from Cyberpunk 2077 and Images 16-20 are from Metro Exodus and Metro Exodus Enhanced Edition.</p>
AALTO - Power Angular Measurements and Ray Tracing Simulations at Sub-THz Frequencies in Corridor - DATA
<p>The data set includes simulation results from radio propagation modelling of TERAWAY links (at 90, 95 and 100 GHz) in realistic university corridor environment. The modelling is performed using a Ray Tracing Tool developed in MATLAB environment at Aalto University. Ray tracing technique used in this tool is based on Image Theory (IT) algorithm. Unlike a quasi three-dimensional environment, it supports ray tracing in full three dimension.</p> <p>This data set contains propagation modelling results of the TERAWAY link. Output data includes (but is not limited to): Multipath component IDs, Path Distance (meter), Angle of Arrival AoA (degree), Angle of Departure AoD (degree), Direction of Arrival DoA (degree), Direction of Departure DoD (degree), E-Field (Volt/meter), H-Field (Ampere/meter), Phase (Radians), Power (Watts), Number of reflections a path experienced, Number of diffractions a path experienced, information that is it ground reflected path or not, Receiver location (x and y coordinates), information that is it rooftop path or not.</p>
AALTO - Channel Characterization at Sub-THz Band with Measurements and Ray Tracing in Indoor Case - DATA
<p>The data set includes simulation results from radio propagation modelling of TERAWAY links (at 90, 95 and 100 GHz) in realistic university corridor environment. The modelling is performed using a Ray Tracing Tool developed in MATLAB environment at Aalto University. Ray tracing technique used in this tool is based on Image Theory (IT) algorithm. Unlike a quasi three-dimensional environment, it supports ray tracing in full three dimension.</p> <p>This data set contains propagation modelling results of the TERAWAY link. Output data includes (but is not limited to): Multipath component IDs, Path Distance (meter), Angle of Arrival AoA (degree), Angle of Departure AoD (degree), Direction of Arrival DoA (degree), Direction of Departure DoD (degree), E-Field (Volt/meter), H-Field (Ampere/meter), Phase (Radians), Power (Watts), Number of reflections a path experienced, Number of diffractions a path experienced, information that is it ground reflected path or not, Receiver location (x and y coordinates), information that is it rooftop path or not.</p>
Ray-tracing data for "Propagation of very oblique chorus waves near a plasmaspheric plume boundary"
<p>The dataset consists of ray-tracing results, background density models, and the figure codes for the manuscript "Propagation of very oblique chorus waves near a plasmaspheric plume boundary". The dataset and codes are in Matlab.</p>
data and code for Machine Learning-based Denoising of Surface Solar Irradiance simulated with Monte Carlo Ray Tracing
<p>Data and radiative transfer code used for the manuscript "Machine Learning-based Denoising of Surface Solar Irradiance simulated with Monte Carlo Ray Tracing". See Readme for details</p>
Dataset for "Ray Tracing of Whistler Mode Waves in Jupiter's Magnetosphere"
<p>Dataset for "Ray Tracing of Whistler Mode Waves in Jupiter's Magnetosphere". Containing all the ray tracing results that are used in this paper. </p>
Swift-BAT Response Files for NITRATES: Forward Ray Tracings at IMX > 0
<p>These tarred files contain the forward ray tracings onto the BAT detector plane for source positions at IMX ranging from 0.0 to 1.8 and IMY ranging from -1 to 1 with a grid spacing of 0.002. The files are in a npy format and are designed for use in the NITRATES analysis. </p>
Swift-BAT Response Files for NITRATES: Forward Ray Tracings at IMX < 0
<p>These tarred files contain the forward ray tracings onto the BAT detector plane for source positions at IMX ranging from -1.8 to 0.0 and IMY ranging from -1 to 1 with a grid spacing of 0.002. The files are in a npy format and are designed for use in the NITRATES analysis. </p>
Experimental variation in the spatial deposition of trace metals in feathers revealed using synchrotron x-ray fluorescence
<p>Feathers can be used to investigate exposure to pollution in birds because they are a secondary route for the excretion of trace elements. Evidence based on analytical imaging and spectroscopy suggests that the spatial distribution of the essential trace element zinc within feathers is related to melanin pigmentation. However, our understanding of how trace elements are deposited into growing feathers is poor and has been hampered by a lack of analytical tools to examine the localization of trace elements within a feather. Here, synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to map zinc directly within the barb and barbules of lesser scaup (<em>Aythya affinis</em>) feathers grown after experimental increases in dietary zinc. The results showed distinct spatial variation in zinc within barbs and barbules, with higher levels observed in the latter. Furthermore, increases in dietary zinc were found to increase the relative levels of zinc throughout the barbules from the base to the tip of the feather. Finally, analysis of feather cross sections revealed that regions of the feather barb and barbules with higher melanosome density also contained higher levels of zinc. These results provide a more detailed understanding of zinc and melanosome arrangement within the feather barb and barbules. Moreover, these results provide further support for the use of feathers as a noninvasive tool to study exposure to trace elements and highlight the utility of X-ray spectroscopy in studies investigating impacts of a rapidly changing environment on<br> wild bird health. </p>
Ray tracing data for minimum-B pocket generated chorus waves
<p>Ray tracing results for minimum-B pocket generated chorus waves. The magnetospheric condition are marked by the names of folders inside, and the ray initial condition (frequency and WNA) are marked in the data file names. The columns from left to right are: phase time, group time, distance to Earth center, polar angle, radial refractive index, polar refractive index, refractive index square, refractive index, damping rate, relative amplitude, cosine of WNA, cosine of resonance cone angle.</p>
AALTO - Analysis of Drone Propagation With Ray Tracing From Sub-6 GHz Upto TeraHertz Frequencies in a Real World Urban Environment - DATA
<p>The data set includes simulation results from radio propagation modelling of TERAWAY links (at W, D and THz bands) in realistic 3D propagation environments. The modelling is performed using a Ray Tracing Tool developed in MATLAB environment at Aalto University. Ray tracing technique used in this tool is based on Image Theory (IT) algorithm. Unlike a quasi three-dimensional environment, it supports ray tracing in full three dimension. </p> <p>This data set contains propagation modelling results of the TERAWAY link. Output data includes (but is not limited to): Multipath component IDs, Path Distance (meter), Angle of Arrival AoA (degree), Angle of Departure AoD (degree), Direction of Arrival DoA (degree), Direction of Departure DoD (degree), E-Field (Volt/meter), H-Field (Ampere/meter), Phase (Radians), Power (Watts), Number of reflections a path experienced, Number of diffractions a path experienced, information that is it ground reflected path or not, Receiver location (x and y coordinates), information that is it rooftop path or not.</p>
A Three-Phase Contralateral Comparison of Ray-Tracing Guided LASIK Versus Three Other Refractive Surgery Platforms to Correct Myopia or Myopia With Astigmatism
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07201298. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 15.
Sionna ray tracing vs. real-world measurements: Signal strength comparison in rural scenarios with foliage
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Experimental variation in the spatial deposition of trace metals in feathers revealed using synchrotron x-ray fluorescence
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Synchrotron-X-ray fluorescence analysis reveals diagenetic alteration of fossil melanosome trace metal chemistry
<p>A key feature of the pigment melanin is its high binding affinity for trace metal ions. In modern vertebrates trace metals associated with melanosomes, melanin-rich organelles, can show tissue- and taxon-specific distribution patterns. Such signals preserve in fossil melanosomes, informing on the anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of fossil vertebrates. Fossil and modern melanosomes, however, often differ in trace metal chemistry; in particular, melanosomes from fossil vertebrate eyes are depleted in Zn and enriched in Cu relative to their extant counterparts. Whether these chemical differences are biological, or taphonomic, in origin is unknown, limiting our ability to use melanosome trace metal chemistry to test palaeobiological hypotheses. Here, we use maturation experiments on eye melanosomes from extant vertebrates and synchrotron rapid scan-X-ray fluorescence analysis to show that thermal maturation can dramatically alter melanosome trace element chemistry. In particular, maturation of melanosomes in Cu-rich solutions results in significant depletion of Zn, likely due to low pH and competition effects with Cu. These results confirm fossil melanosome chemistry is susceptible to alteration due to variations in local chemical conditions during diagenesis and that maturation experiments can provide essential data on melanosome chemical taphonomy required for accurate interpretations of preserved chemical signatures in fossils.</p>
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