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Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Greater Caribbean: a Checklist; Version 4

Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Greater Caribbean: A Checklist (VERSION 4)    Date: October 22, 2021.                                 DOI 10.5281/zenodo.5592149   D Ross Robertson      Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama. Robertsondr@si.edu Luke Tornabene    School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, U.S.A.    Luke.Tornabene@gmail.com   This fourth edition of the checklist includes bony fishes belonging to families present in the Greater Caribbean biogeographic region that have species known to associate with shallow (0 – 40 m depth) coral and rocky reefs. That region extends from Cape Hatteras in the southeastern USA, through the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to somewhere around Guyana and includes the West Indies and Bermuda. The classification of families and spelling of scientific names generally follows Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes. (<a href="https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes">https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes</a> The objective of this checklist is to provide a database of the entire regional fauna of reef-associated bony fishes that includes information on its taxonomic composition, and the conservation (IUCN Red List) status and various ecological characteristics of listed species. This is intended to facilitate comparisons of the structure of equivalent regional faunas in different parts of the globe, and for examining local variation in faunal structure (and faunal inventories) within the Greater Caribbean. Over the past decade the IUCN Red List (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/">https://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>) has produced a comprehensive set of assessments of Greater Caribbean fishes. Those include assessments for >95% of the species in the present checklist. Those assessments include much information on habitat usage by those fishes that was relevant to the construction of the present checklist. That information was supplemented with information from our own research and other published sources. Many of the reef-associated fishes known from the Greater Caribbean also occur in Brazil. Information used here was extracted from 185 publications about Greater Caribbean reef fishes and 152 publications on Brazilian reef fishes. Greater Caribbean reefs down to depths of ~250-300 m have reef-fish faunas dominated by members of typical shallow-reef families of bony fishes (Baldwin et al. 2018). Here we focus exclusively on species belonging to those families, because those are what are traditionally considered to be reef fishes. In the Greater Caribbean this reef-fish fauna includes 992 species of native fishes belonging to 342 genera and 83 families, 92% of which are demersal or benthic forms, and 8% pelagic species. Members of a few families of bony fishes that are found only on deep-water reefs (i.e. typically below the 150 m lower limit of the mesophotic zone) and have no representatives that live on shallow reefs, are not included here: Acropomatidae, Anomalopidae, Aulopidae, Berycidae, Caproidae, Gempylidae, Grammicolepidae, Polymixiidae, Polyprionidae, Scombropidae, Sebastidae, Symphysanodontidae, Trachichthyidae, and Triacanthodidae. Between them those 14 families have a total of ~41 species in the Greater Caribbean, only some of which are known to associate with very deep reefs. The list is restricted to native species and excludes non-native species with resident populations in the Greater Caribbean, notably Pterois volitans and Neopomacentrus cyanomos. Reef-associated fishes include only demersal and benthic species that use consolidated hard substrata (coral- and rocky reefs) but also demersal and benthic species that use soft bottoms (sand, gravel, mud, seagrass and macroalgal beds growing on sediment, estuaries and mangroves) immediately adjacent to or within the matrices of reefs. Benthic species are restricted to living on and in the bottom, whereas Demersal species use and rely on both the bottom and the near-bottom water column. These two categories both relate to the behavior of fishes during the day, which, in some cases, changes at night. For example, Apogonids and Holocentrids are benthic during the day, but demersal when they become active at night, and day-active demersal species often hide within reef substrata at night (e.g. some Thalassoma bifasciatum rest inside tubular sponges, while Halichoeres bivittatus buries in sand). Reef-associated fishes also include Pelagic species that live in the water column, facultatively associate with reefs, are regularly seen over and immediately adjacent to them, and have trophic interactions with organisms on reefs. Oyster reefs are estuarine and have an associated estuarine bony-fish fauna (e. g. see Harding & Mann 2001; La Peyre et al. 2019) that differs greatly in taxonomic composition from the faunas of marine reefs. Hence, we have not included species that associate with oyster reefs unless they also associate with rocky- or coral reefs. Species found almost exclusively in fresh- to brackish water also are excluded entirely from the list. Finally, we also exclude a few taxa of oceanic shallow-water fishes that may be seen in the general vicinity reefs: Exocoetidae, Xiphiidae, Istiophoridae and large (Thunnus) tunas.  Cryptobenthic fishes are species that are “visually and/or behaviorally cryptic” due to their form and coloration, and to their maintaining “a close association with the benthos” (Depczynski & Bellwood, 2003), by living directly on or within it. While cryptobenthic species are a major component of the diversity of reef fishes, they are strongly under-represented in visual surveys of reef-fish assemblages made by divers. The diversity and the numerical abundance of cryptobenthic fishes is revealed only through the use of chemical piscicides (Ackerman & Bellwood 2000; Willis 2001; Smith-Vaniz et al. 2006; Robertson & Smith-Vaniz 2008; Alzate et al. 2014,) or anaesthetics (Kovacic et al. 2012; Robertson & Smith-Vaniz 2010) that flush such fishes out of the substratum for collection and identification. The list indicates which species we have classed as cryptobenthic. While individuals of some cryptobenthic species, such as Muraenids and Apogonids may regularly be seen during the day on reefs while hiding in the substratum, we do not know what fraction of their populations those visible individuals represent (Willis 2001; Alzate et al 2014). On the other hand, species such as the tiny Glass- and Masked Gobies (Coryphopterus hyalinus and C. personatus) that school in the water just above the substratum, and the Garden Eels (Heteroconger spp.) that extend their long, slender bodies to feed in the water column above their burrows, we do not class as cryptobenthic because they can be censused visually. Studies of cryptobenthic reef-fishes often emphasize that many such species derive their crypticity in part from being very small (Miller 1979; Depczynski and Bellwood 2003; Beldade et al 2006; Kovacic et al 2012; Brandl et al 2018). The list indicates which cryptobenthic reef-fishes are small, with a maximum Total Length (TL) </= 5 cm (Depczynski & Bellwood, 2003) and </= 10 cm (Miller 1979; Beldade et al 2006; Kovacic et al 2012). Brandl et al. (2018, 2019) classed the members of 17 families (only 13 of which are in the Greater Caribbean) that have relatively large numbers of small, cryptobenthic species, share many life-history characteristics and are important for energy flow in reef ecosystems as Core families of Cryptobenthic Reef-fishes (Core CRFs). Members of those families (Apogonidae, Blenniidae, Bythitidae, Callionymidae, Chaenopsidae, Dactyloscopidae, Gobiidae, Gobiesocidae, Grammatidae, Labrisomidae, Opistognathidae, Syngnathidae, Tripterygiidae), which Brandl et al. (2018, 2019) also referred to as microbenthic reef fishes, are identified in the list. Shortly before Brandl et al (2018) defined the group of Core CRFs, Moller et al (2016) split the Bythitidae into two families, Bythitidae and Dinematichthyidae. We have included both those families as Core CRFs as both have small, cryptobenthic species found on shallow reefs. While many cryptobenthic species in other families also are small, Brandl et al’s. (2018) definition of core CRFs was aimed at the family level, thus excluding some small cryptic species in speciose families that have many large, mobile members (e. g. the Labridae and Serranidae). Shallow- and deep-reef fishes: Shallow-water species we consider to be those with populations restricted to or concentrated at depths above 40m. Deep-reef species are members of the same shallow-reef families that have populations concentrated in or restricted to depths greater than 40m. This depth breakpoint corresponds to the approximate breakpoint between shallow and deeper (mesophotic and altiphotic) faunal depth-zones on reefs, and the approximate depth breakpoint between research on shallow-water reef fishes based on open-circuit SCUBA, and research at greater depths that rely on mixed gas and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) technical diving (e.g. Pinheiro et al 2016; Baldwin et al 2018; García-Hernández et al 2018; Stefanoudis et al 2019).  We classified as shallow some species that have shallow populations at some sites in the Greater Caribbean and deep populations in others (e. g. Gramma melacara), and others in which juveniles are common in shallow water and adults are restricted to deep water (e. g. Lutjanus buccanella). Simple systems of habitat characterization like those used here cannot capture all the nuances of how different fishes use a variety of habitats and microhabitats. Inevitably there are borderline cases of species that could be classified in either of two alternative habitat categories (e. g. benthic or demersal, deep or shallow). There also are borderline cases relating to whether a species should be regarded as reef-associated or not. A single observation of a species passing nearby during a dive on a reef does not make that a reef-associated species. In addition, geographic variation in whether some species on this list do or do not associate with reefs at any location complicates the situation. We have tried to be conservative in classing species as reef-associated, by relying as much as possible on multiple primary records of such behavior by those species and clearcut descriptions of actual behavior. Otherwise virtually everything could end up classed as reef associated.     CHANGES IN VERSION 4 FROM VERSION 3: <ol> <li>Based on additional information about which species associate with reefs, as well as taxonomic rearrangements, the numbers of taxa on Version 4 of the list changed to 83 Families, 342 Genera and 992 Species, from 83 Families, 338 Genera and 981 Species in Version 3.</li> <li>All species names now have the associated description authority.</li> <li>Names of taxa added and of species that have been renamed or re-classified as reef associated in this version are indicated in BOLD RED.</li> <li>The family Malacanthidae traditionally has comprised two subfamilies, the Latilinae and Malacanthinae, with the former including only deep living species in the Greater Caribbean. Those two were recently raised to families. Because of the sister relationship between those to taxa and their previous status we continue to include both among the GC reef-associated fauna.</li> <li>The family Anomalopidae was removed from the list because its single Greater Caribbean member is cryptobenthic in deep water during the day, and daytime activity and depth range is the focus of this list (see above). Unlike the situation with the Malacanthids the near relatives of the Anomalopids are all deep-water taxa.</li> </ol>     CHANGES IN VERSION 3 FROM VERSION 2 <ol> <li>This edition incorporates data from additional published research on fishes in the Greater Caribbean, plus information on species that occur in Brazil as well as the Greater Caribbean that we reviewed in ~70 publications that deal with reef-associated fishes in Brazil. That additional information has increased the number of reef-associated bony fishes: to 83 families, 338 genera and 981 species.</li> <li>Shortly before Brandl et al (2018) defined the group of Core CRFs, Moller et al (2016) split the Bythitidae into two families, Bythitidae and Dinematichthyidae. In this edition we have included both those families as Core CRFs as the dinematichthyids include many small, cryptobenthic species found on shallow reefs.</li> <li>Three additional types of data are given for each species on the list. These include (1) whether or not a species is endemic to the Greater Caribbean (i.e has 90% or more of its range within that area, the northern and southern limits of which have yet to be precisely defined), and (2) whether or not it has a small or very small geographic range within that region. Small ranges are those no larger than 1/3 of the Greater Caribbean. Very small ranges are those no larger than the area occupied by the Mesoamerican reef system, which extends from northern Honduras and along the Caribbean coast of Mexico and represents ~5% of the area of the Greater Caribbean. Species for which insufficient information is available on range size, but which seem likely to have small ranges, are indicated with a query. Note that non-endemics can have small Greater Caribbean ranges that represent part of larger ranges that extend well outside that region, e.g. to Brazil. (3) The IUCN Red List extinction-risk category is also given for each species that has been assessed by that process. Red List categories include DD (Data Deficient); LC (Least Concern); NT (Near Threatened); VU (Vulnerable); E (Endangered); CR (Critically Endangered). Species not yet assessed by the Red List are indicated by ND (no data).</li> </ol>   CHANGES IN VERSION 2 FROM VERSION 1: <ol> <li>In Version 1 all non-pelagic species were referred to as demersal. In Version 2 non-pelagic species are coded as either Benthic or Demersal (see above for definitions). </li> <li>Species have been divided into two depth classes, based on their depth ranges: Shallow species are those commonly found above 40m depth and Deep Species are those entirely or largely restricted to depths below 40m. The choice of this 40 m separation depth was based on it  being the approximate lower limit of SCUBA-based research on shallow-water reef fishes, and also being the approximate breakpoint between shallow and deeper (mesophotic and rariphotic) faunal depth-zones on reefs, with shallow- and deep-reef fish assemblages being dominated by different members of the same set of families indicated in the table presented here (e.g. Pinheiro et al 2016; Baldwin et al 2018; García-Hernández et al 2018; Stefanoudis et al 2019).</li> </ol>   This division into shallow- and deep species was made because levels of research effort on deep-reef members of the families on the list vary widely between regions and between locations within a region. There has been much more research and collecting of deep-reef fishes, particularly of small, cryptobenthic forms, using crewed submersibles specially equipped for such collecting (Gilmore 2016) in the Greater Caribbean than many other areas. That includes work at widely scattered sites in the region between the late 1970s and 2010 by the Johnson Sea Link I and II submarines, on the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of Florida, the Bahamas, Caribbean Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, Bonaire and Curacao. In addition, this activity includes observations by the Nekton submersibles at Jamaica and Belize, and the Alvin at the Bahamas (again during the 1970s). During the 2010s, this effort was renewed by observations and collecting by the Smithsonian Institution’s DROP program using the submersibles Curasub at Curacao, Bonaire, Dominica and St Eustatius, and the Idabel at Roatan.No similarly extensive set of submersible-based studies and collections of deep-reef fishes exists for any other equivalent biogeographic region in the tropics. Hence, the focus of quantitative comparisons with reef-associated fish faunas of most other regions (or locations within the Greater Caribbean that lack deep-reef research) is likely to be on shallow-water reefs.   <ol> <li>A few, currently unnamed species of reef-associated Gobiids (6 species in two, currently unnamed, genera), Grammatids (2 species of Lipogramma), Labrids (2 species of Decodon) and Serranids (1 species of Baldwinella) for which sufficient ecological information is available have been added to the list.</li> </ol>   <ol> <li>Several deep-living reef-associated species listed in Version 1 as members of the Scorpaenidae have been removed from the list, because systematic rearrangements have placed them in other families (Setarchidae and Sebastidae) that, in the study area, lack shallow members.</li> </ol>   <ol> <li>The family Ophidiidae has about 78 species in 28 genera and three subfamilies in the study are. We include on the list only 41 members of 7 genera known to have shallow-water, reef-associated representatives or representatives that live within the depth range (0-~250m) of reefs dominated by shallow taxa. The remainder are species that live in very deep or oceanic waters and are irrelevant to the reef-associated fish fauna considered here.</li> </ol>   <ol> <li>Habitat classifications of a few species of carangids and lutjanids as pelagic or demersal in version 1 have been changed, based on additional information.</li> </ol>   Hosting of this database by Zenodo will allow it to be updated through the production of new versions as new information becomes available. New information, comments or queries relating to the classification or species list should be directed to <a href="mailto:robertsondr@si.edu">robertsondr@si.edu</a>. A compilation of further information about the biological characteristics of fishes on this list can be found in the website: Robertson DR, Van Tassell J (2019) Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 2.0. <a href="https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/pages">https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/pages</a>   References. Ackerman JL, Bellwood DR (2000) Reef fish assemblages: a re-evaluation using enclosed rotenone stations Marine Ecology Progress Series 206:227-237.  doi:10.3354/meps206227 Alzate, Zapata FA, Giraldo A (2014) A comparison of visual and collection-based methods for assessing community structure of coral reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Revista Biologica Tropical 62 (Supplement 1): 359–371. Baldwin CC, Tornabene L, Robertson DR (2018) Below the mesophotic. Scientific Reports 8:4920   DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-23067-1 Beldade R, Erzini K, Goncalves EJ (2006) Composition and temporal dynamics of a temperate rocky cryptobenthic fish assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 86: 1221-1228. Brandl SJ, Goatley CHR, Bellwood DR, Tornabene L (2018) The hidden half: ecology and evolution of cryptobenthic fishes on coral reefs. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 93: 1846 -1873. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12423"> https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12423</a> Brandl SJ, Tornabene L, Goatley CHR,  Casey JM,  Morais RA,  Côté IM,  Baldwin CC, Parravicini V,  Schiettekatte MD, Bellwood  DR (2019) Demographic dynamics of the smallest marine vertebrates fuel coral reef ecosystem functioning. Science 364: 1189-1192  DOI: 10.1126/science.aav3384 Depczynski M, Bellwood DR (2003) The role of cryptobenthic reef fishes in coral reef trophodynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 256: 183–191 García-Hernández JE, Sanchez PJ, Hammerman NM and Schizas NV (2018) Fish, coral, and sponge assemblages associated with altiphotic and mesophotic reefs along the Guánica Biosphere Reserve continental shelf edge, southwest Puerto Rico. Frontiers in Marine Science 5:303. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00303 Gilmore, RG Jr (2016) You can’t catch a fish with a robot. Gulf and Caribbean Research 27: ii-xiv DOI: 10.18785/gcr.2701.11 Harding JM, Mann R (2001) Oyster reefs as fish habitat: opportunistic use of restored reefs by transient fishes. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 951-959. Kovacic M, Patzner RA, Schliewen U (2012) A first quantitative assessment of the ecology of cryptobenthic fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology 159: 2731–2742. La Peyre MK, Aguilar Marshall D, Miller LS, Humphries AT (2019) Oyster Reefs in Northern Gulf of Mexico Estuaries Harbor Diverse Fish and Decapod Crustacean Assemblages: A Meta-Synthesis. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6:666. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.0066 Miller PJ (1979) Adaptiveness and implications of small size in Teleosts. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. 44: 263–306 Møller PR, Knudsen W, Schwarzhans W, Nielsen JG (2016) A new classification of viviparous brotulas (Bythitidae) – with family status for Dinematichthyidae – based on molecular, morphological and fossil data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 391-408. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.008</a> Pinheiro H, Goodbody-Gringley G, Jessup M, Shepherd B, Chequer A, Rocha L (2016) Upper and lower mesophotic coral reef fish communities evaluated by underwater visual censuses in two Caribbean locations. Coral Reefs 35: 139–151 DOI 10.1007/s00338-015-1381-0 Robertson DR, Smith-Vaniz WF (2008) Rotenone: An essential but demonized tool for assessing marine fish diversity. Bioscience 58:165-170. Robertson DR, Smith-Vaniz WF (2010) Use of clove oil in collecting coral reef fishes for research. Marine Ecology Progress Series.401:295-302 Smith-Vaniz WF, Jelks HL, Rocha LA (2006) Relevance of cryptic fishes in biodiversity assessments: A case study at Buck Island National Monument, St. Croix.  Bulletin of Marine Science 79:17–48 Stefanoudis PV, Gress E, Pitt JM, Smith SR, Kincaid T, Rivers M, Andradi-Brown DA, Rowlands G, Woodall LC and Rogers AD (2019) Depth-Dependent Structuring of Reef Fish Assemblages From the Shallows to the Rariphotic Zone. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6:307 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00307 Willis TJ (2001). Visual census methods underestimate density and diversity of cryptic reef fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 59: 1408-1411.       Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Greater Caribbean: A Checklist (VERSION 4)    Date: October 22, 2021   D Ross Robertson      Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama. Robertsondr@si.edu Luke Tornabene    School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, U.S.A.    Luke.Tornabene@gmail.com   This fourth edition of the checklist includes bony fishes belonging to families present in the Greater Caribbean biogeographic region that have species known to associate with shallow (0 – 40 m depth) coral and rocky reefs. That region extends from Cape Hatteras in the southeastern USA, through the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to somewhere around Guyana and includes the West Indies and Bermuda. The classification of families and spelling of scientific names generally follows Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes. (<a href="https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes">https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes</a> The objective of this checklist is to provide a database of the entire regional fauna of reef-associated bony fishes that includes information on its taxonomic composition, and the conservation (IUCN Red List) status and various ecological characteristics of listed species. This is intended to facilitate comparisons of the structure of equivalent regional faunas in different parts of the globe, and for examining local variation in faunal structure (and faunal inventories) within the Greater Caribbean. Over the past decade the IUCN Red List (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/">https://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>) has produced a comprehensive set of assessments of Greater Caribbean fishes. Those include assessments for >95% of the species in the present checklist. Those assessments include much information on habitat usage by those fishes that was relevant to the construction of the present checklist. That information was supplemented with information from our own research and other published sources. Many of the reef-associated fishes known from the Greater Caribbean also occur in Brazil. Information used here was extracted from 185 publications about Greater Caribbean reef fishes and 152 publications on Brazilian reef fishes. Greater Caribbean reefs down to depths of ~250-300 m have reef-fish faunas dominated by members of typical shallow-reef families of bony fishes (Baldwin et al. 2018). Here we focus exclusively on species belonging to those families, because those are what are traditionally considered to be reef fishes. In the Greater Caribbean this reef-fish fauna includes 992 species of native fishes belonging to 342 genera and 83 families, 92% of which are demersal or benthic forms, and 8% pelagic species. Members of a few families of bony fishes that are found only on deep-water reefs (i.e. typically below the 150 m lower limit of the mesophotic zone) and have no representatives that live on shallow reefs, are not included here: Acropomatidae, Anomalopidae, Aulopidae, Berycidae, Caproidae, Gempylidae, Grammicolepidae, Polymixiidae, Polyprionidae, Scombropidae, Sebastidae, Symphysanodontidae, Trachichthyidae, and Triacanthodidae. Between them those 14 families have a total of ~41 species in the Greater Caribbean, only some of which are known to associate with very deep reefs. The list is restricted to native species and excludes non-native species with resident populations in the Greater Caribbean, notably Pterois volitans and Neopomacentrus cyanomos. Reef-associated fishes include only demersal and benthic species that use consolidated hard substrata (coral- and rocky reefs) but also demersal and benthic species that use soft bottoms (sand, gravel, mud, seagrass and macroalgal beds growing on sediment, estuaries and mangroves) immediately adjacent to or within the matrices of reefs. Benthic species are restricted to living on and in the bottom, whereas Demersal species use and rely on both the bottom and the near-bottom water column. These two categories both relate to the behavior of fishes during the day, which, in some cases, changes at night. For example, Apogonids and Holocentrids are benthic during the day, but demersal when they become active at night, and day-active demersal species often hide within reef substrata at night (e.g. some Thalassoma bifasciatum rest inside tubular sponges, while Halichoeres bivittatus buries in sand). Reef-associated fishes also include Pelagic species that live in the water column, facultatively associate with reefs, are regularly seen over and immediately adjacent to them, and have trophic interactions with organisms on reefs. Oyster reefs are estuarine and have an associated estuarine bony-fish fauna (e. g. see Harding & Mann 2001; La Peyre et al. 2019) that differs greatly in taxonomic composition from the faunas of marine reefs. Hence, we have not included species that associate with oyster reefs unless they also associate with rocky- or coral reefs. Species found almost exclusively in fresh- to brackish water also are excluded entirely from the list. Finally, we also exclude a few taxa of oceanic shallow-water fishes that may be seen in the general vicinity reefs: Exocoetidae, Xiphiidae, Istiophoridae and large (Thunnus) tunas.  Cryptobenthic fishes are species that are “visually and/or behaviorally cryptic” due to their form and coloration, and to their maintaining “a close association with the benthos” (Depczynski & Bellwood, 2003), by living directly on or within it. While cryptobenthic species are a major component of the diversity of reef fishes, they are strongly under-represented in visual surveys of reef-fish assemblages made by divers. The diversity and the numerical abundance of cryptobenthic fishes is revealed only through the use of chemical piscicides (Ackerman & Bellwood 2000; Willis 2001; Smith-Vaniz et al. 2006; Robertson & Smith-Vaniz 2008; Alzate et al. 2014,) or anaesthetics (Kovacic et al. 2012; Robertson & Smith-Vaniz 2010) that flush such fishes out of the substratum for collection and identification. The list indicates which species we have classed as cryptobenthic. While individuals of some cryptobenthic species, such as Muraenids and Apogonids may regularly be seen during the day on reefs while hiding in the substratum, we do not know what fraction of their populations those visible individuals represent (Willis 2001; Alzate et al 2014). On the other hand, species such as the tiny Glass- and Masked Gobies (Coryphopterus hyalinus and C. personatus) that school in the water just above the substratum, and the Garden Eels (Heteroconger spp.) that extend their long, slender bodies to feed in the water column above their burrows, we do not class as cryptobenthic because they can be censused visually. Studies of cryptobenthic reef-fishes often emphasize that many such species derive their crypticity in part from being very small (Miller 1979; Depczynski and Bellwood 2003; Beldade et al 2006; Kovacic et al 2012; Brandl et al 2018). The list indicates which cryptobenthic reef-fishes are small, with a maximum Total Length (TL) </= 5 cm (Depczynski & Bellwood, 2003) and </= 10 cm (Miller 1979; Beldade et al 2006; Kovacic et al 2012). Brandl et al. (2018, 2019) classed the members of 17 families (only 13 of which are in the Greater Caribbean) that have relatively large numbers of small, cryptobenthic species, share many life-history characteristics and are important for energy flow in reef ecosystems as Core families of Cryptobenthic Reef-fishes (Core CRFs). Members of those families (Apogonidae, Blenniidae, Bythitidae, Callionymidae, Chaenopsidae, Dactyloscopidae, Gobiidae, Gobiesocidae, Grammatidae, Labrisomidae, Opistognathidae, Syngnathidae, Tripterygiidae), which Brandl et al. (2018, 2019) also referred to as microbenthic reef fishes, are identified in the list. Shortly before Brandl et al (2018) defined the group of Core CRFs, Moller et al (2016) split the Bythitidae into two families, Bythitidae and Dinematichthyidae. We have included both those families as Core CRFs as both have small, cryptobenthic species found on shallow reefs. While many cryptobenthic species in other families also are small, Brandl et al’s. (2018) definition of core CRFs was aimed at the family level, thus excluding some small cryptic species in speciose families that have many large, mobile members (e. g. the Labridae and Serranidae). Shallow- and deep-reef fishes: Shallow-water species we consider to be those with populations restricted to or concentrated at depths above 40m. Deep-reef species are members of the same shallow-reef families that have populations concentrated in or restricted to depths greater than 40m. This depth breakpoint corresponds to the approximate breakpoint between shallow and deeper (mesophotic and altiphotic) faunal depth-zones on reefs, and the approximate depth breakpoint between research on shallow-water reef fishes based on open-circuit SCUBA, and research at greater depths that rely on mixed gas and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) technical diving (e.g. Pinheiro et al 2016; Baldwin et al 2018; García-Hernández et al 2018; Stefanoudis et al 2019).  We classified as shallow some species that have shallow populations at some sites in the Greater Caribbean and deep populations in others (e. g. Gramma melacara), and others in which juveniles are common in shallow water and adults are restricted to deep water (e. g. Lutjanus buccanella). Simple systems of habitat characterization like those used here cannot capture all the nuances of how different fishes use a variety of habitats and microhabitats. Inevitably there are borderline cases of species that could be classified in either of two alternative habitat categories (e. g. benthic or demersal, deep or shallow). There also are borderline cases relating to whether a species should be regarded as reef-associated or not. A single observation of a species passing nearby during a dive on a reef does not make that a reef-associated species. In addition, geographic variation in whether some species on this list do or do not associate with reefs at any location complicates the situation. We have tried to be conservative in classing species as reef-associated, by relying as much as possible on multiple primary records of such behavior by those species and clearcut descriptions of actual behavior. Otherwise virtually everything could end up classed as reef associated. CHANGES IN VERSION 4 FROM VERSION 3: <ol> <li>Based on additional information about which species associate with reefs, as well as taxonomic rearrangements, the numbers of taxa on Version 4 of the list changed to 83 Families, 342 Genera and 992 Species, from 83 Families, 338 Genera and 981 Species in Version 3.</li> <li>All species names now have the associated description authority.</li> <li>Names of taxa added and of species that have been renamed or re-classified as reef associated in this version are indicated in BOLD RED.</li> <li>The family Malacanthidae traditionally has comprised two subfamilies, the Latilinae and Malacanthinae, with the former including only deep living species in the Greater Caribbean. Those two were recently raised to families. Because of the sister relationship between those to taxa and their previous status we continue to include both among the GC reef-associated fauna.</li> <li>The family Anomalopidae was removed from the list because its single Greater Caribbean member is cryptobenthic in deep water during the day, and daytime activity and depth range is the focus of this list (see above). Unlike the situation with the Malacanthids the near relatives of the Anomalopids are all deep-water taxa.</li> </ol> CHANGES IN VERSION 3 FROM VERSION 2 <ol> <li>This edition incorporates data from additional published research on fishes in the Greater Caribbean, plus information on species that occur in Brazil as well as the Greater Caribbean that we reviewed in ~70 publications that deal with reef-associated fishes in Brazil. That additional information has increased the number of reef-associated bony fishes: to 83 families, 338 genera and 981 species.</li> <li>Shortly before Brandl et al (2018) defined the group of Core CRFs, Moller et al (2016) split the Bythitidae into two families, Bythitidae and Dinematichthyidae. In this edition we have included both those families as Core CRFs as the dinematichthyids include many small, cryptobenthic species found on shallow reefs.</li> <li>Three additional types of data are given for each species on the list. These include (1) whether or not a species is endemic to the Greater Caribbean (i.e has 90% or more of its range within that area, the northern and southern limits of which have yet to be precisely defined), and (2) whether or not it has a small or very small geographic range within that region. Small ranges are those no larger than 1/3 of the Greater Caribbean. Very small ranges are those no larger than the area occupied by the Mesoamerican reef system, which extends from northern Honduras and along the Caribbean coast of Mexico and represents ~5% of the area of the Greater Caribbean. Species for which insufficient information is available on range size, but which seem likely to have small ranges, are indicated with a query. Note that non-endemics can have small Greater Caribbean ranges that represent part of larger ranges that extend well outside that region, e.g. to Brazil. (3) The IUCN Red List extinction-risk category is also given for each species that has been assessed by that process. Red List categories include DD (Data Deficient); LC (Least Concern); NT (Near Threatened); VU (Vulnerable); E (Endangered); CR (Critically Endangered). Species not yet assessed by the Red List are indicated by ND (no data).</li> </ol> CHANGES IN VERSION 2 FROM VERSION 1: <ol> <li>In Version 1 all non-pelagic species were referred to as demersal. In Version 2 non-pelagic species are coded as either Benthic or Demersal (see above for definitions). </li> <li>Species have been divided into two depth classes, based on their depth ranges: Shallow species are those commonly found above 40m depth and Deep Species are those entirely or largely restricted to depths below 40m. The choice of this 40 m separation depth was based on it  being the approximate lower limit of SCUBA-based research on shallow-water reef fishes, and also being the approximate breakpoint between shallow and deeper (mesophotic and rariphotic) faunal depth-zones on reefs, with shallow- and deep-reef fish assemblages being dominated by different members of the same set of families indicated in the table presented here (e.g. Pinheiro et al 2016; Baldwin et al 2018; García-Hernández et al 2018; Stefanoudis et al 2019).</li> </ol>   This division into shallow- and deep species was made because levels of research effort on deep-reef members of the families on the list vary widely between regions and between locations within a region. There has been much more research and collecting of deep-reef fishes, particularly of small, cryptobenthic forms, using crewed submersibles specially equipped for such collecting (Gilmore 2016) in the Greater Caribbean than many other areas. That includes work at widely scattered sites in the region between the late 1970s and 2010 by the Johnson Sea Link I and II submarines, on the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of Florida, the Bahamas, Caribbean Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, Bonaire and Curacao. In addition, this activity includes observations by the Nekton submersibles at Jamaica and Belize, and the Alvin at the Bahamas (again during the 1970s). During the 2010s, this effort was renewed by observations and collecting by the Smithsonian Institution’s DROP program using the submersibles Curasub at Curacao, Bonaire, Dominica and St Eustatius, and the Idabel at Roatan.No similarly extensive set of submersible-based studies and collections of deep-reef fishes exists for any other equivalent biogeographic region in the tropics. Hence, the focus of quantitative comparisons with reef-associated fish faunas of most other regions (or locations within the Greater Caribbean that lack deep-reef research) is likely to be on shallow-water reefs. <ol> <li>A few, currently unnamed species of reef-associated Gobiids (6 species in two, currently unnamed, genera), Grammatids (2 species of Lipogramma), Labrids (2 species of Decodon) and Serranids (1 species of Baldwinella) for which sufficient ecological information is available have been added to the list.</li> <li>Several deep-living reef-associated species listed in Version 1 as members of the Scorpaenidae have been removed from the list, because systematic rearrangements have placed them in other families (Setarchidae and Sebastidae) that, in the study area, lack shallow members.</li> <li>The family Ophidiidae has about 78 species in 28 genera and three subfamilies in the study are. We include on the list only 41 members of 7 genera known to have shallow-water, reef-associated representatives or representatives that live within the depth range (0-~250m) of reefs dominated by shallow taxa. The remainder are species that live in very deep or oceanic waters and are irrelevant to the reef-associated fish fauna considered here.</li> <li>Habitat classifications of a few species of carangids and lutjanids as pelagic or demersal in version 1 have been changed, based on additional information.</li> </ol>   Hosting of this database by Zenodo will allow it to be updated through the production of new versions as new information becomes available. New information, comments or queries relating to the classification or species list should be directed to <a href="mailto:robertsondr@si.edu">robertsondr@si.edu</a>. A compilation of further information about the biological characteristics of fishes on this list can be found in the website: Robertson DR, Van Tassell J (2019) Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 2.0. <a href="https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/pages">https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/pages</a>   References. Ackerman JL, Bellwood DR (2000) Reef fish assemblages: a re-evaluation using enclosed rotenone stations Marine Ecology Progress Series 206:227-237.  doi:10.3354/meps206227 Alzate, Zapata FA, Giraldo A (2014) A comparison of visual and collection-based methods for assessing community structure of coral reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Revista Biologica Tropical 62 (Supplement 1): 359–371. Baldwin CC, Tornabene L, Robertson DR (2018) Below the mesophotic. Scientific Reports 8:4920   DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-23067-1 Beldade R, Erzini K, Goncalves EJ (2006) Composition and temporal dynamics of a temperate rocky cryptobenthic fish assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 86: 1221-1228. Brandl SJ, Goatley CHR, Bellwood DR, Tornabene L (2018) The hidden half: ecology and evolution of cryptobenthic fishes on coral reefs. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 93: 1846 -1873. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12423"> https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12423</a> Brandl SJ, Tornabene L, Goatley CHR,  Casey JM,  Morais RA,  Côté IM,  Baldwin CC, Parravicini V,  Schiettekatte MD, Bellwood  DR (2019) Demographic dynamics of the smallest marine vertebrates fuel coral reef ecosystem functioning. Science 364: 1189-1192  DOI: 10.1126/science.aav3384 Depczynski M, Bellwood DR (2003) The role of cryptobenthic reef fishes in coral reef trophodynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 256: 183–191 García-Hernández JE, Sanchez PJ, Hammerman NM and Schizas NV (2018) Fish, coral, and sponge assemblages associated with altiphotic and mesophotic reefs along the Guánica Biosphere Reserve continental shelf edge, southwest Puerto Rico. Frontiers in Marine Science 5:303. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00303 Gilmore, RG Jr (2016) You can’t catch a fish with a robot. Gulf and Caribbean Research 27: ii-xiv DOI: 10.18785/gcr.2701.11 Harding JM, Mann R (2001) Oyster reefs as fish habitat: opportunistic use of restored reefs by transient fishes. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 951-959. Kovacic M, Patzner RA, Schliewen U (2012) A first quantitative assessment of the ecology of cryptobenthic fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology 159: 2731–2742. La Peyre MK, Aguilar Marshall D, Miller LS, Humphries AT (2019) Oyster Reefs in Northern Gulf of Mexico Estuaries Harbor Diverse Fish and Decapod Crustacean Assemblages: A Meta-Synthesis. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6:666. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.0066 Miller PJ (1979) Adaptiveness and implications of small size in Teleosts. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. 44: 263–306 Møller PR, Knudsen W, Schwarzhans W, Nielsen JG (2016) A new classification of viviparous brotulas (Bythitidae) – with family status for Dinematichthyidae – based on molecular, morphological and fossil data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 391-408. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.008</a> Pinheiro H, Goodbody-Gringley G, Jessup M, Shepherd B, Chequer A, Rocha L (2016) Upper and lower mesophotic coral reef fish communities evaluated by underwater visual censuses in two Caribbean locations. Coral Reefs 35: 139–151 DOI 10.1007/s00338-015-1381-0 Robertson DR, Smith-Vaniz WF (2008) Rotenone: An essential but demonized tool for assessing marine fish diversity. Bioscience 58:165-170. Robertson DR, Smith-Vaniz WF (2010) Use of clove oil in collecting coral reef fishes for research. Marine Ecology Progress Series.401:295-302 Smith-Vaniz WF, Jelks HL, Rocha LA (2006) Relevance of cryptic fishes in biodiversity assessments: A case study at Buck Island National Monument, St. Croix.  Bulletin of Marine Science 79:17–48 Stefanoudis PV, Gress E, Pitt JM, Smith SR, Kincaid T, Rivers M, Andradi-Brown DA, Rowlands G, Woodall LC and Rogers AD (2019) Depth-Dependent Structuring of Reef Fish Assemblages From the Shallows to the Rariphotic Zone. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6:307 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00307 Willis TJ (2001). Visual census methods underestimate density and diversity of cryptic reef fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 59: 1408-1411.

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Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Greater Caribbean: A Checklist (VERSION 5)

Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Greater Caribbean: A Checklist (VERSION 5)  Date: November 30, 2023            DOI 10.5281/zenodo.10225031 https://zenodo.org/records/10225031D Ross Robertson     Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama. <a href="mailto:Robertsondr@si.edu">Robertsondr@si.edu</a> Luke Tornabene   School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, U.S.A.    <a href="mailto:Luke.Tornabene@gmail.com">Luke.Tornabene@gmail.com</a>Introduction to the Fifth EditionChanges to this edition include: 1. Rearrangements of species in different families following splitting up of some families (e.g. Cyclopsettidae split off from Paralichthyidae; Spratelloididae split off from Clupeidae) and reassignment of some genera from one family to another (e.g. Peristedion has been reassigned to Triglidae) following changes defined in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes. 2. Some previously undescribed species in version four have been described and named (e.g. Polylepion species 1 is now Polylepion gilmorei). 3. Some species have been reclassified as reef associated based on additional information on habitat usage, photographs of fishes in natural habitat, such as those on iNaturalist (<a href="https://inaturalist.org">https://inaturalist.org</a> ) and information on collection habitat (e.g. Gillellus inescatus). 4. Some species have been reclassified as non-endemic to the región, based on new information about occurrence in Brazil (e.g. Cephalopholis cruentatus), while others have been reclassified as endemics to the región based on taxonomic splits (e.g. Pareques acuminatus, Sphoeroides spengleri). 5. A few newly described, resurrected or otherwise recognized species (e.g. Rhonciscus paucus, Pareques lineatus, Sphoeroides camila) have been added to the list.Note: All changes and new data in the list are indicated in red and all reef-associated species have their names highlighted for ease of recognition. Also note the explanatory text added to the introduction to the Fourth Edition, below. Introduction to the Fourth EditionThis fourth edition of the checklist includes bony fishes belonging to families present in the Greater Caribbean biogeographic region that have species known to associate with shallow (0 – 40 m depth) coral and rocky reefs. That region extends from Cape Hatteras in the southeastern USA, through the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to somewhere around Guyana and includes the West Indies and Bermuda. The classification of families and spelling of scientific names generally follows Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes. (<a href="https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes">https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes</a>The objective of this checklist is to provide a database of the entire regional fauna of reef-associated bony fishes that includes information on its taxonomic composition, and the conservation (IUCN Red List) status and various ecological characteristics of listed species. This is intended to facilitate comparisons of the structure of equivalent regional faunas in different parts of the globe, and for examining local variation in faunal structure (and faunal inventories) within the Greater Caribbean. Over the past decade the IUCN Red List (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/">https://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>) has produced a comprehensive set of assessments of Greater Caribbean fishes. Those include assessments for >95% of the species in the present checklist. Those assessments include much information on habitat usage by those fishes that was relevant to the construction of the present checklist. That information was supplemented with information from our own research and other published sources. Many of the reef-associated fishes known from the Greater Caribbean also occur in Brazil. Those non-endemics are considered to be residents in the Greater Caribbean if there are multiple records of them in that region, particularly records in different years and at different locations. However, species that associate with reefs in Brazil do not necessarily do so in the Greater Caribbean; Mola mola is an example. Information used here was extracted from 185 publications about Greater Caribbean reef-associated fishes and 152 publications on Brazilian reef-associated fishes.Greater Caribbean reefs down to depths of ~250-300 m have reef-fish faunas dominated by members of typical shallow-reef families of bony fishes (Baldwin et al. 2018). Here we focus exclusively on species belonging to those families, because those are what are traditionally considered to be reef fishes. In the Greater Caribbean this reef-fish fauna includes 992 species of native fishes belonging to 342 genera and 84 families, 92% of which are demersal or benthic forms, and 8% pelagic species. Members of a few families of bony fishes that are found only on deep-water reefs (i.e. typically below the 150 m lower limit of the mesophotic zone) and have no representatives that live on shallow reefs, are not included here: Acropomatidae, Anomalopidae, Aulopidae, Berycidae, Caproidae, Gempylidae, Grammicolepidae, Polymixiidae, Polyprionidae, Scombropidae, Sebastidae, Setarchidae, Symphysanodontidae, Trachichthyidae, and Triacanthodidae. Between them those 14 families have a total of ~43 species in the Greater Caribbean, only some of which are known to associate with very deep reefs.The list is restricted to native species and excludes introduced non-native species with resident populations in the Greater Caribbean, notably Pterois volitans and Neopomacentrus cyanomos.Reef-associated fishes include not only demersal and benthic species that use consolidated hard substrata (coral- and rocky reefs) but also demersal and benthic species that use soft bottoms (sand, gravel, mud, seagrass and macroalgal beds growing on sediment, estuaries and mangroves) immediately adjacent to or within the matrices of reefs. Benthic species are restricted to living on and in the bottom, whereas Demersal species use and rely on both the bottom and the near-bottom water column. These two categories both relate to the behavior of fishes during the day, which, in some cases, changes at night. For example, Apogonids and Holocentrids are benthic during the day, but demersal when they become active at night, and day-active demersal species often hide within reef substrata at night (e.g. some Thalassoma bifasciatum rest inside tubular sponges, while Halichoeres bivittatus buries in sand). Reef-associated fishes also include Pelagic species that live in the water column, facultatively associate with reefs, are regularly seen over and immediately adjacent to them, and have trophic interactions with organisms on reefs, either contributing food to reefs (e. g. parasites removed from pelagic fishes such as jacks by reef fishes) or extracting food from them (e. g. by pelagics such as mackerels (Scomberomorus) preying on spawning reef fishes).Oyster reefs are estuarine and have an associated estuarine bony-fish fauna (e. g. see Harding & Mann 2001; La Peyre et al. 2019) that differs greatly in taxonomic composition from the faunas of marine reefs. Hence, we have not included species that associate with oyster reefs unless they also associate with rocky- or coral reefs. Species found almost exclusively in fresh- to brackish water also are excluded entirely from the list. Finally, we also exclude a few taxa of oceanic shallow-water fishes that may be seen in the general vicinity reefs: Exocoetidae, Xiphiidae, Istiophoridae and large (Thunnus) tunas. Cryptobenthic fishes are species that are "visually and/or behaviorally cryptic" due to their form and coloration, and to their maintaining "a close association with the benthos" (Depczynski & Bellwood, 2003), by living directly on or within it. While cryptobenthic species are a major component of the diversity of reef fishes, they are strongly under-represented in visual surveys of reef-fish assemblages made by divers. The diversity and the numerical abundance of cryptobenthic fishes is revealed only through the use of chemical piscicides (Ackerman & Bellwood 2000; Willis 2001; Smith-Vaniz et al. 2006; Robertson & Smith-Vaniz 2008; Alzate et al. 2014,) or anaesthetics (Kovacic et al. 2012; Robertson & Smith-Vaniz 2010) that flush such fishes out of the substratum for collection and identification. The list indicates which species we have classed as cryptobenthic. While individuals of some cryptobenthic species, such as Muraenids and Apogonids may regularly be seen during the day on reefs while hiding in the substratum, we do not know what fraction of their populations those visible individuals represent (Willis 2001; Alzate et al 2014). On the other hand, species such as the tiny Glass- and Masked Gobies (Coryphopterus hyalinus and C. personatus) that school in the water just above the substratum, and the Garden Eels (Heteroconger spp.) that extend their long, slender bodies to feed in the water column above their burrows, we do not class as cryptobenthic because they can be censused visually. Studies of cryptobenthic reef-fishes often emphasize that many such species derive their crypticity in part from being very small (Miller 1979; Depczynski and Bellwood 2003; Beldade et al 2006; Kovacic et al 2012; Brandl et al 2018). The list indicates which cryptobenthic reef-fishes are small, with a maximum Total Length (TL) </= 5 cm (Depczynski & Bellwood, 2003) and </= 10 cm (Miller 1979; Beldade et al 2006; Kovacic et al 2012). Brandl et al. (2018, 2019) classed the members of 17 families (only 13 of which are in the Greater Caribbean) that have relatively large numbers of small, cryptobenthic species, share many life-history characteristics and are important for energy flow in reef ecosystems as Core families of Cryptobenthic Reef-fishes (Core CRFs). Members of those families (Apogonidae, Blenniidae, Bythitidae, Callionymidae, Chaenopsidae, Dactyloscopidae, Gobiidae, Gobiesocidae, Grammatidae, Labrisomidae, Opistognathidae, Syngnathidae, Tripterygiidae), which Brandl et al. (2018, 2019) also referred to as microbenthic reef fishes, are identified in the list. Shortly before Brandl et al (2018) defined the group of Core CRFs, Moller et al (2016) split the Bythitidae into two families, Bythitidae and Dinematichthyidae. We have included both those families as Core CRFs as both have small, cryptobenthic species found on shallow reefs. While many cryptobenthic species in other families also are small, Brandl et al's. (2018) definition of core CRFs was aimed at the family level, thus excluding some small cryptic species in speciose families that have many large, mobile members (e. g. the Labridae and Serranidae). Shallow- and deep-reef fishes: Shallow-water species we consider to be those with populations restricted to or concentrated at depths above 40m. Deep-reef species are members of the same shallow-reef families that have populations concentrated in or restricted to depths greater than 40m. This depth breakpoint corresponds to the approximate breakpoint between shallow and deeper (mesophotic and altiphotic) faunal depth-zones on reefs, and the approximate depth breakpoint between research on shallow-water reef fishes based on open-circuit SCUBA, and research at greater depths that rely on mixed gas and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) technical diving (e.g. Pinheiro et al 2016; Baldwin et al 2018; García-Hernández et al 2018; Stefanoudis et al 2019).  We classified as shallow some species that have shallow populations at some sites in the Greater Caribbean and deep populations in others (e. g. Gramma melacara), and others in which juveniles are common in shallow water and adults are restricted to deep water (e. g. Lutjanus buccanella). Simple systems of habitat characterization like those used here cannot capture all the nuances of how different fishes use a variety of habitats and microhabitats. Inevitably there are borderline cases of species that could be classified in either of two alternative habitat categories (e. g. benthic or demersal, deep or shallow). There also are borderline cases relating to whether a species should be regarded as reef-associated or not. A single observation of a species passing nearby during a dive on a reef does not make that a reef-associated species. In addition, geographic variation in whether some species on this list do or do not associate with reefs at any location complicates the situation. We have tried to be conservative in classing species as reef-associated, by relying as much as possible on multiple primary records of such behavior by those species and clearcut descriptions of actual behavior. Otherwise virtually everything could end up classed as reef associated.CHANGES IN VERSION 4 FROM VERSION 3:<ol><li>Based on additional information about which species associate with reefs, as well as taxonomic rearrangements, the numbers of taxa on Version 4 of the list changed to 84 Families, 342 Genera and 992 Species, from 83 Families, 338 Genera and 981 Species in Version 3.</li><li>All species names now have the associated description authority.</li><li>Names of taxa added and of species that have been renamed or re-classified as reef associated in this version are indicated in BOLD RED.</li><li>The family Malacanthidae traditionally has comprised two subfamilies, the Latilinae and Malacanthinae, with the former including only deep living species in the Greater Caribbean. Those two were recently raised to families. Because of the sister relationship between those to taxa and their previous status we continue to include both among the GC reef-associated fauna.</li><li>The family Anomalopidae was removed from the list because its single Greater Caribbean member is cryptobenthic in deep water during the day, and daytime activity and depth range is the focus of this list (see above). Unlike the situation with the Malacanthids the near relatives of the Anomalopids are all deep-water taxa.</li></ol>CHANGES IN VERSION 3 FROM VERSION 2<ol><li>This edition incorporates data from additional published research on fishes in the Greater Caribbean, plus information on species that occur in Brazil as well as the Greater Caribbean that we reviewed in ~70 publications that deal with reef-associated fishes in Brazil. That additional information has increased the number of reef-associated bony fishes: to 83 families, 338 genera and 981 species.</li><li>Shortly before Brandl et al (2018) defined the group of Core CRFs, Moller et al (2016) split the Bythitidae into two families, Bythitidae and Dinematichthyidae. In this edition we have included both those families as Core CRFs as the dinematichthyids include many small, cryptobenthic species found on shallow reefs.</li><li>Three additional types of data are given for each species on the list. These include (1) whether or not a species is endemic to the Greater Caribbean (i.e has 90% or more of its range within that area, the northern and southern limits of which have yet to be precisely defined), and (2) whether or not it has a small or very small geographic range within that region. Small ranges are those no larger than 1/3 of the Greater Caribbean. Very small ranges are those no larger than the area occupied by the Mesoamerican reef system, which extends from northern Honduras and along the Caribbean coast of Mexico and represents ~5% of the area of the Greater Caribbean. Species for which insufficient information is available on range size, but which seem likely to have small ranges, are indicated with a query. Note that non-endemics can have small Greater Caribbean ranges that represent part of larger ranges that extend well outside that region, e.g. to Brazil. (3) The IUCN Red List extinction-risk category is also given for each species that has been assessed by that process. Red List categories include DD (Data Deficient); LC (Least Concern); NT (Near Threatened); VU (Vulnerable); E (Endangered); CR (Critically Endangered). Species not yet assessed by the Red List are indicated by ND (no data).</li></ol> CHANGES IN VERSION 2 FROM VERSION 1:<ol><li>In Version 1 all non-pelagic species were referred to as demersal. In Version 2 non-pelagic species are coded as either Benthic or Demersal (see above for definitions). </li><li>Species have been divided into two depth classes, based on their depth ranges: Shallow species are those commonly found above 40m depth and Deep Species are those entirely or largely restricted to depths below 40m. The choice of this 40 m separation depth was based on it being the approximate lower limit of SCUBA-based research on shallow-water reef fishes, and also being the approximate breakpoint between shallow and deeper (mesophotic and rariphotic) faunal depth-zones on reefs, with shallow- and deep-reef fish assemblages being dominated by different members of the same set of families indicated in the table presented here (e.g. Pinheiro et al 2016; Baldwin et al 2018; García-Hernández et al 2018; Stefanoudis et al 2019).</li></ol> This division into shallow- and deep species was made because levels of research effort on deep-reef members of the families on the list vary widely between regions and between locations within a region. There has been much more research and collecting of deep-reef fishes, particularly of small, cryptobenthic forms, using crewed submersibles specially equipped for such collecting (Gilmore 2016) in the Greater Caribbean than many other areas. That includes work at widely scattered sites in the region between the late 1970s and 2010 by the Johnson Sea Link I and II submarines, on the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of Florida, the Bahamas, Caribbean Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, Bonaire and Curacao. In addition, this activity includes observations by the Nekton submersibles at Jamaica and Belize, and the Alvin at the Bahamas (again during the 1970s). During the 2010s, this effort was renewed by observations and collecting by the Smithsonian Institution's DROP program using the submersibles Curasub at Curacao, Bonaire, Dominica and St Eustatius, and the Idabel at Roatan. No similarly extensive set of submersible-based studies and collections of deep-reef fishes exists for any other equivalent biogeographic region in the tropics. Hence, the focus of quantitative comparisons with reef-associated fish faunas of most other regions (or locations within the Greater Caribbean that lack deep-reef research) is likely to be on shallow-water reefs. <ol><li>A few, currently unnamed species of reef-associated Gobiids (6 species in two, currently unnamed, genera), Grammatids (2 species of Lipogramma), Labrids (2 species of Decodon) and Serranids (1 species of Baldwinella) for which sufficient ecological information is available have been added to the list.</li></ol> <ol><li>Several deep-living reef-associated species listed in Version 1 as members of the Scorpaenidae have been removed from the list, because systematic rearrangements have placed them in other families (Setarchidae and Sebastidae) that, in the study area, lack shallow members.</li></ol> <ol><li>The family Ophidiidae has about 78 species in 28 genera and three subfamilies in the study are. We include on the list only 41 members of 7 genera known to have shallow-water, reef-associated representatives or representatives that live within the depth range (0-~250m) of reefs dominated by shallow taxa. The remainder are species that live in very deep or oceanic waters and are irrelevant to the reef-associated fish fauna considered here.</li></ol> <ol><li>Habitat classifications of a few species of carangids and lutjanids as pelagic or demersal in version 1 have been changed, based on additional information.</li></ol> Hosting of this database by Zenodo will allow it to be updated through the production of new versions as new information becomes available.New information, comments or queries relating to the classification or species list should be directed to <a href="mailto:robertsondr@si.edu">robertsondr@si.edu</a>. A compilation of further information about the biological characteristics of fishes on this list can be found in the website: Robertson DR, Van Tassell J (2019) Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 2.0. <a href="https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/pages">https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/pages</a> References.Ackerman JL, Bellwood DR (2000) Reef fish assemblages: a re-evaluation using enclosed rotenone stations Marine Ecology Progress Series 206:227-237.  doi:10.3354/meps206227Alzate, Zapata FA, Giraldo A (2014) A comparison of visual and collection-based methods for assessing community structure of coral reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Revista Biologica Tropical 62 (Supplement 1): 359–371.Baldwin CC, Tornabene L, Robertson DR (2018) Below the mesophotic. Scientific Reports 8:4920   DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-23067-1Beldade R, Erzini K, Goncalves EJ (2006) Composition and temporal dynamics of a temperate rocky cryptobenthic fish assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 86: 1221-1228. Brandl SJ, Goatley CHR, Bellwood DR, Tornabene L (2018) The hidden half: ecology and evolution of cryptobenthic fishes on coral reefs. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 93: 1846 -1873. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12423"> https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12423</a>Brandl SJ, Tornabene L, Goatley CHR,  Casey JM,  Morais RA,  Côté IM,  Baldwin CC, Parravicini<a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6446/1189/tab-pdf#aff-5\"""> </a>V, Schiettekatte MD, Bellwood<a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6446/1189/tab-pdf#aff-9\"""> </a> DR (2019) Demographic dynamics of the smallest marine vertebrates fuel coral reef ecosystem functioning. Science 364: 1189-1192  DOI: 10.1126/science.aav3384Depczynski M, Bellwood DR (2003) The role of cryptobenthic reef fishes in coral reef trophodynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 256: 183–191García-Hernández JE, Sanchez PJ, Hammerman NM and Schizas NV (2018) Fish, coral, and sponge assemblages associated with altiphotic and mesophotic reefs along the Guánica Biosphere Reserve continental shelf edge, southwest Puerto Rico. Frontiers in Marine Science 5:303. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00303Gilmore, RG Jr (2016) You can't catch a fish with a robot. Gulf and Caribbean Research 27: ii-xiv DOI: 10.18785/gcr.2701.11Harding JM, Mann R (2001) Oyster reefs as fish habitat: opportunistic use of restored reefs by transient fishes. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 951-959.Kovacic M, Patzner RA, Schliewen U (2012) A first quantitative assessment of the ecology of cryptobenthic fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology 159: 2731–2742. La Peyre MK, Aguilar Marshall D, Miller LS, Humphries AT (2019) Oyster Reefs in Northern Gulf of Mexico Estuaries Harbor Diverse Fish and Decapod Crustacean Assemblages: A Meta-Synthesis. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6:666. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.0066Miller PJ (1979) Adaptiveness and implications of small size in Teleosts. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. 44: 263–306Møller PR, Knudsen W, Schwarzhans W, Nielsen JG (2016) A new classification of viviparous brotulas (Bythitidae) – with family status for Dinematichthyidae – based on molecular, morphological and fossil data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 391-408. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.008</a>Pinheiro H, Goodbody-Gringley G, Jessup M, Shepherd B, Chequer A, Rocha L (2016) Upper and lower mesophotic coral reef fish communities evaluated by underwater visual censuses in two Caribbean locations. Coral Reefs 35: 139–151 DOI 10.1007/s00338-015-1381-0Robertson DR, Smith-Vaniz WF (2008) Rotenone: An essential but demonized tool for assessing marine fish diversity. Bioscience 58:165-170.Robertson DR, Smith-Vaniz WF (2010) Use of clove oil in collecting coral reef fishes for research. Marine Ecology Progress Series.401:295-302Smith-Vaniz WF, Jelks HL, Rocha LA (2006) Relevance of cryptic fishes in biodiversity assessments: A case study at Buck Island National Monument, St. Croix.  Bulletin of Marine Science 79:17–48Stefanoudis PV, Gress E, Pitt JM, Smith SR, Kincaid T, Rivers M, Andradi-Brown DA, Rowlands G, Woodall LC and Rogers AD (2019) Depth-Dependent Structuring of Reef Fish Assemblages From the Shallows to the Rariphotic Zone. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6:307 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00307Willis TJ (2001). Visual census methods underestimate density and diversity of cryptic reef fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 59: 1408-1411.

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Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: 2024 (VERSION 1) DATABASE

Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: 2024 (VERSION 1) DATABASE  Date: September 30, 2024;        DOI 10.5281/zenodo.13863109  https://zenodo.org/records/13863109 Introduction to the First Version This first version of the database includes bony fishes belonging to families present in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) biogeographic region that associate with coral and rocky reefs. That region extends from Magdalena Bay on the southwest coast of Baja California, through the Gulf of California and south to about Cabo Blanco, northern Peru, and includes five isolated oceanic islands and island groups: Clipperton, Cocos, the Galapagos archipelago, Malpelo and the Revillagigedo archipelago. The objective here is to provide a database of the entire regional fauna of reef-associated bony fishes that includes information on its taxonomic composition and a range of biological and biogeographic characteristics of listed species. This is intended to facilitate comparisons of the structure of equivalent regional faunas in different biogeographic regions, and for examining local variation in faunal structure within the TEP. Greater Caribbean reefs down to depths of ~250-300 m have reef-fish faunas dominated by members of typical shallow-reef families of bony fishes (Baldwin et al 2018). A database for reef-associated bony fishes in Greater Caribbean (Robertson & Tornabene, 2023) focuses on species belonging to those families, because those are what are traditionally considered to be Reef Fishes. This database takes the same approach. The list includes not only TEP endemics and other eastern Pacific species that also occur to the north and south of the TEP but also transpacific species (Robertson et. al. 2004) that dispersed across the 4000 km wide East Pacific Barrier and have resident populations in the TEP. It does not include non-native species introduced for aquaculture purposes (e.g. Rachycentron canadum, Sparus aurata) or that have passed through the Panama Canal from the Caribbean and occur in the TEP (e.g. Megalops atlanticus). Species other than regional endemics, which dominate the fauna, are considered to be residents in the TEP if there are numerous records of them in the region, particularly records in different years and at different locations.  Members of a few families of bony fishes that are found only on deep-water reefs (i.e. often below the 150 m lower limit of the mesophotic zone) and have no representatives associated with shallow reefs in the TEP, are not included among the Reef Fish families. Between them those families have only a few (13) reef-associated species resident in the TEP that live on deep reefs. Another 60 species (28 of them Transpacifics; see below) of reef-associated fishes that do not appear to have resident populations in the TEP also are not included in the current list. Reef-associated fishes include not only demersal and benthic species that use consolidated hard substrata found on both coral- and rocky reefs, but also demersal and benthic species that use soft bottoms (sand, gravel, mud, seagrass and macroalgal beds growing on sediment, estuaries and mangroves) immediately adjacent to or within the matrices of reefs.  Benthic species are restricted to living on and in the benthic habitats, whereas Demersal species use and rely on both the bottom and the near-bottom water column. These two categories both relate to the behavior of fishes during the day, which, in some cases, changes at night. The Flashlight Fish <a name="_Hlk178058223"></a>Phthanophaneron harveyi is not included because it apparently hides in deeper water reefs during the day and enters shallow water only at night. Apogonids and Holocentrids are benthic during the day, but demersal when they become active at night, and day-active demersal species often become cryptobenthic at night by hiding within reef substrata (e. g. some wrasses rest in reef structures, while others bury themselves in sand). Reef-associated fishes also include Pelagic species that live in the water column and facultatively associate with reefs, are regularly seen over and immediately adjacent to them, and have trophic interactions with organisms on reefs. They do so either by contributing food to reefs (e.g. parasites removed from pelagic fishes such as Mola alexandrini in the Galapagos by reef fishes; see images of that activity in iNaturalist) or by extracting food from them, e.g. by preying on reef fishes. For example, Yellowfin Tuna, Thunnus albacares (and Silky Shark, Carcharhinus falciformis) prey on Cephalopholis colonus at Cocos Island; see Auster et al. 2019). Usage of the term reef-associated here  is similar to the definition used by FishBase (<a href="https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/glossary/glossary.php">https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/glossary/glossary.php</a> ) in that it includes fishes living near as well as on reefs, but more expansive than FishBase’s restriction of the term to coral reefs. Species found almost exclusively in fresh- to brackish water also are excluded from the list. Finally, excluded species include a few taxa of oceanic pelagic fishes that are found in surface waters that may be seen in the general vicinity reefs: Exocoetidae, Xiphiidae, Istiophoridae and some of the large (Thunnus) tunas.  Cryptobenthic fishes are species that are “visually and/or behaviorally cryptic” due to their form and coloration, and to their maintaining “a close association with the benthos” (Depczynski & Bellwood, 2003), by living directly on or within it. While cryptobenthic species are a major component of the diversity of reef fishes, they are strongly under-represented in visual surveys of reef-fish assemblages made by divers. The diversity and the numerical abundance of cryptobenthic fishes is revealed only through the use of piscicides (Ackerman & Bellwood 2000; Willis 2001; Smith-Vaniz et al. 2006; Robertson & Smith-Vaniz 2008; Alzate et al. 2014,) or anaesthetics (Kovacic et al. 2012; Robertson & Smith-Vaniz 2010) that flush such fishes out of the substratum for collection and identification. The list indicates which species have been classed as cryptobenthic. While individuals of some cryptobenthic species, such as Muraenids and Apogonids may regularly be seen during the day on reefs, it is not possible to know what fraction of their populations the invisible individuals represent (Willis 2001; Alzate et al 2014). On the other hand, some species belonging to families that contain many cryptobenthic species but, because they school in the water just above the substratum are actually demersal, and the Garden Eels (Heteroconger spp.) that extend their long, slender bodies to feed in the water column above their burrows are not classed as cryptobenthic here because they can be reliably censused visually. Studies of cryptobenthic reef-fishes often emphasize that many such species derive their crypticity in part from being very small (Miller 1979; Depczynski and Bellwood 2003; Beldade et al 2006; Kovacic et al 2012; Brandl et al 2018). The list indicates which cryptobenthic reef-fishes are small, with a maximum Total Length (TL) </= 5 cm (Depczynski & Bellwood, 2003) and </= 10 cm (Miller 1979; Beldade et al 2006; Kovacic et al 2012). Brandl et al. (2018, 2019) classed the members of 17 families (only 12 of which are in the TEP) that have relatively large numbers of small, cryptobenthic species, share many life-history characteristics and are important for energy flow in reef ecosystems as Core families of Cryptobenthic Reef-fishes (Core CRFs). Members of those families (Apogonidae, Blenniidae, Bythitidae, Callionymidae, Chaenopsidae, Dactyloscopidae, Gobiidae, Gobiesocidae, Labrisomidae, Opistognathidae, Syngnathidae, Tripterygiidae), which Brandl et al. (2018, 2019) also referred to as microbenthic reef fishes, are identified in the list. Shortly before Brandl et al (2018) defined the group of Core CRFs, the Bythitidae was split into two families, Bythitidae and Dinematichthyidae. Both those families are included here as Core CRFs as both have small, cryptobenthic species found on shallow reefs. While many cryptobenthic species in other families also are small, Brandl et al’s. (2018) definition of core CRFs was aimed at the family level, thus excluding some small cryptic species in speciose families that have many large, mobile members (e. g. the Serranidae). Shallow- and deep-reef fishes: Shallow-water species are those with populations restricted to or concentrated at depths above 40m. Deep-reef species have populations concentrated in or restricted to depths greater than 40m. This depth boundary corresponds to the approximate breakpoint between shallow and deeper (mesophotic and altiphotic) faunal depth-zones on reefs, and the approximate depth breakpoint between research on shallow-water reef fishes based on open-circuit SCUBA, and research at greater depths that rely on mixed gas and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) technical diving.  Shallow species also include those that may have shallow populations at some sites in the TEP, but only deep populations elsewhere and species in which juveniles are common in shallow water and adults are restricted to deep water. Simple systems of habitat characterization like those used here cannot capture all the nuances of how different fishes use a variety of habitats and microhabitats. Inevitably there are borderline cases of species that could be classified in either of two alternative habitat categories (e. g. benthic or demersal, deep or shallow). There also are borderline cases relating to whether a species should be regarded as reef-associated or not. A single observation of a species passing nearby during a dive on a reef does not make that a reef-associated species. In addition, geographic variation in whether some species on this list do or do not associate with reefs at any location complicates the situation. I have tried to be conservative in classing species as reef-associated, by relying as much as possible on multiple primary records of such behavior by those species and clearcut descriptions of actual behavior. Otherwise virtually everything could end up classed as reef associated. Other types of data in the database: The database also contains information on the maximum and minimum depths of the Depth Range,  maximum Total Length (TL), whether each species is a TEP endemic (with at least 90% of its range in the TEP); whether a species is a Transpacific Immigrant from the central pacific that recruited across the Eastern Pacific Barrier, whether it has a Small Geographic Range (up to 1/3 of the TEP) whether it has a Very Small Geographic range (not more than 10% of the TEP) and whether it is restricted to one or more of the Oceanic Islands in the TEP. Redlist Extinction Risk category. Since the early 2000s the IUCN Red List (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/">https://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>) has produced a comprehensive set of assessments of TEP fishes. Those include assessments for >90% of the species in the present database. Those assessment documents include much information on habitat usage by those fishes that was relevant to the construction of the present database.  Assigned Redlist categories of extinction risk used here are NE (Not Evaluated), DD (Data Deficient), LC (Least Concern), VU (Vulnerable), NT (Near Threatened), EN (Endangered) and CR (Critically Endangered).                 Sources of data:  Besides the publications listed in the bibliography, the species list is based on personal observations and research Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, the Revillagigedo and Galapagos archipelagos, Clipperton, Cocos and Malpelo Islands. Much of those data and data based on a large range of other sources is available in the website Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an information system (<a href="http://www.stri.org/sftep">www.stri.org/sftep</a>). The species list also draws on reviews of photographs in the website <a href="http://www.iNaturalist.org">www.iNaturalist.org</a> and recent live-fish photographs taken by citizen-scientist underwater photographers (principally Carlos and Allison Estape; see <a href="https://carlosestape.photoshelter.com/gallery-list">https://carlosestape.photoshelter.com/gallery-list</a>) at the Midriff Islands in the Gulf of California, southern Baja, the Revillagigedo, Cocos and Galapagos Islands and nearshore islands (Coiba area and the Pearl Islands) of Panama. The reef-associated bony-fish fauna of the TEP This first edition of the database includes 739 species belonging to 310 genera and 87 families. Of those 254 (34.4%) are demersal species, 400 (54.1%) are benthic species and 85 (11.5%) are pelagic species. Among them are 222 small (<10cm TL) cryptobenthic forms (30.0% of the fauna) and 261 Core-CRF species (35.3% of the fauna).  Further, only 58 species (7.8% of the total) are deep-reef forms, with 23 of that group demersal (9.1% of all demersal forms), 35 benthic (8.8% of all benthic species), 7 small cryptobenthic types (3.2% of that entire group) and 8 Core-CRF species (3.1% of that entire group). The classification of families and spelling of scientific names generally follows Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes. (<a href="https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes">https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes</a> Hosting of this database by Zenodo will allow it to be updated through the production of new versions as new information becomes available. New information, comments or queries relating to the classification or species list should be directed to <a href="mailto:robertsondr@si.edu">robertsondr@si.edu</a>.   Bibliography of publications and databases relating to the construction of this list: 1.    Aburto-Oropeza, O. and Balart, E. F. 2001. Community Structure of Reef Fish in Several Habitats of a Rocky Reef in the Gulf of California. Marine Ecology 22: 283-305 2.    Aburto-Oropeza, O. et al. 2015. A framework to assess the health of rocky reefs linking geomorphology, community assemblage, and fish biomass. Ecological Indicators 52: 353-361. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.12.006 3.    Acevedo-Cervantes A. et al. 2018. Geographic range and biology of Spinyeye Rockfish (Sebastes spinorbis Chen, 1975), an endemic species to the Gulf of California, Mexico. California Fish and Game 104: 148-153. 4.    Acevedo-Álvarez, E. A., G. Ruiz-Campos and O. Domínguez-Domínguez  2021 Population-level morphological variation of Anisotremus interruptus (Gill, 1862) (Perciformes: Haemulidae) in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 4975: 141-158 5.    Ackerman JL, Bellwood DR (2000) Reef fish assemblages: a re-evaluation using enclosed rotenone stations Marine Ecology Progress Series 206:227-237.   doi:10.3354/meps206227 6.    Aguilar-Medrano, R. and Calderon-Aguilera, L.E. 2015. Redundancy and diversity of functional reef fish groups of the Mexican Eastern Pacific. Marine Ecology 2015: 1-15. 10.1111/maec.12253 7.    Allen, G.R. and Robertson, D.R. 1997. An annotated checklist of the fishes of Clipperton Atoll, tropical eastern Pacific. Rev. Biol. Trop. 45: 813-843 8.    Alvarez-Filip, L. and Reyes-Bonilla, H. 2006. Comparison of community structure and functional diversity of fishes at Cabo Pulmo coral reef, western Mexico between 1987 and 2003. Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium 216-225 9.    Alzate, A. et al. 2012. New Records of Cryptobenthic Fishes in Coral Reef Habitats of Gorgona Island, Colombia, Tropical Eastern Pacific. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost. 41: 229-235 10.  Alzate, A., Zapata, F.A., and Giraldo,A. 2014. A comparison of visual and collection-based methods for assessing community structure of coral reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62: 359-371 11.  Anderson Jr., W.D. and Heemstra, P.C. 2012. Review of Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Anthiine Fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Serranidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 102: 204 pp 12.  Anderson, W.D., Jr. 2018. Annotated checklist of anthiadine fishes (Percoidei: Serranidae). Zootaxa 4475: 001-062. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4475.1.1 13.  Arias-Godínez, G. et al. 2021. The effect of coral reef degradation on the trophic structure of reef fishes from Bahía Culebra, North Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Journal of Coastal Conservation 25: 1-10. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-021-00802-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-021-00802-x</a> 14.  Arreola-Robles JL, Elorduy-Garay JF 2002. Reef fish diversity in the region of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Bull. Mar. Sci. 70: 1-8 15.  Auster, P.J. et al. 2016. Facilitative behavioral interactions between deepwater piscivores at Isla del Coco National Park and Las Gemelas Seamount, Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64: S187-S196. 16.  Auster PJ, Sánchez-Jiménez A, Rodríguez-Arrieta JA, Quesada AJ, Pérez C, Naranjo-Elizondo B, Blum S, Cortés J. (2016) Facilitative behavioral interactions between deepwater piscivores at Isla de Coco National Park and Las Gemelas Seamount, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop. 2016; 64 (Suppl 1):187-96. 17.  Auster, P.J. et al. 2019. Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Neotropical Ichthyology 17: 1-11. 10.1590/1982-0224-20180165 18.  Ayala Bocos, A., Fernández Rivera Melo, F.J., and Reyes Bonilla,H. 2018. Updated checklist of fishes at Cabo Pulmo reef, Gulf of California, Mexico. Rev. Mar. Cost 10: 9-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/revmar.10-1.1 19.  Ayala-Bocos, A. et al. 2015. New record of the frogfish Fowlerichthys avalonis (Actinopterygii, Antennariidae) at the oceanic Revillagigedo Archipelago, west Mexico. Marine Biodiversity Records 8: 1-4. 10.1017/S1755267215000275 20.  Balart, E. F. et al. 2006. Length–weight relationships of cryptic reef fishes from the southwestern Gulf of California, México. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 22: 316-318. 21.  Baldwin, C. C. and McCosker, J. E. 2001. Wrasses of the Galápagos Islands, with the description of a new deepwater species of Halichoeres (Perciformes: Labridae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 49: 89-100 22.  Baldwin CC, Tornabene L, Robertson DR (2018) Below the mesophotic. Scientific Reports 8:4920   DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-23067-1 23.  Barjau E. et al. 2012. Estructura temporal y espacial de la comunidad de peces arrecifales de la Isla San José, Golfo de California, México. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60: 649-667 24.  Barjau E. et al. 2012. Changes in the taxonomic diversity of the reef fish community of San Jose´ Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Biodivers Conserv 21: 3543–3554. 10.1007/s10531-012-0378-z 25.  Barraza, J.E. 2014. Peces estuarinos y marinos de El Salvador. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) 66pp 26.  Bastida-Zavala, J.R. et al. 2013. Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca, Mexico. Check List 9: 329-390 27.  Beldade R, Erzini K, Goncalves EJ (2006) Composition and temporal dynamics of a temperate rocky cryptobenthic fish assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 86: 1221-1228. 28.  Benfield, S. et al. 2008. A comparison of coral reef and coral community fish assemblages in Pacific Panama and environmental factors governing their structure. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1331-1341. DOI:10.1017/S0025315408002002 29.  Bessudo, S  & Lefèvre Y. 2017, Guia de Peces de la Isla Malpelo Santuario de Fauna y Flora, Colombia, Pacifico Oriental Tropical. Fundacion Malpelo. 366 p. 30.  Bortone, S.A. 1977. Revision of the Sea Basses of the Genus Diplectrum (Pisces: Serranidae). NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 404: 1-49 31.  Brandl SJ, Goatley CHR, Bellwood DR, Tornabene L (2018) The hidden half: ecology and evolution of cryptobenthic fishes on coral reefs. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 93: 1846 -1873. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12423"> https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12423</a> 32.  Bussing, W.A. 2010. 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Allen Brain Atlas

Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.

allen-brain-atlas

neuroscienceopenDocumentation, web resources, and API references are available online.

Last verified 2026-04-30Open record

Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)

ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.

abode-home-cage

behavioral-neuroscienceopenThe DataShare record exposes download links for annotations, documentation, license text, and the zipped per-snippet data directory.

Last verified 2026-04-30Open record

DANDI Archive for NWB datasets

DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.

dandi-nwb

electrophysiologyopenPublished Dandiset metadata and archive endpoints are available through the production DANDI API.

Last verified 2026-04-30Open record

International Brain Laboratory public data

The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.

ibl

behavioral-neuroscienceopenPublic sessions can be searched and loaded from the IBL public data server through ONE.

Last verified 2026-04-29Open record

OpenNeuro

OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.

openneuro

neuroscienceopenPublished datasets are available on demand over the internet.

Last verified 2026-04-29Open record

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Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Greater Caribbean: a Checklist; Version 4

Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Greater Caribbean: A Checklist (VERSION 5)

Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: 2024 (VERSION 1) DATABASE

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Allen Brain Atlas

Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)

DANDI Archive for NWB datasets

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OpenNeuro

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