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Fig. 14 in A new species of Copionodon representing a relictual occurrence of the Copionodontinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with a CT-scan imaging survey of key subfamilial features

Fig. 14. Copionodon exotatos, holotype, MZUSP 120631, CT-scan image of posterior part of skull and Weberian capsule, dorsal view. Abbreviations: FR1, First Ray 1; CC, complex centrum; WC, Weberian capsule; VC, vertebrae centrum; PR, pleural ribs.

Fig. 15 in A new species of Copionodon representing a relictual occurrence of the Copionodontinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with a CT-scan imaging survey of key subfamilial features

Fig. 15. Copionodon exotatos, holotype, MZUSP 120631, CT-scan images of left palatine and associated entopterygoid: a. dorsal view, b. ventral view, c. with entopterygoid removed. Abbreviations: PAL, palatine; EN, entopterygoid.

Fig. 13 in A new species of Copionodon representing a relictual occurrence of the Copionodontinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with a CT-scan imaging survey of key subfamilial features

Fig. 13. Copionodon exotatos, holotype, MZUSP 120631, CT-scan image of opercle and interopercle, right side. Abbreviations: VOD, vestigial odontodes; OP, opercle; INT, interopercle. Lateral view.

Fig. 9 in A new species of Copionodon representing a relictual occurrence of the Copionodontinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with a CT-scan imaging survey of key subfamilial features

Fig. 9. Copionodon exotatos, holotype, MZUSP 120631, CT-scan image of anterior portion of skull, dorsal view. Abbreviations: PMX, premaxilla; MX, maxilla; QUA, quadrate; PO, preopercle; ME, mesethmoid; AF, anterior fontanel; FR, frontal; DEN, dentary; PAL, palatine; AA, anguloarticular; LE, lateral ethmoid; HYO, hyomandibula.

Fig. 8 in A new species of Copionodon representing a relictual occurrence of the Copionodontinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with a CT-scan imaging survey of key subfamilial features

Fig. 8. Collection site of Copionodon exotatos, right-hand branch of Riacho do Mosquito (trib. to rio Santo Antônio, rio Paraguaçu drainage), immediately upstream from Cachoeira do Mosquito (12º21'59.51"S, 41 ºS 22"19.37"W) at exit of rock-enclosed sector.

Fig. 5 in A new species of Copionodon representing a relictual occurrence of the Copionodontinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with a CT-scan imaging survey of key subfamilial features

Fig. 5. Copionodon exotatos, paratype, MZUSP 121656, basibranchials and hypobranchials, dorsal view. Grey areas represent cartilage. Abbreviations: BB2-4, basibranchials 2 to 4; HB1-3, hypobranchials 1 to 3. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in A new species of Copionodon representing a relictual occurrence of the Copionodontinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with a CT-scan imaging survey of key subfamilial features

Fig. 4. Copionodon exotatos, paratype, MZUSP 121656, opercle and interopercle, right side, lateral view. Abbreviations: OPOD, opercular odontodes; OP, opercle; INT, interopercle. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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Fig. 4 in A new genus and species of characid fish from the Amazon basin - the recognition of a relictual lineage of characid fishes (Ostariophysi: Cheirodontinae: Cheirodontini)

Fig. 4. Lateral view (left side) of the head of the holotype of Amazonspinther dalmata showing the pattern of neuromasts distribution (MCP 38623, 19.63 mm SL).

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Fig. 3 in A new species of Copionodon representing a relictual occurrence of the Copionodontinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with a CT-scan imaging survey of key subfamilial features

Fig. 3. Copionodon exotatos, holotype, MZUSP 120631, 45.0 mm SL. Lateral view of head.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of lizard Placosoma Tschudi, 1847 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the relictual forest mountains of the State of Ceará, Brazil

FIGURE 4. Distribution of Placosoma limaverdorum sp. nov.: Serra de Maranguape (circles), Serra da Aratanha (triangle) and Maciço de Baturité (squares; 1—type locality) in the state of Ceará, Brazil.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of lizard Placosoma Tschudi, 1847 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the relictual forest mountains of the State of Ceará, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Color in life of two paratypes of Placosoma limaverdorum sp. nov. (A) CHUFC L4170, adult male and (B) CHUFC L4171, adult female. (Photos: D.M.Borges-Nojosa).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of lizard Placosoma Tschudi, 1847 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the relictual forest mountains of the State of Ceará, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Placosoma limaverdorum sp. nov., Holotype (CHUFC L1998)—Cloacal región. (Drawing by P. Maçaranduba).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of lizard Placosoma Tschudi, 1847 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the relictual forest mountains of the State of Ceará, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Placosoma limaverdorum sp. nov., Holotype (CHUFC L1998). (A) dorsal (B) lateral, (C) ventral views of the head. (Drawing by P. Maçaranduba).

Fig. 1 in Out of the Neotropics: newly discovered relictual species sheds light on the biogeographical history of spider ants (Leptomyrmex, Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)

Fig. 1. Representative workers of each Leptomyrmex clade. A, E, L. relictus sp.n.; B, F, macro- clade, L. cnemidatus (CASENT0012219); C, G, microclade, L. aitchisoni (CASENT0012033); D, †L. neotropicus (PSWC). A–D, Profile view; E–G, full-face (dorsal) view. Scale bars: A–D = 1.0 mm, E–G = 0.25 mm. (B and F imaged by A. Lucky, C and G by Estella Ortega; these images from AntWeb.org.)

Fig. 2 in Out of the Neotropics: newly discovered relictual species sheds light on the biogeographical history of spider ants (Leptomyrmex, Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)

Fig. 2. Distribution maps of extant Leptomyrmex. A, South America, part; B Australasia, part. Georeferenced specimen records: red dots, L. relictus sp.n. holotype; black dots, L. relictus sp.n. nontype collections; violet dots, macro-Leptomyrmex clade; pink dots, micro-Leptomyrmex clade. Australasian records from the AntWeb (2015) and CSIRO (2015) databases, and Lucky & Ward (2010). Basemaps ('Natural Earth 1') from Natural Earth (2015). [Colour figure available on the online version on Wiley Online Library.]

Fig. 4 in Out of the Neotropics: newly discovered relictual species sheds light on the biogeographical history of spider ants (Leptomyrmex, Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)

Fig. 4. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogeny of the Dolichoderinae, based on partitioned analysis of a 59-taxon 10-gene data matrix (−lnL = −53297.7). Tribes indicated by branch colour: orange, Tapinomini; blue, Bothriomyrmecini; green, Dolichoderini; purple, Leptomyrmecini. Support values (ML bootstrap percentages) indicated at nodes with coloured dots: red = 100, orange = 90–99, blue = 70–89, purple = 50–69, no dot = <50. [Colour figure available on the online version on Wiley Online Library.]

Fig. 3 in Out of the Neotropics: newly discovered relictual species sheds light on the biogeographical history of spider ants (Leptomyrmex, Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)

Fig. 3. Leptomyrmex relictus sp.n. male; head and body A, B, genitalia C–K. A, body, profile view; B, head, full-face (dorsal) view; C, genital capsule, dorsal view; D, genital capsule, ventral view; E, genital capsule, lateral view; F, right half of genital capsule, mesal (medial) view; G, right paramere and attached volsella, mesal view; H, left penisvalva with fragment of basimere attached to sclerotized penisvalvar membrane, ectal (lateral) view; I, abdominal sternum IX (note: broken along sagittal plane), mesal (dorsal) view; J, genital capsule, viewed anterior to posterior; K, left half of genital capsule, viewed posterior to anterior. Scale bars: A, B = 0.5 mm, C–K = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 5 in Out of the Neotropics: newly discovered relictual species sheds light on the biogeographical history of spider ants (Leptomyrmex, Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)

Fig. 5. Results of BEAST and LAGRANGE analyses, and comparative morphology of dolichoderine wing venation. A, Chronogram of the Dolichoderinae, Leptomyrmex relictus sp.n. bolded; B, L. burwelli: complete (unreduced) wing venation; C, Chronoxenus javanus: loss of crossvein 2rs-m with retention of other veins; D, Dorymyrmex insanus (male): loss of Rsf2-3 in addition to loss of other abscissae; E, L. relictus sp.n.: loss of Mf2-3; F, L. fragilis: loss of Mf2-3, 2r-rs (note: pterostigmal appendage not illustrated); G, †L. neotropicus: loss of Rs + M, Mf2-3, 2rs-m, Mf4+, 2r-rs; H, †Leptomyrmula maravignae: loss of Mf2+, 2rs-m, 2r-rs; I, †Usomyrma mirabilis: loss of Rs + M with retention of 1m-cu and loss of Mf2-3. In part A blue bars are 95% confidence intervals; coloured circles near nodes are inferred inherited ranges, with the top half corresponding to the upper branch and bottom half with the lower branch; coloured circles next to terminals represent biogeographical coding; asterisks indicate calibrated nodes; bracketed letters to the right of terminal names indicate wing venation reduction pattern occurrence, with letters corresponding to the wing patterns B–F. Note that 1m-cu presence is variable for most taxa displaying loss pattern E, and some Linepithema species have lost Mf2-3. Figures H and I redrawn from Emery (1891) and Dlussky et al. (2014), respectively. Palaeo., Palaeocene; Oligo., Oligocene; Pl., Pliocene; Q, Quaternary.

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FIGURE 9 in A new species of Pinelema Wang & Li, 2012, a relictual telemid spider inhabiting caves in Brazil (Araneae, Telemidae)

FIGURE 9. Pinelema elinae sp. nov., distribution map, location of the study areas in the state of Bahia, Brazil.