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FIGURE 7 in Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods

FIGURE 7. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, lateral view. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process; mt, medial tuber. Note that it was not possible to remove the humerus from its cradle at the time these photographs were taken, so obtaining images of the posterior and medial surfaces was not possible. Scale bar equals 200 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods

FIGURE 11. Phylogenetic relationships of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum and Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. A, topology based on EWP and EIW analyses of the Mannion et al. (2019a, b) matrix, with Wamweracaudia pruned a posteriori; B, topology based on EIW analysis of Moore et al. (2020) matrix. In both topologies, Hudiesaurus and Rhomaleopakhus are in bold font, the highlighted node represents 'Core Mamenchisaurus-like taxa' (CMTs), and eusauropods more derived than CMTs have been collapsed into a single lineage.

FIGURE 10 in Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods

FIGURE 10. Articulated right manus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, anterior view; B, anterolateral view; C, anteromedial view; D, proximal (dorsal) view; and E, distal (ventral) view. Abbreviations: 1–2, phalanx number; ca, carpal; I–V, digit/metacarpal number; McX, metacarpal (number); PhX.Y, phalanx (number). Scale bars equal 100 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods

FIGURE 6. Holotype right forelimb of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype) with individual elements in approximate anatomical position, shown in anterior view. Scale bar equals 200 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods

FIGURE 3. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, dorsal view; B, close up on anterior vertebral laminae supporting the diapophysis in right lateral view (not to scale). Abbreviations: ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; d.ACDL, dorsal branch of ACDL; l.ACDL, lateral branch of ACDL; dia, diapophysis;?epi, epipophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz.p, pits on dorsal surface of prezygapophysis; SDF.c, pneumatic coel within spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 100 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods

FIGURE 4. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). Close-up on the right lateral side of the neural spine in dorsolateral view to show pneumatic coels and accessory laminae within the spinodiapophyseal fossa (not to scale). Abbreviations: AHL, accessory horizontal lamina; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina.

FIGURE 2 in Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods

FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods

FIGURE 8. Right humerus of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A, proximal end view (damaged); B, distal end view. Abbreviations: l.adp, lateral anterodistal process; m.adp, medial anterodistal process. Scale bars equal 100 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods

FIGURE 9. Right ulna and radius of Rhomaleopakhus turpanensis, gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP V11121-1; holotype). A–F, right ulna in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), posteromedial (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–L, right radius in anterior (G), lateral (H), posterior (I), medial (J), proximal (K), and distal (L) views. Note that in E, F, K, and L that anterior is towards the top of the page. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of proximal ulna; amf, anteromedial fossa on distal ulna; amp, anteromedial process of proximal ulna; amr, anteromedial ridge on distal ulna; bev, beveled condyles of distal radius; con, concavity between olecranon and anteromedial processes on proximal ulna; dc, distal condyles; exp.p, posterior expansion of distal ulna; ole, olecranon process; plr, posterolateral ridge of distal radius; pmr, posteromedial ridge of proximal radius; post.pr., posterior process of proximal ulna; rad.f, radial fossa. Scale bars equal 200 mm (A–D, G–J) or 100 mm (E, F, K, L).

Fig. 9 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 9. Phylogenetic history of the subtribe Oiocerina at the species level (A) according to the results of the cladistic analysis (Fig. 6) and (B) assuming a morpho−chronological and regional continuum for Samotragus. Grey and white boxes indicate reliably known and questionable chrono−stratigraphic occurrences, respectively. Dashed lines indicate presumed ranges (vertical) or relationships (horizontal). Abbreviations: NKT, Nikiti−1; RZ1, Ravin de Zouaves 1.

Fig. 5. Oiocerin antelope Samotragus from Northern Greece. A, B, E in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 5. Oiocerin antelope Samotragus from Northern Greece. A, B, E. Samotragus praecursor Bouvrain and Bonis, 1985 from Ravin de la Pluie (RPl), Axios Valley, late Vallesian (Late Miocene). A. LGPUT RPl−105n, cranium in dorsal (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. LGPUT RPl−480, holotype cranium in lateral view. E. LGPUT RPl−37, left horncore in lateral view. C, D. Samotragus cf. praecursor Bouvrain and Bonis, 1985 from Ravin des Zouaves 1 (RZ1), Axios Valley, late Vallesian (Late Miocene). C. LGPUT RZ1−11, left horncore in anterior (C1) and lateral (C2) views. D. LGPUT RZ1−17 left horncore in anterior (D1) and lateral (D2) views.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 3. Oiocerin antelope Hispanodorcas cf. orientalis Bouvrain and Bonis, 1988 from Nikiti−1 (NKT), Chalkidiki Peninsula, Northern Greece, latest Vallesian. A. LGPUT NKT−231, lateral view of the right basal horncore. B. LGPUT NKT−227, left lateral (B1) and anterior (B2) views of the frontlet. C. LGPUT NKT−232, lateral view of the left distal horncore. The arrow indicates the distal end of the lateral depression and marks the distal "bilobation" of the lateral side of the horncore.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 8. Time range, geographic distribution, ecological features, and paleoenvironment of several members of the Oiocerina. Abbreviations: V, Vallesian; T, Turolian; R, Ruscinian; O, open, I, intermediate, and C, closed environment; grass for grazing, scrub for mixed, and tree for browsing diets; sheep for ramming (rm), kudu for wrestling/pushing (ps), eland for wrestling/fencing (fc), and dik−dik for stabbing (st) fighting style (some drawings adopted from Lundrigan 1996).

Fig. 7 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 7. Drawings of the horncores of several Oiocerina in right lateral view, showing the main shared characters. A.?Hispanodorcas pilgrimi from Toril−3, Spain. B. Hispanodorcas orientalis from Dytiko−3, Greece. C. Urmiatherium rugosifrons from Samos (Greece) and Turkey, adult (C1) and juvenile (C2) individual. D. Samotragus crassicornis from Samos, Greece. E. Oioceros rothii (combination of Pikermi, Greece and Maragheh, Iran specimens). F. Urmiatherium polaki from Maragheh, Iran. G. Samotragus cf. praecursor from Ravin des Zouaves 1 (G1) and Samotragus praecursor from Ravin de la Pluie, Greece (G2). H. Paraoioceros wegneri from Samos, Greece.

Fig. 6. Cladograms showing the evolutionary relationships within Oiocerina. A in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 6. Cladograms showing the evolutionary relationships within Oiocerina. A. Intrageneric relationships (rooted to Eotragus Pilgrim, 1939), based on available morphological and zoogeographic evidence (see text). B. 75% majority−rule consensus of the four most parsimonious trees (length: 172; CI: 0.46; RI: 0.65) showing the relationships of eight fossil genera of Oiocerina, Gazella Blainville, 1816, Ovibos Blainville, 1816, Hemitragus Smith, 1826, and Turcocerus Köhler, 1987, based on the character matrix of Appendix 1. Outgroup: Eotragus Pilgrim, 1939. Synapomorphies supporting nodes (marked with bold letters) are discussed in the text.

Fig. 2 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 2. Oiocerin antelope Hispanodorcas orientalis Bouvrain and Bonis, 1988, from the late Turolian locality of Dytiko−3 (DKO), Axios Valley, Northern Greece, in lateral (A) and anterior (B) views of the holotype cranium LGPUT DKO−4. The arrow in A indicates an enlarged version of the same view, where the white lines indicate the extent of the lateral depression; the arrows in B mark the trace of the anterior keel.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic re-assessment and phylogenetic relationships of Miocene homonymously spiral-horned antelopes

Fig. 1. Box−plots of the horncore basal compression index (i.e., TD*100/ ADP) for several species and genera of Oiocerina, showing the medial (horizontal line inside the boxes), the 25–75% quartiles (gray boxes) and the minimum and maximum range of values (short horizontal lines). NKT−1, Nikiti−1; RZ1, Ravin des Zouaves 1.

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Fig. 2 in Morphological and systematic re-assessment of the late Oligocene "Halitherium" bellunense reveals a new crown group genus of Sirenia

Fig. 2. Cranial and dental elements of the dugongine sirenian Italosiren bellunensis (De Zigno, 1875) comb. nov. from Cavarzano, Italy; upper Chattian, late Oligocene. A. Left premaxilla (MGPD-19Z) in lateral (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Parietal-supraoccipital skullcap (MGPD-18Z) in dorsal (B1) and posterior (B2) views. C. Outline drawing of left zygomatic process of squamosal (MGPD-22Z) and jugal (MGPD-7384Z) in lateral view; shaded area indicates missing part. D. Outline drawing of left zygomatic process of squamosal (MGPD-22Z) in dorsal view. E. Left maxillary fragment (MGPD-20/21Z) in occlusal view; dashed lines indicate the estimated outline of DP5, outlined area indicates portion of controversial interpretation and is considered here as representing remnants of the DP5 crown.

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Fig. 1 in Morphological and systematic re-assessment of the late Oligocene "Halitherium" bellunense reveals a new crown group genus of Sirenia

Fig. 1. Geographic location of Cavarzano, Valle delle Guglie, near Belluno, Italy (modified after Bosellini et al. 1981 and Dallanave et al. 2009). Asterisk indicates estimated type locality of Italosiren bellunensis.