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366 results for “relative risk”
Valuation of heat related mortality risk and tick-borne diseases
<p>Monetary impacts of premature mortality due to heat waves</p> <p>Preferences for public programmes against spread of ticks due to climate change and a new vaccine against Lyme disease, prevalence of tick-borne diseases and exposure to ticks</p>
Data for The impact of information about tobacco-related reproductive vs. general health risks on South Indian women's tobacco use decisions
<p>Tobacco Intervention Study Mysore India March-April 2016</p> <p>Published version: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.61">https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.61</a></p>
EFSA Opinion Update of risks for animal health related to the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in feed: Annexes on Occurrence data in feed submitted to EFSA
<p>Annexes to EFSA's Update Opinion on the risks for animal health related to the presence of OTA in feed. Annex B includes the occurrence data in feed extracted from EFSA Data Warehouse for the period from 2012 to 2021. Annex C contains the occurrence data expressed in dry matter following analysis and cleansing of the dataset as detailed in EFSA's Opinion. Annex D lists the samples of 'Compound feed' and other feed materials except forage expressed in whole weight. The number of samples across some of the feed categories differ among the two annex C and D because in few cases the moisture content was not reported (and no assumption on the moisture could be done), precluding the conversion of the analytical results to either whole weight or dry matter. </p>
Data from: Exploring polymorphism in a palatable prey: Predation risk and frequency-dependence in relation to distinct levels of conspicuousness
<p>Camouflage and warning signals are different anti-predator strategies, which offer an excellent opportunity to study the evolutionary forces acting on prey appearance. Edible prey often escape detection via camouflage, which usually leads to apostatic selection favoring rare morphs. By contrast, defended prey often display conspicuous coloration acting as warning signals to predators, which usually leads to positive frequency-dependence and signal uniformity. However, when two morphs of the same species vary greatly in conspicuousness, the maintenance of both cryptic and conspicuous forms in profitable prey populations remains enigmatic. Using the white and melanic morphs of the invasive box tree moth (<em>Cydalima perspectalis</em>) presented at three different frequencies, we investigate a) the palatability of caterpillars and adult moths to birds, b) predation rates on the less conspicuous melanic morph, and c) the role of frequency-dependence in balancing morph frequencies. Our results show that caterpillars are distasteful for birds but not adult moths, which are fully palatable. We found that the less conspicuous, melanic morph, benefits from reduced predation due to its lower detectability. The more conspicuous, white morph, instead, is more predated and is best off when common, suggesting positive-frequency dependence. These results offer new insights into the evolution of color polymorphism and prey defenses in a polymorphic moth species. Further investigation is required to understand the role of different predation regimes on the maintenance of the polymorphism in this species, and test if additional selection pressures operate in natural populations.</p>
Characterization of data sources for emerging risks identification - Data collection for the identification of emerging risks related to food and feed
<p>The data set presents the results of the quality assessment of data sources by the working group on data collection for the identification of emerging risks related to food and feed. For this assessment, the WG defined text descriptors and quality parameters (i.e. link with indicators, data type, geographic and period coverage, language, edition, timeliness, accessibility, clarity and comparability). These data sources were linked to eleven priority indicators (i.e. the ESCO indicators) and qualitatively assessed and profiled.</p>
Data for Age and socioeconomic status in relation to risk of maternal anemia among the Ariaal of northern Kenya
<p>Data used for a paper entitled, "Age and socioeconomic status in relation to risk of maternal anemia among the Ariaal agropastoralists of northern Kenya"</p>
Dataset related to article "Acetaldehyde in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottledwater: assessment and mitigation of health risk for consumers"
<p><em>The file contains the raw data related to the manuscript: "Acetaldehyde in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottled Water: Assessment and Mitigation of Health Risk for Consumers"</em></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong>: This study was designed to investigate the levels of acetaldehyde residues in polyethylene terephthalate bottled water and its significance in terms of consumer health. We analyzed 104 samples collected throughout Italy, so as to be representative of the national market. Parameters such as CO<sub>2</sub> level, shelf life, weight of the empty bottle and distance from the production sites to the point of sale were also collected. Although the levels of acetaldehyde complied with the limits established by Italian legislation, they varied widely, with concentrations ranging from 0.41 to 76.2 µg/L. An assessment of safety for human health, using the margin of exposure approach, showed that the amount of acetaldehyde in bottled water is unlikely to be of any safety concern for human health. The acetaldehyde residues were mainly due to CO<sub>2</sub> levels which influence solubility of acetaldehyde in water. They are also related to the size of the bottle and the distance from the store, but not to the shelf life, at least for 40 days. The findings suggest some good practices for a better product from the point of view of public health, like polymer quality and limitation of transport distances.</p> <p><strong>Funding</strong>: This research was funded by Mineracqua.</p> <p> </p>
Nuclear Power Generation Phaseouts Redistribute U.S. Air Quality and Climate Related Mortality Risk, Data
<p>This dataset accompanies the publication, "Nuclear Power Generation Phaseouts Redistribute U.S. Air Quality and Climate Related Mortality Risk", and can be used with the code located at https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/248010532 to reproduce our results.</p>
Move Together Boston Feasibility Pilot (Sit Less, Move More App for Black Breast Cancer Survivors & At-Risk Relatives)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05011279. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Exploring polymorphism in a palatable prey: Predation risk and frequency-dependence in relation to distinct levels of conspicuousness
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Dataset Case-control study: Risk factors for sporadic non-pregnancy related listeriosis in Germany, 2012-2013
<p>The dataset contains data of a nationwide age-frequency matched case-control study in Germany, 2012-2013, which was performed to identify underlying conditions and foods asscociated with sporadic listeriosis. It covers anonymous sociodemografic information, information on underlying conditions, and >60 food items. Data for control subjects were obtained from a population-based random telephone sample, which was generated according to the method by Gabler and Häder and considered telephone numbers not registered in telephone books.</p>
Integrative assessment of climate change-related impacts and risks on urban land
<p>Shapefile data set estimating trends of mean annual terrestrial surface air temperature (°C) and mean annual total precipitation (mm) and several heat indicators for urban land, characterised by clusters of local spatial autocorrelation in regard to the age of urban area and the coefficient of variation of urban area extent over time.</p>
Environmental and anthropogenic features in relation to human hunting and wolf predation risk
<p>Landscape characteristics, seasonal changes in the environment, and daylight conditions influence space use and detection of prey and predators, resulting in spatiotemporal patterns of predation risk for the prey. When predators have different hunting modes, the combined effects of multiple predators are mediated by the physical landscape and can result in overlapping or contrasting patterns of predation risk. Humans have become super predators in many anthropogenic landscapes by harvesting games species and competing with large carnivores for prey. Previous studies have focused on how the physical environment mediates risk from human hunters and ambush predators, but very little knowledge exists on how risk from hunters and cursorial predators is linked to habitat characteristics. Here, we used the locations of wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>)-killed and hunter-killed moose (<em>Alces alces</em>) in south-central Scandinavia to investigate whether environmental and anthropogenic features within the landscape influenced where wolves and hunters killed moose. We predicted that due to differences in hunting modes between wolves and hunters, the combined effects of these two predators would result in contrasting patterns of spatial risk. Nonetheless, we expected these contrasting spatial patterns of risk to also contrast temporally, with wolves and hunters killing predominantly at night and during the day, respectively. During the moose hunting season, the probability of a wolf kill increased with wolf space use, whereas it decreased with increasing distance to forest roads, building density and distance to young forests and clear-cuts. After the moose hunting season, the probability of a wolf kill increased with increasing moose density, wolf space use and terrain ruggendess, while it decreased with increasing building density, distance to main and secondary roads and distance to young forests and clear-cuts. The probability of a hunter kill was highest closer to bogs, main and secondary roads, in areas with greater moose density, less rugged terrain and higher building density. Hunters killed all moose during the day, whereas wolves killed most moose at nighttime both during and after the hunting season. Our findings suggest that both environmental and anthropogenic features mediate hunting and wolf predation risk. Additionally, we found that hunter- and wolf-killed moose exhibited contrasting spatial associations to landscape features, most likely as a result of the different hunting modes and needs exhibited by hunters and wolves. However, wolf predation risk and hunting risk also contrasted in time, since wolves killed mostly at night and hunters were restricted to hunting during daytime and during the hunting season. This temporal segregation in risk might therefore suggest that moose could minimize risk exposure by taking advantage of spatiotemporally vacant hunting domains.</p>
Data from: Behavioral trade-offs and multitasking by elk in relation to predation risk from Mexican gray wolves
<p>Non-consumptive effects of predation can alter foraging time, stress levels, and habitat use by prey, potentially resulting in reduced fitness. However, prey can mitigate the non-consumptive effects of predation by increasing vigilance, chewing and vigilance synchronization (i.e., multitasking), and spatiotemporal avoidance of predators. We quantified the effects of the Mexican wolf (<em>Canis lupus baileyi</em>) predation risk on elk (<em>Cervus canadensis</em>) behavior in the southwestern United States. We conducted behavioral observations on adult female elk and developed predation risk indices using Mexican wolf GPS collar data, locations of elk killed by Mexican wolves, and landscape covariates. We compared a priori models to determine the best predictors of adult female behavior and multitasking, separately. Metrics that quantified both spatial and temporal predation risk were top predictors in both datasets. Adult female vigilance was positively associated with increased predation risk. Increased predation risk had little effect on the probability of foraging, but resulted in decreased time spent resting. In a post hoc analysis, the effect of predation risk on foraging and resting differed across diurnal periods. During midday when wolf activity was relatively low, the probability of foraging increased while resting decreased, in areas with high spatial predation risk. During crepuscular periods when elk and wolves were most active, increased predation risk was associated with increased vigilance and slight decreases in foraging. Our results suggest elk are temporally avoiding predation risk from Mexican wolves by trading resting for foraging, a trade-off often not evaluated in behavioral studies. The probability of multitasking increased with predation risk, suggesting that adult female elk may be offsetting the non-consumptive effects of risk on feeding time. These results highlight potentially important but often excluded behaviors and trade-offs prey species may use to reduce the indirect effects of predation and contribute additional context to our understanding of predator-prey dynamics.</p>
Dataset related to article: "Health risk assessment for dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol, 2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol, and glycidol for Italian consumers"
<p><span><span>Excel file containing food consumption data and concentration data in foodstuff used for exposure assessment<br></span></span></p>
Dataset for "Dissociable Roles of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in the control od Impulsive action and Risk-Related Decision-Making in Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats"
<p>This dataset corresponds to the study "Dissociable Roles of the mPFC-to-VTA Pathway in the Control of Impulsive Action and Risk-Related Decision-Making in Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats". In this study, we used Positron Emission Tomography with [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose to evaluate brain metabolic activity in Roman High- (RHA) and Low-avoidance (RLA) rats, which exhibit innate differences in impulsivity. Notably, we used a viral-based intersectional chemogenetic strategy to isolate the role of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in controlling impulsive behaviors. We selectively activated the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in RHA rats and inhibited it in RLA rats, assessing the effects on impulsive action and RDM in the rat gambling task. Our results showed that RHA rats displayed higher impulsive action, less optimal decision-making, and lower cortical activity than RLA rats at baseline. Chemogenetic activation of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway reduced impulsive action in RHA rats, whereas chemogenetic inhibition had the opposite effect in RLA rats. However, these manipulations did not affect RDM. Our findings suggest a dissociable role of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in impulsive action and RDM, highlighting its potential as a target for investigating impulsivity-related disorders.</p> <p><strong>Contributions for usage of this data in publications:</strong></p> <p>If you publish any work using these data, please cite this repository and the associated publication.</p>
Data from: Functional relations between body mass and risk-taking behavior in wild great tits
Natural selection often favors particular combinations of functionally-related traits, resulting in adaptive phenotypic integration. Phenotypic integration has been proposed as a potential mechanism explaining the existence of repeatable among-individual differences in behavior (i.e., animal personality). In this study, we investigated patterns of covariation between morphology and behavior in a population of free-living great tits (Parus major) monitored for seven years. In particular, we aimed to disentangle the effect of structural size versus body condition on risk-taking behavior. To do so, we repeatedly quantified multiple morphological (body mass, wing, tarsus, and bill length) and behavioral traits (aggressiveness and exploration) in 742 individual males. Structural equation modelling (SEM) allowed us to test causal a priori hypothesized relationships between the different morphological and behavioral traits. Our best-fitting SEM model supported the existence of a behavioral character, "risk-taking behavior" that covaried simultaneously with the latent variable "body size", and "body condition". Our findings thus demonstrate that an individual's morphological and behavioral traits represent expressions of an integrated phenotype, suggesting a role for phenotypic integration in generating animal personality in a wild bird population.
Range restriction, climate variability, and human-related risks imperil lizards worldwide
Aims: Identifying major reasons for species imperilment is a necessary step for conservation, yet the degree to which we can generalize is hard for species-rich yet less-studied taxa, such as lizards. Here, we aim to bridge the gap by providing comprehensive analyses of the correlates and processes of species extinction and threats for global lizards. Location: Global Time period: Current Major taxa studied: Lizards Methods: We compiled a dataset comprising extinction risk status, six intrinsic traits, and seven extrinsic factors for 5256 lizard species. We carried out binomial distribution tests for 43 families and seven realms to check the non-randomness in species' extinction risk and then employed phylogenetic linear regressions to identify the key factors that relate to the extinction proneness of lizards and species subgroups. Based on the IUCN threat assessment, we identified major threats for global lizards and for major families and regions. Results: We found strong evidence of taxonomic and geographical non-randomness in the extinction risk of lizards. Geographical range size, human footprint and density, insular endemism, temperature and precipitation seasonality, and body size were key predictors of extinction risk, and the first three factors were also important across families and realms. Moreover, newly described species were more likely to have a restricted range size and a higher extinction risk. Globally, the most detrimental threat was habitat destruction, while overexploitation, species invasion, and climate change varied widely in importance among species groups. Main conclusions: Overall, we highlight the detrimental influences of range restriction, climate variability, and anthropogenic threats to species persistence. We suggest that lizards are potentially at high risk of extinction due to widespread human disturbance and species with extinction-prone traits require conservation prioritization. Moreover, lizards of different families and regions require different management strategies because of variation in extinction-risk correlates and threats. --
Higher predation rate need not and did not lead to higher risk-induced trait responses in related zooplankton species
<p>Predators can directly affect prey populations both through predation (consumption of prey) and risk-induced trait responses (RITRs) that reduce predation risk but are often associated with a fitness cost. Thousands of studies make clear that RITRs (also termed anti-predator or defensive traits) including changes in behavior, morphology, and life history, are employed by numerous taxa across diverse ecological systems, and there is large variation in their magnitude. A natural goal is to elucidate the species and circumstances for which and to what magnitude RITRs are expected. A candidate hypothesis is that prey species that experience higher mortality from a predator will exhibit a higher RITR. This hypothesis is an intuitive extension of the fact that invulnerable animals are not expected to exhibit an RITR, while vulnerable species are. We present an example that clarifies why this relationship is not always expected and when it is expected. Other factors may influence the level of the RITR leading to the possibility that a positive relationship is not expected. We elucidate this problem using a mesocosm experiment with a fish-cladoceran system in which there is large variability in the predation rate on different cladoceran species. Results not only did not show a positive relationship but rather a negative trend between predation rate and the RITR. In fact, highly-preyed-upon taxa did not respond, while the least-preyed-upon taxa had the largest responses. These results clarify how the level of predation risk interacts with many factors to determine the RITR of prey.</p>
Polymorphisms in genes related to inflammation and endothelial function in the high-risk stroke population
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>:</span><span> T</span><span>o investigate </span><span>incidence of ischemic stroke and other vascular events during a 4.7-year follow-up </span><span>in the </span><span>high-risk stroke population</span><span>, and to identify </span><span>the associations of </span><span>the 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)</span> <span>in genes related to inflammation and endothelial function</span><span> and </span><span>interaction among these</span> <span>SNPs</span><span> with outcomes. </span><span> </span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span>According to </span><span>the China National Stroke Screening Survey programme, we performed this multi-center </span><span>community</span><span>-based sectional survey and prospective cohort</span> <span>study in the Sichuan of southwestern China </span><span>from May 2015 to January 2020</span><span>. Eight communities were randomly selected in </span><span>Sichuan, </span><span>and the </span><span>residents in each community volunteered to participate in a face-to-face survey. </span><span>The 19 SNPs</span><span> in </span><span>genes related to </span><span>endothelial function and inflammation </span><span>were measured in </span><span>the high-risk stroke population</span><span>. </span><span>All subjects in high-risk stroke populations were followed-up for 4.7 years after the face-to-face survey. The primary outcome was a new ischemic stroke; the secondary outcome was a composite of new vascular events. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span>A total of</span><span> 2893 high-risk stroke population, </span><span>2698 (93.3%) completed a 4.7-year follow-up. Outcomes occurred in 192 (7.1%) subjects (</span><span>118 [4.4%] new </span><span>ischemic stroke</span><span>, 24 [0.9%] </span><span>hemorrhagic stroke, </span><span>53 [2.0%] </span><span>myocardial infarction</span><span>, and 33[1.2%]</span><span> death) in </span><span>the </span><span>2698</span><span> high-risk stroke population. </span><span>There were significant differences in </span><span>genotype distribution</span> <span>of</span><span> <em>TNF</em></span><span> rs3093662,</span><span> <em>IL6R</em> rs4845625 and <em>TLR4</em> rs752998</span> <span>between s</span><span>ubjects with and without outcomes</span><span> by </span><span>univariate analyses. </span><span>Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) </span><span>analysis showed that </span><span>there was a significant gene-gene interaction among the </span><span>19 SNPs, the best model for outcomes was interaction among </span><em><span>IL6R</span></em><span> rs4845625, </span><span><em>TLR4</em> </span><span>rs1927911 and</span> <em><span>HABP2</span></em><span> rs932650</span> <span>(<em>P</em> = </span><span>0.004</span><span>).</span><span> The high-risk </span><span>interactive genotypes</span><span> among the 3 SNPs were independently associated with a higher risk for new ischemic stroke </span><span> (OR = 2.187, 95% CI: 1.256–5.374, <em>P</em></span><<span>0.001</span><span>) </span><span>and total vascular events </span><span>(OR = 2.382, 95% CI: 1.423–5.894, <em>P</em></span><<span>0.001</span><span>) </span><span>after adjustment with covariates. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusion</strong>: </span><span>The </span><span>incidence of ischemic stroke and other vascular events was </span><span>found to be very high in the </span><span>high-risk stroke population. </span><span>There were associations of specific SNPs</span> <span>in genes related to inflammation and endothelial function</span><span> with outcomes. The high-risk </span><span>interactive genotypes among </span><em><span>IL6R</span></em><span> rs4845625, </span><span><em>TLR4</em> </span><span>rs1927911 and</span> <em><span>HABP2</span></em><span> rs932650 were in</span><span>dependently associated with a higher risk </span><span>for </span><span>new ischemic stroke and other vascular events.</span><span> These findings are expected to</span> <span>provide</span> <span>new strategies for prevention of </span><span>ischemic stroke and other vascular events.</span> </p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.