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154 results for “relict species”
Reconciling supertramps, great speciators and relict species with the taxon cycle stages of a large island radiation (Aves: Campephagidae)
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The taxon cycle concept provides a geographically explicit and testable set of hypotheses for exploring the evolutionary processes underlying the distribution of species in space and time. Here, we test taxon cycle predictions within a large avian island radiation, the core Campephagidae and explicitly integrate the concepts of 'supertramps', 'great speciators' and relictualization.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: The Indo-Pacific, Australia, Asia and Africa.</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Corvoid passerine birds.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We constructed a new time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of the core Campephagidae (cuckoo-shrikes, cicadabirds and trillers) using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Ancestral range estimation methods and diversification rate analyses were used to explore the dispersal and diversification history of the group. We used an extensive dataset on wing morphology and range distributions to test for correlations between evolutionary age of species and dispersal capacity, diversification and distribution, while accounting for phylogenetic non-independence.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The core Campephagidae represents an ecologically homogeneous radiation distributed across the Indo-Pacific, Australia, South-East Asia and Africa. Its members represent a continuum of dispersal abilities; some species are widespread and undifferentiated ('supertramps') or show strong differentiation of local populations ('great speciators'), and a few are endemic to single islands (relicts). We show that older species relative to younger species inhabit fewer and larger islands at higher elevations. The level of intraspecific variation measured as the number of subspecies also decreases with species age, and is highest in 'great speciators' with intermediate levels of dispersal abilities (as per hand-wing index).</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Based on trait correlations with species age, we infer phases of range expansion and contraction over millions of years (taxon cycles), within a single monophyletic group of birds. These observations demonstrate reconciliation of the concepts of 'supertramps', 'great speciators' and relictual paleo-endemics within the temporal stages of the taxon cycle.</p>
Fig. 7. Dordrecht Mountain, where a in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 7. Dordrecht Mountain, where a second population of Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov. was Frst recorded in Dec. 2013 (photo: Lynette Clennell, Dordrecht, 31 Dec. 2015).
Fig. 4 in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 4. Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov., ♂, specimen in its natural habitat (photo: Lynette Clennell, Matatiele, 6 Dec. 2018).
Fig. 5 in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 5. Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov., ♀, specimen in its natural habitat (photo: Lynette Clennell, Matatiele, 6 Dec. 2018).
Fig. 3 in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 3. Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov., paratype, ♀, total length = 16.8 mm. A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Habitus, ventral view. (South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Matatiele Nature Reserve, 6 Dec. 2008, R. Perissinotto and L. Clennell leg.)
Fig. 2 in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 2. Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂. A. Aedeagus, dorsal view. B. Aedeagus, lateral view. (South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Matatiele Nature Reserve, 6 Dec. 2008, R. Perissinotto and L. Clennell leg.)
Fig. 1 in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 1. Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂, total length = 16.3 mm. A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Habitus, ventral view. (South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Matatiele Nature Reserve, 6 Dec. 2008, R. Perissinotto and L. Clennell leg.)
Fig. 6 in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 6. Matatiele Nature Reserve, showing the mountain summit with the typical habitat of Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov. (photo: Lynette Clennell, Matatiele, 6 Dec. 2008).
F I G U R E 5 in Another ghost of Gondwana-Progradungula barringtonensis Michalik & Smith, sp. nov., a new species of the relict spider genus Progradungula (Araneae: Gradungulidae) from a temperate rainforest in eastern Australia
F I G U R E 5 Webs of the different Progradungula species. (a–b) Webs and immature of Progradungula barringtonensis sp. nov. (c) Progradungula carraiensis (Photo: G. Campell). (d) Progradungula otwayensis (Photo: M. J. Ramirez).
F I G U R E 3 in Another ghost of Gondwana-Progradungula barringtonensis Michalik & Smith, sp. nov., a new species of the relict spider genus Progradungula (Araneae: Gradungulidae) from a temperate rainforest in eastern Australia
F I G U R E 3 Progradungula barringtonensis sp. nov. (holotype, AMS KS.129955). (a) Ventral view of spinnerets. (b) Tarsus of leg I (left) and leg II (right). (c) Left male palp in prolateral, ventral and retrolateral view (from left to right). Abbreviations: mA, median apophysis; mH, median hematodocha; PE, process of embolus; Te, tegulum. Scale bars: 1 mm.
F I G U R E 4 in Another ghost of Gondwana-Progradungula barringtonensis Michalik & Smith, sp. nov., a new species of the relict spider genus Progradungula (Araneae: Gradungulidae) from a temperate rainforest in eastern Australia
F I G U R E 4 Progradungula carraiensis (male, AMS KS.6740). This is the specimen used for the description of the male characters of this species (Gray 1983). Due to conservational issues the specimen is largely discoloured. (a) Habitus. (b) Tarsus of leg I. (c) Tarsus of leg II. (d) Right male pedipalp in retrolateral, ventral and prolateral view (from left to right). Abbreviations: mA, median apophysis. Scale bars: 1 mm.
F I G U R E 2 in Another ghost of Gondwana-Progradungula barringtonensis Michalik & Smith, sp. nov., a new species of the relict spider genus Progradungula (Araneae: Gradungulidae) from a temperate rainforest in eastern Australia
F I G U R E 2 Progradungula barringtonensis sp. nov. (holotype, AMS KS.129955). (a) Lateral view. (b) Dorsal view of body. (c) Ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
F I G U R E 1 in Another ghost of Gondwana-Progradungula barringtonensis Michalik & Smith, sp. nov., a new species of the relict spider genus Progradungula (Araneae: Gradungulidae) from a temperate rainforest in eastern Australia
F I G U R E 1 (a) Distribution map of the known Progradungula species. (b) Habitat of Progradungula barringtonensis sp. nov. in Barrington Tops National Park, New South Wales. (c) Male of P. barringtonensis sp. nov. (holotype, AMS KS.129955).
Figure 2 in PSEUDORTHOCLADIUS IMMEZENSIS SP. N., A NEW RELICT SPECIES INHABITING THE MACUN HIGH-ALPINE STREAM, SWISS ALPS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Figure 2. Male imago of Pseudorthocladius spp. P. immezensis sp. n.: A-B) hypopygium in dorsal and ventral view; C) superior and inferior volsella; D) virga; E) tergite IX and anal point, lateral; F) gonocoxite, lateral; G) gonostylus at right angle; H) gonostylus, lateral. P. curtistylus: I) tergite IX and anal point, lateral. The arrows indicate some distinguishing characters.
Figure 3 in PSEUDORTHOCLADIUS IMMEZENSIS SP. N., A NEW RELICT SPECIES INHABITING THE MACUN HIGH-ALPINE STREAM, SWISS ALPS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Figure 3. Malaise trap set up close to the inlet of the Immez Lake (Macun cirque, Eastern Alps, Swiss National Park; photo J.L. Lods). The arrow indicates the larval habitat of P. immezensis sp. n.
Figure 1 in PSEUDORTHOCLADIUS IMMEZENSIS SP. N., A NEW RELICT SPECIES INHABITING THE MACUN HIGH-ALPINE STREAM, SWISS ALPS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Figure 1. Male imago of Pseudorthocladius spp. A) Head (left side, dorsal), frontal area, vertex and temporal setae of: A) P. immezensis sp. n.; B) P. curtistylus; C) P. sp. 1. D) P. immezensis sp. n., palpomeres 2-3. E-F) P. curtistylus: palpomere 3 and sensilla coeloconica. P. immezensis sp. n.: G) clypeus; H) lobes of antepronotum; I) humeral area; J) scutellum. P. curtistylus: K) humeral pit; L) scutellum. P. immezensis sp. n.: M) wing. The arrows indicate some distinguishing characters.
Fig. 6 in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 6. Matatiele Nature Reserve, showing the mountain summit with the typical habitat of Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov. (photo: Lynette Clennell, Matatiele, 6 Dec. 2008).
Fig. 5 in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 5. Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov., ♀, specimen in its natural habitat (photo: Lynette Clennell, Matatiele, 6 Dec. 2018).
Fig. 4 in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 4. Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov., ♂, specimen in its natural habitat (photo: Lynette Clennell, Matatiele, 6 Dec. 2018).
Fig. 3 in Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Fig. 3. Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov., paratype, ♀, total length = 16.8 mm. A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Habitus, ventral view. (South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Matatiele Nature Reserve, 6 Dec. 2008, R. Perissinotto and L. Clennell leg.)
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.