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81 results for “red algae”
FIG. 1 in Microsatellite development in the freshwater red alga Batrachospermum gelatinosum (L.) De Candolle (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)
FIG. 1. — Images of Batrachospermum gelatinosum (L.) De Candolle: A, gametophytes fixed to a log at Cedar Bog in Ohio. Often this species has a brown to olive-green color; B, multiple gametophytes in a 55 cm diameter bowl;C, a single gametophyte mounted on herbarium paper. Photo credits: A, Stacy A. KruegerHadfield; B, C, Morgan L. Vis. Scale bars: A, 10 cm; B, 1.5 cm; C, 1 cm.
FIG. 1 in Virescentia asiatica sp. nov. (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta), a new freshwater red alga from East Asia
FIG. 1. — Sampling locations for the two Virescentia asiatica sp. nov. specimens collected in Taiwan and reported in this study. The two sampling sites are denoted by red dots.
FIG. 3 in Virescentia asiatica sp. nov. (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta), a new freshwater red alga from East Asia
FIG. 3. — Morphological features of Virescentia asiatica sp. nov.: A, in situ gross morphology with diminutive holdfast (arrow). Arrowheads indicate the curvature of the branch; B, habit of the thalli with diminutive holdfast (arrow). Arrowheads indicate the curvature of the branch; C, contiguous barrel-shaped whorls formed by primary fascicles at nodes on the branch; D, branch showing whorls with hemispherical carposporophyte (arrow) at nodes and abundant secondary fascicles covering the entire internode; E, spherical spermatangia (arrow) at the tips of the fascicle cells; F, young straight carpogonial branch (double arrowhead) with carpogonium and unstalked (arrowhead) trichogyne (arrow); G, straight mature carpogonial branch with carpogonium (double arrowhead), cylindrical and stalked (arrowhead) trichogyne (arrow); H, compact and dense involucral branch;I, compact involucral branch with carpogonium and clavate trichogyne (arrow); J, carpogonial branch with trichogyne (arrow) arising from the basal periaxial cells of primary fascicle; K, four hemispherical carposporophyte at nodes; L, obovoidal carposporangia (arrows) at the tips of the gonimoblast filaments; M, close-up view of obovoidal carposporangia (arrows) at the tips of the gonimoblast filaments (arrowheads). Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 1 mm; C, 200 μm; D, K, 300 μm; E, F, M, 40 μm; G-I, 20 μm; J, L, 80 μm.
FIG. 2 in Virescentia asiatica sp. nov. (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta), a new freshwater red alga from East Asia
FIG. 2. — Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of Virescentia (Sirodot) Necchi, D.C.Agostinho & M.L.Vis inferred from the concatenation of rbcL + COI-5P (left panel), and results of ABGD species delimitation analysis based on rbcL (left side of right panel) and COI-5P (right side of right panel). Sequences produced from this study are highlighted in bold. Nodal support presented as percentage bootstrap from ML and as posterior probabilities from Bayesian Inference (BI), respectively. Abbreviations: ABGD, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery; ND, not determined.
Fig. 3 in The identity of the carrageenophyte red alga Sarcothalia radula (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta)
Fig. 3. Epitype of Fucus radula: WELT No. A034575, Dusky Sound, Chalky Inlet, 14 Dec 2019, G. Keeler-May, CC-BY 4.0, Te Papa.
Fig. 2 in The identity of the carrageenophyte red alga Sarcothalia radula (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta)
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood topology of the rbcL gene from 'Gigartina' atropurpurea, Sarcothalia circumcincta and S. radula (as S. lanceata in GenBank) and representatives of the Gigartinaceae. All samples sequenced in this study are bold. Outgroups of Mastocarpus spp., were removed to facilitate presentation. Branch support values are given as non-parametric bootstrap, UFbootstrap and SH-aLRT. Values <85% bootstrap, <95% UFbootstrap and <80% SH-aLRT test are not shown. Asterisk represents 100% support.
Supplementary dataset for: Genome-wide signatures of adaptation to extreme environments in red algae
<p>The high temperature, acidity, and heavy-metal-rich environments associated with hot springs have a major impact on biological processes in resident cells. Understanding the origin and evolution of adaptations to these extreme environments has long intrigued scientists. One group of photosynthetic eukaryotes, the Cyanidiophyceae (Rhodophyta), has successfully thrived in hot springs and associated sites (e.g., endolithic) worldwide for >1 billion years. These poly-extremophilic red algae are models for studying a wide range of topics in cell evolution. Here, we analyze chromosome-level assemblies from three Cyanidiophyceae species, the Cyanidiales <em>Cyanidium caldarium</em> 063 E5 and <em>Cyanidiococcus yangmingshanensis </em>8.1.23 F7 and the Galdieriales <em>Galdieria sulphuraria </em>108.79 E11, to gain insights into environmental adaptation. We find that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a major role in this process, as has other mechanisms such as subtelomeric gene duplication (STGD) of functional genes and the elimination of canonical eukaryotic traits, including microRNA processing. These extremophilic adaptation strategies are shared by the two major orders, Cyanidiales and Galdieriales, but most of the specialized genes evolved independently in each lineage. Our findings provide significant and novel insights into Cyanidiophyceae adaptation to hot-spring environments and demonstrate how the genomic consequence of extremophilic adaptation varies among the taxa in different microhabitats. The latter result underlines the power of local selection to shape eukaryotic genomes that face vastly different stresses, although the cells may live in close proximity. </p>
Data from: Efficient carbon recycling between calcification and photosynthesis in red coralline algae
<p>Red coralline algae create abundant, spatially vast, reef ecosystems throughout our coastal oceans with significant ecosystem service provision, but our understanding of their basic physiology is lacking. In particular, the balance and linkages between carbon-producing and carbon-sequestering processes remain poorly constrained, with significant implications understanding their role in carbon sequestration and storage. Using a dual radioisotope tracing, we provide evidence for coupling between photosynthesis (which requires CO2) and calcification (which releases CO2) in the red coralline alga Boreolithothamnion soriferum (previously Lithothamnion soriferum) – a marine ecosystem engineer widely distributed across Atlantic mid-high latitudes. Of the sequestered HCO3-, 38±22% was deposited as carbonate skeleton whilst 39±14% was incorporated into organic matter via photosynthesis. Only 38±2% of the sequestered HCO3- was transformed into CO2, and almost 40% of that was internally recycled as photosynthetic substrate, reducing the net release of carbon to 23±3% of the total uptake. Calcification rate was strongly dependent on photosynthetic substrate production, supporting the presence of photosynthetically-enhanced calcification. The efficient carbon-recycling physiology reported here suggests that calcifying algae may not be as important in marine system CO2 release as is currently assumed, supporting a reassessment of their role in blue carbon accounting.</p>
A New Model and Dating for the Evolution of Complex Plastids of Red Alga Origin
<p>The zip files includes alignments of protein sequences in fasta format (SequenceAlignments.zip) and their concatenated sets used in our research project (ConcatenatedAlignments.zip). Additionally, we included raw (unaligned) protein sequences in fasta format (RawSequences.zip). In total, we employed 97 amino acid sequences of conserved plastid-encoded proteins, carefully selected from the NCBI reference sequence database (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/</a>), and GenBank (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/</a>), representing 112 organisms. Our dataset included 111 eukaryotes carrying red-alga derived plastids and the closest plastid cyanobacterial relative <i>Gloeomargarita lithophora</i> Alchichica D10. We performed independent alignments of each homologous protein group using a slow and accurate L-INS-i algorithm implemented in MAFFT v7.429 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010">https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</a>). The resulting multiple sequence alignments were carefully assessed using AliView (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531</a>), and phylogenetically informative sites were selected through trimAl <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348">https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348</a>and ClipKIT (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001007">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001007</a>). The trimmed alignments were concatenated into supermatrices using SequenceMatrix 1.8 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00329.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00329.x</a>)to generate comprehensive datasets for phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses. We also generated a supermatrix composed of untrimmed alignments.</p>
Fig. 1 in The identity of the carrageenophyte red alga Sarcothalia radula (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta)
Fig. 1. Lectotype of Fucus radula: Esper (1802: pl. CXIII).
Table 1 in The identity of the carrageenophyte red alga Sarcothalia radula (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta)
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Specimens sequenced in this study. Samples are ordered by species name and then by collection date. All vouchers are lodged at the herbarium of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (WELT). Sequences downloaded from GenBank are available in Appendix 1.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Species</th><th>Location</th><th>Coordinates</th><th>Date</th><th>Collector</th><th>Voucher no.</th><th>GenBank no.</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>‘ <i>Gigartina</i> ’ <i>atropurpurea</i></th><td>Island Bay, Wellington, North Island, NZ</td><td>41.3508°S, 174.7727°E</td><td>26 Nov 2000</td><td><i>G. Williams ASA414</i></td><td>A024821A-B</td><td>OP086042</td></tr><tr><td>Blackfellows Caves, South Australia, AU</td><td>37.9245°S, 140.4516°E</td><td>6 Apr 2002</td><td><i>L.E. Phillips ASZ097</i></td><td>A034567</td><td>OP086043</td></tr><tr><td>Henderson Point, Great Exhibition Bay, NZ</td><td>34.7341°S, 173.1111°E</td><td>27 Oct 2003</td><td><i>W.A. Nelson, T.J. Farr, J. Sutherland ASD237</i></td><td>A023789A-B</td><td>OP086044</td></tr><tr><td>Bicheno Wharf, Tasmania, AU</td><td>41.8737°S, 148.3109°E</td><td>2 Dec 2007</td><td><i>J. Buchanan ASZ311</i></td><td>A034594</td><td>OP086045</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sarcothalia circumcincta</i></th><td>Stewart Island/Ringaringa, NZ</td><td>46.9035°S, 168.1435°E</td><td>17 Oct 2001</td><td><i>W.A. Nelson, T.J. Farr, J. Sutherland ASB425</i></td><td>A026351</td><td>OP086046</td></tr><tr><td>Epigwait, Auckland Island, NZ</td><td>50.7905°S, 166.0565°E</td><td>13 Feb 2012</td><td><i>S. Wilcox ASM067</i></td><td>A034569</td><td>OP086047</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sarcothalia radula</i></th><td>Charleston, Constant Bay, NZ</td><td>41.9033°S, 171.4333°E</td><td>10 Mar 2000</td><td><i>W.A. Nelson, T.J. Farr, L. Russell ASA148</i></td><td>A024951</td><td>OP086048</td></tr><tr><td>Chancet Rocks, NZ</td><td>41.8447°S, 174.1858°E</td><td>18 Dec 2000</td><td><i>W.A. Nelson, T.J. Farr, G. Williams ASA453</i></td><td>A024825A-D</td><td>OP086049</td></tr><tr><td>The Neck, Stewart Island/ Ringaringa, NZ</td><td>46.951°S, 168.1755°E</td><td>19 Oct 2001</td><td><i>W.A. Nelson, T.J. Farr, J. Sutherland ASB501</i></td><td>A026296</td><td>OP086050</td></tr><tr><td>Musgrave Inlet, Auckland Island, NZ</td><td>50.6686°S, 166.1782°E</td><td>10 Feb 2004</td><td><i>F. Smith ASE311</i></td><td>A031680</td><td>OP086051, OP086052</td></tr><tr><td>Masked Island, Auckland Islands, NZ</td><td>50.8433°S, 166.0264°E</td><td>13 Feb 2004</td><td><i>F. Smith ASE316</i></td><td>A031679</td><td>OP086053</td></tr><tr><td>Beeman Point, Campbell Island, NZ</td><td>52.5506°S, 169.1523°E</td><td>13 Feb 2013</td><td><i>W.A. Nelson ASF042</i></td><td>A034573/A</td><td>OP086054</td></tr><tr><td>Chalky Inlet, Fiordland, NZ</td><td>45.9767°S, 166.5862°E</td><td>14 Dec 2019</td><td><i>G. Keeler-May AST503</i></td><td>A034575</td><td>OP086055</td></tr></tbody></table>
Sexual selection in seaweed? Testing Bateman's principles in the red alga Gracilaria gracilis
<p>In anisogamous species, sexual selection is expected to be stronger in males. Bateman's principles state that the variance in (i) reproductive and (ii) mating success is greater for males and (iii) the relationship between reproductive success and mating success (the Bateman gradient) is also stronger for males than for females. Sexual selection, based on Bateman's principles, has been demonstrated in animals and some angiosperms, but never in seaweed. Here we focus on the oogamous haploid-diploid rhodophyte <em>Gracilaria gracilis</em> in which previous studies have shown evidence for non-random mating, suggesting the existence of male-male competition and female choice. We estimated mating and reproductive success using paternity analyses in a natural population where up to 92% of fertilizations occurred between partners of that population. The results show that the variance in mating success is significantly greater in males than in females and that the Bateman gradient is positive only in males. Distance to female partners also explains a minor part of the variance in male mating success. Although there is no evidence for sexual dimorphism, our study supports the hypothesis that sexual selection occurs in <em>G. gracilis</em>, likely on male traits, even if we cannot observe, qualify, or quantify them yet.</p>
Origin of minicircular mitochondrial genomes in red algae
<p><span>Eukaryotic organelle genomes are generally of conserved size and gene content within phylogenetic groups. However, significant variation in genome structure may occur. Here, we report that the Stylonematophyceae red algae contain multipartite circular mitochondrial genomes (i.e., minicircles) which encode one or two genes bounded by a specific cassette and a conserved constant region. These minicircles are visualized using Fluorescence Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope, proving the circularity. Mitochondrial gene sets are reduced in these highly divergent mitogenomes. Newly generated chromosome-level nuclear genome assembly of </span><em><span>Rhodosorus marinus</span></em><span> reveals that most mitochondrial ribosomal subunit genes are transferred to the nuclear genome. </span><span>Hetero-concatemers that resulted from recombination between minicircles and unique gene inventory that is responsible for mitochondrial genome stability may explain how the transition</span><span> from typical mitochondrial genome to minicircles occurs. </span><span>Our results offer inspiration on minicircular organelle genome formation and highlight an extreme case of mitochondrial gene inventory reduction.</span></p>
Data from: Efficient carbon recycling between calcification and photosynthesis in red coralline algae
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Supplementary dataset for: Genome-wide signatures of adaptation to extreme environments in red algae
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Sexual selection in seaweed? Testing Bateman’s principles in the red alga Gracilaria gracilis
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Origin of minicircular mitochondrial genomes in red algae
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Data from: Phylogeographic structure and deep lineage diversification of the red alga Chondrus ocellatus Holmes in the Northwest Pacific
A major goal of phylogeographic analysis using molecular markers is to understand the ecological and historical variables that influence genetic diversity within a species. Here, we used sequences of the mitochondrial Cox1 gene and nuclear internal transcribed spacer to reconstruct its phylogeography and demographic history of the intertidal red seaweed Chondrus ocellatus over most of its geographical range in the Northwest Pacific. We found three deeply separated lineages A, B and C, which diverged from one another in the early Pliocene–late Miocene (c. 4.5–7.7 Ma). The remarkably deep divergences, both within and between lineages, appear to have resulted from ancient isolations, accelerated by random drift and limited genetic exchange between regions. The disjunct distributions of lineages A and C along the coasts of Japan may reflect divergence during isolation in scattered refugia. The distribution of lineage B, from the South China Sea to the Korean Peninsula, appears to reflect postglacial recolonizations of coastal habitats. These three lineages do not coincide with the three documented morphological formae in C. ocellatus, suggesting that additional cryptic species may exist in this taxon. Our study illustrates the interaction of environmental variability and demographic processes in producing lineage diversification in an intertidal seaweed and highlights the importance of phylogeographic approaches for discovering cryptic marine biodiversity.
Fleshy red algae mats act as temporary reservoirs for sessile invertebrate biodiversity - Raw data for biodiversity analysis, species list and detailed output data from iNEXT procedure
<p>Raw data for biodiversity analysis, species list and detailed output data from iNEXT procedure for manuscript entitled "Fleshy red algae mats act as temporary reservoirs for sessile invertebrate biodiversity".</p>
FIGURE 6–9. Lithophyllum stictaeforme. FIGURE 6 in Taxonomy and distribution of non-geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on rocky reefs from Ilha Grande Bay, Brazil
FIGURE 6–9. Lithophyllum stictaeforme. FIGURE 6. External morphology (RB 587134). Scale bar = 1 cm. FIGURE 7. Longitudinal section showing monomerous thallus construction (white arrow) (RB 587135). Scale bar = 100 μm. FIGURE 8. Longitudinal section showing a single layer of rounded to elliptical epithallial cells (e), subepithallial initials (s) and secondary pit connections between adjacent filaments (white arrow) (RB 587135). Scale bar = 10 μm. FIGURE 9. Longitudinal section through a tetrasporangial conceptacle showing
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