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104 results for “reproductive fitness”
Phenotype data for Sussex LHM Drosophila melanogaster reproductive fitness GWAS
<p>Input data, code, logs, graphs and output data for the Sussex LHM Drosophila melanogaster hemiclones.</p> <p>Aim is to generate single, standardised values of female and male reproductive fitness for each hemiclone genome, for using in genome-wide association test using Plink software.</p> <p>Notes on how to run are provided in the code.</p>
Separate-sex GWAS for reproductive fitness in Drosophila melanogaster (Sussex LHM sample)
<p>Code, data, logs, and graphs for GWAS on seperate-sex reproductive fitness in Drosophila melanogaster, Sussex LHM population sample.</p> <p>The shell script, code_drive_basic_gwas.sh, downloads input data files from the internet, drives Plink to select LD-independent SNPs, and then perform a genome-wide association test against female and male fitness, separately. Plink is also used to assign functions and gene names to SNPs. Bash/Unix code is used for formatting/compatibility adjustments, and also to add NCBI-dbSNP IDs to results. The shell script starts an R script that generates basic diagnostic graphs. This updated version differs from the first in that three large unconfirmed snRNA genes have been omitted to improve assignment of SNPs to genes.</p> <p>See https://f1000research.com/articles/5-2644/v3 and http://www.sussex.ac.uk/lifesci/morrowlab/</p>
False discovery rate calculations for genome-wide association study of reproductive fitness in Drosophila melanogaster (Sussex LHM sample)
<p>R code and results of applying false discovery (FDR) rate calculations to establish statistical signficance in a genome-wide association study of reproductive fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. Phenotype values were generated on hemiclone female and male lines from an outbred, laboratory adapted population. Thus, GWAS were previously performed seperately on the phenotype values for each sex, and also using a bivariate GWAS implemented in the R package multiPhen.</p> <p>FDR calculations were performed using the R package 'fdrtool' on all SNPs, and on LD-independent SNPs, the latter of which was used to determine p-value thresholds for genome-wide significance when all SNPs were considered.</p> <p>This version differs from the original in that: i) Some gene positions/names have been reassigned for accuaracy in the input data. ii) A file containing the p-value thresholds corresponding to an FDR of 0.1 has been added. The 95% credible intervals for each SNP association have been added to the results data files.</p>
Time spent in distinct life-history stages has sex-specific effects on reproductive fitness in wild Atlantic salmon
<p><span>In species with complex life cycles, life history theory predicts that fitness is affected by conditions encountered in previous life history stages. Here, we use a four-year pedigree to investigate if time spent in two distinct life history stages has sex-specific reproductive fitness consequences in anadromous Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>). We determined the amount of years spent in fresh water as juveniles (freshwater age, FW, measured in years), and years spent in the marine environment as adults (sea age, SW, measured in sea winters) on 264 sexually mature adults collected on a river spawning ground. We then estimated reproductive fitness as the number of offspring (reproductive success) and the number of mates (mating success) using genetic parentage analysis (>5000 offspring). Sea age is significantly and positively correlated with reproductive and mating success of both sexes whereby older and larger individuals gained the highest reproductive fitness benefits (females: 62.2% increase in offspring/SW and 34.8% increase in mate number/SW; males: 201.9% offspring/SW and 60.3% mates/SW). Younger freshwater age was significantly related to older sea age and thus increased reproductive fitness, but only among females (females: -33.9% offspring/FW and -32.4% mates/FW). This result implies that females can obtain higher reproductive fitness by transitioning to the marine environment earlier. In contrast, male mating and reproductive success was unaffected by freshwater age and more males returned at a younger age than females despite the reproductive fitness advantage of later sea age maturation. Our results show that the timing of transitions between juvenile and adult phases has a sex-specific consequence on female reproductive fitness, demonstrating a life-history trade-off between maturation and reproduction in wild Atlantic salmon.</span></p>
Operating diagram of larvae hatching module, this installation was used to determine the optimum larvae load during the rearing process and provided additional space for rearing several thousand larvae. It consists of nine 20-litre tanks with a glass panel along the front. They are fitted with an inlet supplying filtrated water at a rate of 100 l/h and an individual air inlet. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Operating diagram of larvae hatching module, this installation was used to determine the optimum larvae load during the rearing process and provided additional space for rearing several thousand larvae. It consists of nine 20-litre tanks with a glass panel along the front. They are fitted with an inlet supplying filtrated water at a rate of 100 l/h and an individual air inlet.
Bottom of DR1 tank, the sides of the module are fitted with glass panels which allow natural light from a window to enter the tank, and the observer to view the behaviour of the broodstock. This device ensures easy viewing and checking of the broodstock, facilitates management of feeding and allows effective monitoring of reproduction. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Bottom of DR1 tank, the sides of the module are fitted with glass panels which allow natural light from a window to enter the tank, and the observer to view the behaviour of the broodstock. This device ensures easy viewing and checking of the broodstock, facilitates management of feeding and allows effective monitoring of reproduction.
Data from: Breeding phenology drives variation in reproductive output, reproductive costs and offspring fitness in a viviparous ectotherm
<p>Phenological advances are a widespread response to global warming and can contribute to determine the climate vulnerability of organisms, particularly in ectothermic species which are highly dependent on ambient temperatures to complete their life cycle. Yet, the relative contribution of breeding dates and temperature conditions during gestation on fitness of females and their offspring is poorly documented in reptiles. Here, we exposed females of the common lizard <em>Zootoca vivipara </em>to contrasting thermal scenarios (cold versus hot treatment) during gestation and quantified effects of parturition dates and thermal treatment on life-history traits of females and their offspring for one year. Overall, our results suggest that parturition date has a greater impact than thermal conditions during gestation on life history strategies. In particular, we found positive effects of an earlier parturition date on juvenile survival, growth and recruitment suggesting that environmental dependent selection and/or differences in parental quality between early and late breeders underlie seasonal changes in offspring fitness. Yet, an earlier parturition date compromised the energetic condition of gravid females, which suggests the existence of a mother-offspring conflict regarding the optimisation of parturition dates. While numerous studies focused on the direct effects of alterations in incubation temperatures on reptile life-history traits, our results highlight the importance of considering the role of breeding phenology in assessing the short- and long-term effects of thermal developmental plasticity.</p>
Fig. 3 in Exploring whether and how ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) affect reproductive fitness in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii (Fabaceae)
Fig. 3. Correlation between the number of active inflorescences on Senna chapmanii plants at the time of observation and the number of pollinator visits. Circles represent the mean number of pollinator visits per observation on plants with different numbers of inflorescences. In the axis label, No' refers to number.
Fig. 5 in Exploring whether and how ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) affect reproductive fitness in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii (Fabaceae)
Fig. 5. Reproductive fitness of Senna chapmanii plants with (Control) and without (Tanglefoot™) ants. Bars represent the means of weekly measurements taken over the course of the 8 mo experiment. Error bars represent standard error. In the axis label, "no's." refers to numbers.
Fig. 1. A in Exploring whether and how ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) affect reproductive fitness in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii (Fabaceae)
Fig. 1. A. Mean rates of pre-dispersal seed predation on Senna chapmanii plants with (Control) and without (Tanglefoot™) ants. Seed predation was calculated for each plant as the number of herbivore damaged seeds divided by the total number of developing seeds (fertilized ovules minus aborted seeds); B. Mean pollinator efficiency on S. chapmanii plants with and without ants. Pollinator efficiency was measured as the proportion of ovules fertilized for each plant; C. Mean effective fecundity of S. chapmanii plants with and without ants. Effective fecundity was calculated for each plant as the number of non-predated mature seeds divided by the total number of ovules. In all 3 cases, comparisons were made between treatments using Mann–Whitney U tests, and results were deemed statistically significant if P values were ≤0.05. Error bars represent standard error in all cases. No significant differences were observed between treatments.
Fig. 2 in Exploring whether and how ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) affect reproductive fitness in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii (Fabaceae)
Fig. 2. Mean number (A) and duration (B) of pollinator visits on Senna chapmanii plants with and without ants. In both cases, comparisons were made between treatments using Mann–Whitney U tests, and results were deemed statistically significant if P values were ≤0.05. Error bars represent standard error. Asterisks indicate significant differences. In the axis label, no' refers to number.
Fig. 4 in Exploring whether and how ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) affect reproductive fitness in Senna mexicana var. chapmanii (Fabaceae)
Fig. 4. Mean size of Senna chapmanii plants in the presence and absence of ants over the course of the 8 mo experiment. Plant size was estimated as the number of growing stems with 10 or more leaves.
Influence of endosymbionts on the reproductive fitness of the tick Ornithodoros moubata tested through elimination of the microbiota using antibiotic treatments
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Over the past ten years, many studies demonstrated the crucial role of the tick microbiome in tick biology. The soft tick <em>Ornithodoros moubata</em> is a hematophagous ectoparasite of Suidae particularly known to transmit the African swine fever virus. Its bacterial microbiota is characterized by a high prevalence of <em>Francisella</em>-like and <em>Rickettsia</em> endosymbionts. The present study aims to better understand the potential influence of the microbiota on the reproductive fitness of <em>O. moubata</em>. A total of 132 adult female ticks were treated using gentamycin or rifampicin added to the blood meal. Half of the ticks also received a supplementation with B vitamins to address the nutritional role of endosymbionts. Over two periods of 50 days, several traits related to reproductive fitness were monitored to investigate the importance of <em>Francisella</em> and <em>Rickettsia</em> for those traits. It appeared that most of the considered reproductive parameters were not affected. However, antibiotic treatments induced an increase in the tick survival indicating a potential fitness cost of harboring endosymbionts for ticks during the reproduction period. Similarly, 366 first-stage nymphs of <em>Ornithodoros moubata</em> were exposed to the same treatments for molecular quantification of both endosymbionts. Results from qPCR suggested that treatments produced a bacteriostatic effect on endosymbionts without fully eliminating <em>Francisella</em> or <em>Rickettsia</em>.</p>
Time spent in distinct life-history stages has sex-specific effects on reproductive fitness in wild Atlantic salmon
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Influence of endosymbionts on the reproductive fitness of the tick Ornithodoros moubata tested through elimination of the microbiota using antibiotic treatments
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data From: An artificial habitat increases the reproductive fitness of a range-shifting species within a newly colonized ecosystem
<p>When a range-shifting species colonizes an ecosystem it has not previously inhabited, it may experience suboptimal conditions that challenge its continued persistence and expansion. Some impacts may be partially mitigated by artificial habitat analogues: artificial habitats that more closely resemble a species' historic ecosystem than the surrounding habitat. If conditions provided by such habitats increase reproductive success, they could be vital to the expansion and persistence of range-shifting species. We investigated the reproduction of the mangrove tree crab <i>Aratus pisonii </i>in its historic mangrove habitat, the suboptimal colonized salt marsh ecosystem, and on docks within the marsh, an artificial mangrove analogue. Crabs were assessed for offspring production and quality, as well as measures of maternal investment and egg quality. <i>Aratus pisonii</i> found on docks produced more eggs, more eggs per unit energy investment, and higher quality larvae than conspecifics in the surrounding salt marsh. Yet, crabs in the mangrove produced the highest quality larvae. Egg lipids suggest these different reproductive outcomes result from disparities in the quality of diet-driven maternal investments, particularly key fatty acids. This study suggests habitat analogues may increase the reproductive fitness of range-shifting species allowing more rapid expansion into, and better persistence in, colonized ecosystems.</p>
Extra-pair paternity enhances the reproductive fitness of urban Chinese blackbird
<p>Urbanization is a human-induced process of rapid habitat change that can affect the reproductive success of animals. The occurrence of extra-partial paternity (EPP) may be sensitive to changes in urban ecological conditions. In this study, the Chinese blackbird (<em>Turdus</em> <em>mandarinus</em>), a common breeding bird in southern Chinese cities, was selected as the focus species to explore the EPP patterns of monogamous birds in developing cities and their relationship. Over four breeding seasons, 316 Chinese blackbird nestlings and 20 adults in both urban and rural areas were monitored and genotyped for 11 microsatellite loci to determine progeny affinity. We confirmed that both the brood size and hatching rate of EPP nests were significantly larger than those of within-pair paternity (WPP) nests. The body mass, beak length, head length, and body length of 12-day age extra-pair offspring (EPO) were significantly greater than those of within-pair offspring (WPO) suggesting important benefits of EPP. However, according to the analyses of nest ecological variables, we concluded that EPP occurs most often in areas with low urbanization levels indicating some constraints for this reproductive strategy in cities. Our findings provide interesting new insights into how this growing human-induced landscape change affects mating behavior in birds, an important aspect of avian ecology and evolution.</p>
Data from: indirect costs of reproduction and the tradeoff between offspring size and number: a framework illustrated by fitness costs and benefits of ovarian fluid
<p>Theory describing evolution of offspring size often assumes that the production cost per unit volume is the same for small and large offspring. However, this may not be true if indirect costs of reproduction (e.g., material and energetic costs of supporting offspring development) scale disproportionately with offspring size. Here we show how direct and indirect costs of reproduction can be explicitly modeled within the Smith-Fretwell framework and how observations of size-number relationships can thus be used to evaluate indirect costs. We applied this analysis to measures of egg volume and fecundity for over 300 individuals of a coastal fish species and found that the tradeoff was much stronger than the expected inverse (fecundity scaled with volume<sup>-1.843</sup>). Larger offspring were thus more expensive to produce. For our study species, an important indirect cost was that larger eggs were accompanied by disproportionately more ovarian fluid. Calorimetry and removal experiments were used to further measure both the energetic costs and fitness benefits of ovarian fluid. In addition, we show that indirect costs of reproduction can intensify size-number tradeoffs in a variety of fishes. Indirect costs of reproduction can be large and may therefore play an important role in the evolution of offspring size.</p>
Structural anther mimics improve reproductive success through dishonest signalling that enhances both attraction and the morphological fit of pollinators with flowers
<p><span>Numerous studies have identified traits associated with anther mimicry, however, the processes underlying floral deception remains poorly documented for these structures. We studied the importance of pollinator attraction and mechanical fit of anther mimics in <em>Tritonia laxifolia</em> (Iridaceae) and their relative contributions to reproductive success. To determine anther mimics role in pollinator attraction, we offered bees' binary choices to flowers painted with UV absorbent and reflecting paint. We also conducted preference experiments between flowers with excised anther mimics and unmanipulated controls, from which mechanical fit was assessed by allowing single visits. Anther mimics effects on female reproductive success was determined using similar treatments, but on rooted plants. Bees preferred UV absorbent over UV reflecting anther mimics. Bees did not discriminate between flowers with and without three-dimensional anther mimics. Single visits resulted in more pollen deposition on unmanipulated controls over flowers with their anther mimics excised, which was directly linked to pollen-collecting behaviour. Controls with unmanipulated anther mimics had higher seed set than those with their anther mimics excised. This study provides insights into pollinator-mediated selection on deceptive floral signals and shows that three-dimensional anther mimics increases reproductive success through both attraction and pollen-collecting behaviours.</span></p>
Variation in reproduction and gene flow between cytotypes in a polyploid complex: one size does not fit all
<p>Whole-genome duplication is considered an important speciation mechanism in plants. However, its effect on reproductive isolation between higher cytotypes is not well understood. We used backcrosses between different ploidy levels and surveys of mixed-ploidy contact zones to determine how reproductive barriers differed with cytotype across a polyploid complex. We backcrossed F1 hybrids derived from 2X-4X and 4X-6X crosses in the Campanula rotundifolia autopolyploid complex, measured backcross fitness, and estimated backcross DNA cytotype. We then sampled four natural mixed-ploidy contact zones (two 2X-4X and two 4X-6X), estimated ploidy, and genotyped individuals across each contact zone. Reproductive success and capacity for gene flow was markedly lower for 2X-4X than 4X-6X hybrids. In fact, 3X hybrids could not backcross; all 2X-4X backcross progeny resulted from neotetraploid F1 hybrids. Further, no 3X individuals were found in 2X-4X contact zones, and 2X and 4X individuals were genetically distinct. By contrast, backcrosses of 5X hybrids were relatively successful, particularly when crossed to 6X individuals. In 4X-6X contact zones, 5X individuals and aneuploids were common and all cytotypes were largely genetically similar and spatially intermixed. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that reproduction is low between 2X and 4X cytotypes, primarily occurring via unreduced gamete production, but that reproduction and gene flow are ongoing between 4X and 6X cytotypes. Further, it suggests whole genome duplication can result in speciation between diploids and polyploids, but is less likely to create reproductive barriers between different polyploid cytotypes, resulting in two fundamentally different potentials for speciation across polyploid complexes.</p>
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