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19 results for “reproductive assurance”
Dataset from: A test of the reproductive assurance hypothesis in Ipomoea hederacea: does inbreeding depression counteract the benefits of self-pollination?
<p><strong>PREMISE: Darwin proposed that self-pollination in allegedly outcrossing species might act as a reproductive assurance mechanism when pollinators or mates are scarce; however, in natural populations, the benefits of selfing may be opposed by seed discounting and inbreeding depression. While empirical studies show variation among species and populations in the magnitude of reproductive assurance, little is known about the counterbalancing effects of inbreeding depression.</strong></p> <p><strong>METHODS: By comparing the female reproductive success of emasculated and open-pollinated flowers, we assessed the reproductive assurance hypothesis in two Mexican populations of <em>Ipomoea hederacea.</em> In one population we assessed temporal variation in reproductive assurance for three years. We evaluated inbreeding depression on seed production, seedling germination, and dry plant mass by contrasting self- and cross-hand pollination treatments in one population for two years.</strong></p> <p><strong> KEY RESULTS: The contribution of self-pollination to female reproductive success was high and consistent between populations, but there was variation in reproductive assurance across years. Inbreeding depression was absent in the early stages of progeny development, but there was a small negative effect of inbreeding in the probability of germination and the mass of adult progeny. </strong></p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: Self-pollination provided significant reproductive assurance in <em>I. hederacea </em>but this contribution was variable across time. The contribution of reproductive assurance is probably reduced by inbreeding depression in later stages of progeny development, but this counter-effect was small in the study populations. This study supports the hypothesis that reproductive assurance with limited inbreeding depression is likely an important selective force in the evolution of self-pollination in the genus <em>Ipomoea</em>. </strong></p>
Geographic variation in reproductive assurance of Clarkia pulchella
<p>Code and data to accompany the manuscript "Geographic variation in reproductive assurance of <em>Clarkia pulchella"</em>.</p> <p>On bioRxiv: https://doi.org/10.1101/372375 and in revision at Oecologia.</p>
Greater reproductive assurance of asexual plant compared to sexual relative in a low density sympatric population – experimental evidence for pollen limitation
<p class="western"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This dataset contains data from a common garden experiment described in the paper: "</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>Mráz P</span><span><span>, Mrázová V. </span></span></span><span><span><span>2021. </span></span></span><span><span><span>Greater</span></span></span><span><span><span> reproductive assurance of asexual plant compared to sexual relative in a low density sympatric population – experimental evidence for pollen limitation. </span></span></span><i><span><span>Journal of Evolutionary Ecology</span></span></i> </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span>". </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span><span><span>We compared the level and stability of reproductive assurance between sexual self-incompatible and asexual autonomously apomictic plants of <i>Hieracium alpinum</i> (Asteraceae) cultivated in a sympatric low-density population with two levels of spatial clumping of sexual plants. </span></span></span><span><span><span>Overall, we found that the realized seed set (i.e. proportion of well developed seeds per capitulum) of asexuals was ca. 3-times greater than that of sexuals (83% <i>versus</i> 27%), while the variance of this trait expressed as coefficient of variation was ca. 4-times smaller in asexuals compared to sexuals (19% <i>versus </i><span>83%)</span>. Solitary sexual plants had more than 2-times lower realized seed set when compared to clumps composed of two spatially close (20-30 cm) sexual plants (13% <i>versus</i> 34%). </span></span></span><span><span><span>Our study provides experimental evidence for benefit of uniparental reproduction of asexuals in a sympatric situation when the availability of mates is limited. This, together with unpredictability of pollinator environment could provide autonomous apomicts with an ultimate demographic superiority during colonization reflected in geographical parthenogenesis observed in this species. </span></span></span></p>
Greater reproductive assurance of asexual plant compared to sexual relative in a low density sympatric population – experimental evidence for pollen limitation
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Data from: Costs of selfing prevent the spread of a self-compatibility mutation that causes reproductive assurance
In flowering plants, shifts from outcrossing to partial or complete self-fertilization have occurred independently thousands of times, yet the underlying adaptive processes are difficult to discern. Selfing's ability to provide reproductive assurance when pollination is uncertain is an oft-cited ecological explanation for its evolution, but this benefit may be outweighed by genetic costs diminishing its selective advantage over outcrossing. We directly studied the fitness effects of a self-compatibility (SC) mutation that was backcrossed into a self-incompatible (SI) population of Leavenworthia alabamica, illuminating the direction and magnitude of selection on the mating-system modifier. In array experiments conducted in two years, SC plants produced 17-26% more seed, but this advantage was counteracted by extensive seed discounting -- the replacement of high-quality outcrossed seeds by selfed seeds. Using a simple model and simulations, we demonstrate that SC mutations with these attributes rarely spread to high frequency in natural populations, unless inbreeding depression falls below a threshold value (0.57 ≤ threshold ≤ 0.70) in SI populations. A combination of heavy seed discounting and moderate inbreeding depression likely explains why outcrossing adaptations such as self-incompatibility are maintained generally, despite persistent input of selfing mutations and frequent limits on outcross seed production in nature.
meganbontrager/clarkia-reproductive-assurance: Geographic variation in reproductive assurance of Clarkia pulchella
<p>Code and data to accompany the manuscript "Geographic and climatic drivers of reproductive assurance in <em>Clarkia pulchella</em>" <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/372375">https://doi.org/10.1101/372375</a></p>
Range expansions of sexual versus asexual organisms: Effects of reproductive assurance and migration load
<p>It is generally considered that sexual organisms show faster evolutionary adaptation than asexual organisms because sexuals can accumulate adaptive mutations through recombination. Yet empirical evidence often shows that the geographic range size of sexual species is narrower than that of closely-related asexual species, which may seem as if asexuals can adapt to more varied environments. Two potential explanations for this apparent contradiction considered by existing theory are reproduction assurance and migration load. Here, we consider both reproductive assurance and migration load within a single model to comparatively examine their effects on range expansions of sexuals and asexuals across an environmental gradient. The model shows that higher dispersal propensity decreases sexuals' disadvantage in reproductive assurance while increasing their disadvantage in migration load. Moreover, lower mutation rate constrains adaptation more strongly in asexuals than in sexuals. Thus, high dispersal propensity and high mutation rates promote that asexuals have wider range sizes than sexuals. Intriguingly, our model reveals that sexuals can have wider geographic range sizes than asexuals under low dispersal propensity and low mutation rates, a pattern consistent with a few exceptional empirical cases. Combining reproductive assurance and migration load provides a useful perspective to better understand the relationships between species' mating systems and their geographic ranges.<span><br></span></p>
Data from: Costs of selfing prevent the spread of a self-compatibility mutation that causes reproductive assurance
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Range expansions of sexual versus asexual organisms: Effects of reproductive assurance and migration load
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Data from: Reproductive assurance drives transitions to self-fertilization in experimental Caenorhabditis elegans
Background: Evolutionary transitions from outcrossing between individuals to selfing are partly responsible for the great diversity of animal and plant reproduction systems. The hypothesis of 'reproductive assurance' suggests that transitions to selfing occur because selfers that are able to reproduce on their own ensure the persistence of populations in environments where mates or pollination agents are unavailable. Here we test this hypothesis by performing experimental evolution in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results: We show that self-compatible hermaphrodites provide reproductive assurance to a male-female population facing a novel environment where outcrossing is limiting. Invasions of hermaphrodites in male-female populations, and subsequent experimental evolution in the novel environment, led to successful transitions to selfing and adaptation. Adaptation was not due to the loss of males during transitions, as shown by evolution experiments in exclusively hermaphroditic populations and in male-hermaphrodite populations. Instead, adaptation was due to the displacement of females by hermaphrodites. Genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms further indicated that the observed evolution of selfing rates was not due to selection of standing genetic diversity. Finally, numerical modelling and evolution experiments in male-female populations demonstrate that the improvement of male fitness components may diminish the opportunity for reproductive assurance. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that reproductive assurance can drive the transition from outcrossing to selfing, and further suggest that the success of transitions to selfing hinges on adaptation of obligate outcrossing populations to the environment where outcrossing was once a limiting factor.
Data from: Evolution of the selfing syndrome: anther orientation and herkogamy together determine reproductive assurance in a self-compatible plant
Capacity for autonomous self-fertilization provides reproductive assurance, has evolved repeatedly in the plant kingdom, and typically involves several changes in flower morphology and development (the selfing syndrome). Yet, the relative importance of different traits and trait combinations for efficient selfing and reproductive success in pollinator-poor environments is poorly known. In a series of experiments, we tested the importance of anther-stigma distance and the less studied trait anther orientation for efficiency of selfing in the perennial herb Arabis alpina. Variation in flower morphology among eight self-compatible European populations was correlated with efficiency of self-pollination and with pollen limitation in a common-garden experiment. To examine whether anther-stigma distance and anther orientation are subject to directional and/or correlational selection, and whether this is because these traits affect pollination success, we planted a segregating F2 population at two native field sites. Selection strongly favored a combination of introrse anthers and reduced anther-stigma distance at a site where pollinator activity was low, and supplemental hand-pollination demonstrated that this was largely because of their effect on securing self-pollination. The results suggest that concurrent shifts in more than one trait can be crucial for the evolution of efficient self-pollination and reproductive assurance in pollinator-poor habitats.
Data from: Male age mediates reproductive investment and response to paternity assurance
Theory predicts that male response to reduced paternity will depend on male state and interactions between the sexes. If there is little chance of reproducing again, then males should invest heavily in current offspring, regardless of their share in paternity. We tested this by manipulating male age and paternity assurance in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. We found older males invested more in both mating effort and parental effort than younger males. Furthermore, male age, a component of male state, mediated male response to perceived paternity. Older males provided more prenatal care, whereas younger males provided less prenatal care, when perceived paternity was low. Adjustments in male care, however, did not influence selection acting indirectly on parents, through offspring performance. This is because females adjusted their care in response to the age of their partner, providing less care when paired with older males than younger males. As a result offspring, performance did not differ between treatments. Our study shows, for the first time, that a male state variable is an important modifier of paternity–parental care trade-offs and highlights the importance of social interactions between males and females during care in determining male response to perceived paternity.
Data from: Evolution of the selfing syndrome: anther orientation and herkogamy together determine reproductive assurance in a self-compatible plant
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Data from: Reproductive assurance drives transitions to self-fertilization in experimental Caenorhabditis elegans
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Data from: Diplostigmaty in plants: a novel mechanism that provides reproductive assurance
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Data from: Male age mediates reproductive investment and response to paternity assurance
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Data from: Hypodermic self-insemination as a reproductive assurance strategy
Self-fertilization occurs in a broad range of hermaphroditic plants and animals, and is often thought to evolve as a reproductive assurance strategy under ecological conditions that disfavour or prevent outcrossing. Nevertheless, selfing ability is far from ubiquitous among hermaphrodites, and may be constrained in taxa where the male and female gametes of the same individual cannot easily meet. Here, we report an extraordinary selfing mechanism in one such species, the free-living flatworm Macrostomum hystrix. To test the hypothesis that adaptations to hypodermic insemination of the mating partner under outcrossing also facilitate selfing, we experimentally manipulated the social environment of these transparent flatworms and then observed the spatial distribution of received sperm in vivo. We find that this distribution differs radically between conditions allowing or preventing outcrossing, implying that isolated individuals use their needle-like stylet (male copulatory organ) to inject own sperm into their anterior body region, including into their own head, from where they then apparently migrate to the site of (self-)fertilization. Conferring the ability to self could thus be an additional consequence of hypodermic insemination, a widespread fertilization mode that is especially prevalent among simultaneously hermaphroditic animals and probably evolves due to sexual conflict over the transfer and subsequent fate of sperm.
Data from: Hypodermic self-insemination as a reproductive assurance strategy
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Using Auxin-inducible-degradation System to Interrogate Tissue-specific Transcriptional Programs of HSF-1 in Reproduction, Lifespan Assurance and Heat Shock Response.
GEO Series GSE162067. Caenorhabditis elegans. 191 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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