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16 results for “refuge use”
Dynamic landscapes of fear and safety alter prey refuge use in freshwater habitats
The non-consumptive effects of predators on prey behavior have been studied in many different systems. However, predator-prey ecology has placed a bulk of emphasis on how fear alters prey behavior, and new studies have begun to shift focus to the importance that safety in the form of refuges has in structuring prey behavioral responses. This project focuses on changes in the safety landscape as well as changes in the fear landscape and how these changes impact crayfish behavior. Using an established bass-crayfish predator prey system, we altered shelter quality and location in relation to the presence of bass odor signals. We measured shelter use by the crayfish in response to this changing landscape.
Activity budgets and space use for two common Pacific parrotfish (Chlorurus Sp.) at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
Data was collected at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge located in the Central Pacific in 2014, and the work focuses on two species of Parrotfish, Chlorurus microrhinos and Chlorurus spilurus (formerly Cholrurus sordidus). For C. microrhinos, the project was designed to collect fine-scale spatial behavior data, focusing on territory size, species interactions, and benthic impact (i.e. feeding behavior). Focal follow data was collected by one or two observer(s), either on snorkel or SCUBA, and recording focal activity down to the second. Simultaneously, the observer would be towing a GPS that was recording a location every 5 seconds and each location was then associated with a particular behavior. Throughout this study individual fish were identifiable and successive follows were possible on individuals. For C. spilurus the focus of the project was to collect behavioral time budget data on feeding, territorial defense, and spawning behavior. The ‘Chlorurus_Area_Palmyra_2014.csv’ data only covers C. Microrhinos and gives the 95% KUD area estimation for GPS towed tracks, as well as the 95% KUD area for locations where feeding was occurring. We also report the step length between successive points for the entire follow as well as where feeding was occurring. The ‘Chlorurus_Activity_Palmyra_2014.csv’ is for both C. Microrhinos and C. spilurus and reports the start and stop time of each focal follow as well as the start and stop time of each activity. Activity descriptions can be found in the metadata and the total length and phase for each individual in our study can be found in ‘Fish_Information_Chlorurus_Data_2014.csv.
SEV LTER: Tracking Vegetation Phenology Using PhenoCam Imagery at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, 2014-2024
As of 03/03/2024, the Sevilleta Long-Term Ecological Research Program is equipped with a total of 65 digital RGB cameras, or PhenoCams, across the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge. These cameras are installed on eddy covariance flux towers and at a number of precipitation manipulation experiments to track vegetation phenology and productivity across dryland ecotones. PhenoCams have been paired with eddy covariance flux tower data at the site since 2014, while some Mean-Variance Experiment PhenoCams were installed as recently as June 2023. For information on PhenoCam data processing and formatting, see Richardson et al., 2018, Scientific Data (https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.28), Seyednasrollah et al., 2019, Scientific Data (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0229-9), and the PhenoCam Network web page (https://phenocam.nau.edu/webcam/). The PhenoCam Network uses imagery from digital cameras to track vegetation phenology and seasonal changes in vegetation activity in diverse ecosystems across North America and around the world. Imagery is uploaded to the PhenoCam server hosted at Northern Arizona University, where it is made publicly available in near-real time, every 30 minutes from sunrise to sunset, 365 days a year. The data are processed using simple image analysis tools to yield a measure of canopy greenness, from which phenological metrics are extracted, characterizing the start and end of the growing season. These transition dates have been shown to align well with on-the-ground observations at various research sites. Long-term PhenoCam data can be used to track the impact of climate variability and change on the rhythm of the seasons.
Decomposition of Microstegium vimineum litter, plants grew through the Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge in 2019. Litter used in this experiment naturally senesced in the fall 2019, decomposition data collected through 2020. Plants were infected or not-infected with the foliar fungal pathogen Bipolaris gigantea during the 2019 growing season.
Decomposition of plant litter, facilitated primarily by microbial decomposers, plays a critical role in biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem function. Emerging pathogens have the potential to impact litter decomposition by altering the chemical composition and associated microbial community of host tissue. Here, we compared litter decomposition of the invasive grass Microstegium vimineum collected from sites with Bipolaris leaf spot symptoms and sites with no apparent disease symptoms in a common garden experiment. Our results revealed that leaf tissue from litter from non-infected sites decomposed more rapidly through the spring than litter from infected sites. Differences in fungal composition between infected and non-infected litter at the start of the experiment largely persisted through the summer. Our work demonstrates that pathogen colonization may facilitate the persistence of infected host litter, potentially slowing the return of nutrients to the environmental pool while also promoting the survival and dispersal of primary inoculum the following season.
Breeding bird data using 50 m radius counting circles for the Parker River National Wildlife Refuge, Plum Island estuary, Massachusetts
This file contains breeding bird censuses using 50 m radius counting circles at locations on Plum Island, Massachusetts in the Parker River National Wildlife Refuge, Massachusetts.
Data from: Balancing risk and reward: mating opportunity influences thermal refuge use in fiddler crabs
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Behavioural thermoregulation can ameliorate thermal stress but is costly. For species that court in a thermally stressful microhabitat, sexual selection via endurance rivalry favours individuals that are able and willing to endure harsh conditions in the courtship habitat, as retreats to a thermal refuge will reduce mating opportunities. The relative costs and benefits of refuge use versus continued courtship in the face of thermal risk, which vary across abiotic and biotic contexts, determine the optimal behavioural strategy. We examined the social and abiotic factors driving behavioural decisions related to thermoregulatory retreat in the fiddler crab <i>Austruca mjoebergi</i>. Male fiddler crabs perform a courtship display on the thermally stressful intertidal sediment surface. Time on the surface, and thus time available for display, was limited by high temperatures; as temperature increased, surface time decreased. Yet when presented with a stimulus female, males were more likely to perform the courtship display, displayed at a higher rate and increased time spent on the surface. These results demonstrate that behavioural<i> </i>decisions related to thermal retreat depend both on the abiotic conditions that influence the degree of thermal stress and on the social conditions that influence the reproductive prospects of the individual.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: The relative importance of green infrastructure as refuge habitat for pollinators increases with local land-use intensity
<p>1. Agricultural expansion and intensification have resulted in strong declines in farmland biodiversity across Europe. In many intensively farmed landscapes, linear landscape elements such as field boundaries, road verges and ditch banks are the main remaining green infrastructures providing refuge for biodiversity, and as such play a pivotal role in agri-environmental policies aiming at mitigating biodiversity loss. Yet, while we have a fairly good understanding of how agricultural intensification influences biodiversity on farmland, little is known about whether and how local land-use intensity affects biodiversity in nearby linear landscape elements and how this affects their role as biodiversity refuge.</p> <p>2. Focussing on pollinating insects, we examined the effects of local land-use intensity on biodiversity in agricultural fields and adjacent green infrastructures. In an intensively farmed area in South-Western France, we selected 23 agricultural grasslands and nearby field boundaries along a gradient in grassland cutting frequency which acted as a proxy for land-use intensity. We analysed how grassland cutting frequency affects species richness, abundance and community composition of wild bees and hoverflies in the grasslands and neighbouring field boundaries, and whether these effects differ across habitat types and species groups.</p> <p>3. Grassland cutting frequency negatively affected pollinator species richness and abundance in the grasslands, whereas pollinators in the neighbouring field boundaries were unaffected. These responses reflected the effects of cutting frequency on floral resources, with flower cover and richness decreasing in grasslands but not in field boundaries. As a result, the proportion of the local pollinator community supported by field boundaries increased with the increasing cutting frequency of the adjacent grassland.</p> <p>4. Common and rare pollinator species generally showed similar responses. Furthermore, communities of plants and pollinators in field boundaries next to intensively farmed grasslands were fairly similar to those next to extensively farmed ones.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that, as nearby land-use intensifies, flower-rich field boundaries become increasingly important as pollinator refuge habitats. Conserving field boundaries and other green infrastructures, and maintaining or enhancing their quality, therefore constitute important tools to conserve and promote pollinators in intensively farmed landscapes.</p>
Thermal refuge use and parasitism: spatiotemporal variation in anchor worm and lamprey wounds on Klamath redband trout
<p>Climate warming is increasing maximum temperatures during summer, such that they more frequently exceed the thermal tolerances of ectotherms, particularly cold-water fishes. One way that species can avoid thermal stress is by moving to thermal refuge habitats. Thermal refuges remain suitably cool during summer and are often complementary to foraging, spawning, and rearing habitats. Although the benefits associated with the thermal aspects of refuges are well studied, much less is known about potential costs associated with non-thermal aspects. For example, crowding of cold-water fishes into seasonal refuge habitats could increase parasite loads and cause declines in fitness. We assessed lamprey and anchor worm parasitism in Upper Klamath Lake where adfluvial redband trout (<em>Oncorhynchus</em> <em>mykiss</em> <em>newberii</em>) move to thermal refuge habitats during summer. We sampled trout in Upper Klamath Lake during spring and in adjacent thermal refuge habitats during summer. We also evaluated survival as a function of lamprey wounding using motion-sensing radio tags. There was a 4-fold decline in the number of lamprey wounds on trout upon the onset of thermal refuge use. In contrast, cases of severe anchor worm (≥20 sores) increased 3-fold during thermal refuge use. Survival in thermal refuge was not different for lamprey-wounded trout compared to trout that migrated to thermal refuge without lamprey wounds. We found that both parasites were absent in a lotic population of redband trout downstream that lacked access to thermal refuge. Thus, the effects of seasonal refuge use on parasite load varied depending on the parasite taxon considered and local habitat conditions implying that managers will likely require empirical data for focal habitats and taxa to understand how parasitism affects thermal refuge use.</p>
Using predictive models to identify kelp refuges in marine protected areas for management prioritisation
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Thermal refuge use and parasitism: spatiotemporal variation in anchor worm and lamprey wounds on Klamath redband trout
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Data from: The relative importance of green infrastructure as refuge habitat for pollinators increases with local land-use intensity
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Data from: Balancing risk and reward: mating opportunity influences thermal refuge use in fiddler crabs
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Census data on salt marsh birds using 100 m radius counting circles for the Parker River National Wildlife Refuge, Massachusetts.
This file contains census data on salt marsh birds using 100 m radius counting circles for the Parker River National Wildlife Refuge, Massachusetts from 2001-2009 using 100 m radius counting circles.
Habitat selection and refuge-use by a color polymorphic salamander reveal behavioral niche differences
<p>Color polymorphic species provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the ecology and evolution of intraspecific niche differences. The red-backed salamander, <em>Plethodon cinereus</em>, is a fully terrestrial lungless salamander with two common color forms, striped and unstriped. Previous research suggests the morphs may be differentially adapted to surface and subsurface microhabitats, with the unstriped morph being more fossorial. This hypothesis predicts that the unstriped morph should be more sensitive to the risks of surface activity (e.g., thermal stress, dehydration, predation), and therefore be more selective than striped morphs when choosing soil surface microhabitats. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally manipulated leaf litter mass in small forest patches (~0.45m<sup>2</sup>). Leaf litter addition reduced soil temperatures, buffered against changes in air temperature, and likely provided physical protection from predators. Over three years, we found that unstriped adults responded positively to leaf litter addition, but striped adults did not. In addition, unstriped morphs spent significantly more time in protective refuges (opaque, moistened tubes) than striped morphs in laboratory assays. Taken together, the field and laboratory results support the hypothesis that the unstriped morph is more sensitive to the risks of surface activity, and therefore is more likely to be fossorial. This difference in microhabitat use, combined with spatiotemporal variation in leaf litter accumulation on the forest floor, may play an important role in the maintenance of the polymorphism.</p>
Data from: Vanishing refuge? Testing the forest refuge hypothesis in coastal East Africa using genome-wide sequence data for seven amphibians
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Habitat selection and refuge-use by a color polymorphic salamander reveal behavioral niche differences
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