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30 results for “resistivity limits”
Allopatric divergence of cooperators confers cheating resistance and limits the effects of a defector mutation
<p>Studies of microbial social defectors that 'cheat' on cooperative genotypes generally focus on interactions with their cooperative parents, yet in nature defectors may meet diverse cooperators. Genotype-by-genotype interactions may constrain the ranges of cooperators upon which particular defectors can cheat, limiting the cheaters' spread and potentially the overall equilibrium frequency of cheaters. The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus undergoes cooperative multicellular development upon starvation, but some developmental defectors can cheat on cooperators, outcompeting them within mixed groups. We show that a defector disrupted at the signaling gene csgA has a narrow cheating range among diverse natural cooperators owing to antagonisms not specifically targeted at defectors. More strikingly, lab-evolved cooperators only slightly differentiated from the defector have allopatrically evolved beyond its cheating range by accumulating fewer than 20 mutations when development was not directly under selection. Cooperators might diversify not only with respect to which defectors cheat on them, but also in the potential for a particular mutation to reduce expression of cooperative trait or generate a cheating phenotype. We tested this by constructing a new csgA mutation in several highly diverged cooperators. The mutation generated very different sporulation phenotypes – from a complete defect to no defect – indicating that genetic background effects can limit the set of genomes for which a given mutation creates a defector and potentiates cheating. Our results suggest that natural populations feature geographic mosaics of cooperators diversified in susceptibility to cheating by any given defector and in the social phenotypes generated by any given mutation in a cooperation gene.</p>
Impacts of Food Limitation on Resistance of <i>Bombus impatiens</i> (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to the Gut Parasite <i>Crithidiai</i> (Trypanosomatida: Trypansomatidae)
<p>Data and R scripts for Conroy et al. experiment testing effects of nectar and pollen limitation on parasite load and survival of bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) infected with Crithidia</p>
Low winter temperatures and divergent freezing resistance set the cold range limit of widespread alpine graminoids
<p><span>Aim:</span><span> "Where and why does a species exist" is a fundamental question in ecology. However, the actual range limits of alpine plant species are largely unexplored and unexplained. We aim at identifying the low temperature range limits of the two most abundant alpine graminoid species on acidic soils that intermingle in mosaics of high-elevation habitats across the European Alps.</span></p> <p><span>Location:</span><span> Alpine grasslands in the Swiss Alps.</span></p> <p><span>Taxon:</span><span> Carex curvula (Cyperaceae) and Nardus stricta (Poaceae), named by the genus name hereafter.</span></p> <p><span>Results:</span><span> Carex </span><span>and Nardus clearly segregated across different microsites. Season length, growing degree hours and soil chemistry (pH, C/N-ratio, phosphorus) did not demarcate the two species' ranges, while their distribution was strongly affected by soil minimum temperature in winter. Carex occurred at sites with and without protecting snow cover and resisted low soil temperatures (-13 °C). Nardus was absent at microsites with snow cover duration less than 5 months and soil minimum temperatures below -5 °C. During the growing season, leaves of Carex had a higher freezing resistance with LT50 of -16.1 °C than those of Nardus with LT50 of -13.3 °C (LT50: lethal temperature for 50% of the tissue). Tetrazolium staining in shoots also revealed a higher freezing resistance in Carex compared to Nardus, and shoot apices tolerated lowest temperatures: Carex -30 °C, Nardus -24 °C. Though, a vital shoot apex alone did not ensure regrowth after winter. Regrowth after severe frost events requires intact vessels and roots, all less freezing tolerant than apical meristems and young leaves.</span></p> <p><span>Main conclusions:</span><span> The cold range limits of these widespread alpine graminoid species are evidently set by thermal extremes in winter. Microtopography, thus snow distribution pattern, in concert with the species' freezing resistance explains the cold edge of the fundamental niche of these two species.</span></p>
Data from: Limited intraspecific variation in drought resistance along a pronounced tropical rainfall gradient
<p>Assessing within-species variation in response to drought is crucial for predicting species responses to climate change and informing restoration and conservation efforts, yet experimental data are lacking for the vast majority of tropical tree species. We assessed intraspecific variation in response to water availability across a strong rainfall gradient for 16 tropical tree species using reciprocal transplant and common garden field experiments, along with measurements of gene flow and key functional traits linked to drought resistance.</p>
Host-enemy interactions provide limited biotic resistance for a range-expanding species via reduced apparent competition
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Aim:</span></strong><span> As species' ranges shift poleward in response to anthropogenic change, they may lose antagonistic interactions if they move into less diverse communities, fail to interact with novel populations or species effectively, or if ancestral interacting populations or species fail to shift synchronously. We leveraged a poleward range expansion in a tractable insect host-enemy community to uncover mechanisms by which altered antagonistic interactions between native and recipient communities contributed to "high niche opportunities" (limited biotic resistance) for a range-expanding insect. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Location:</span></strong><span> North America, Pacific Northwest</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Methods:</span></strong><span> We created quantitative insect host-enemy interaction networks by sampling oak gall wasps on 400 trees of a dominant oak species in the native and expanded range of a range-expanding gall wasp species. We compared host-enemy network structure between regions. We measured traits (phenology, morphology) of galls and interacting parasitoids, predicting greater trait divergence in the expanded range. We measured function relating to host control and explored if altered interactions and traits contributed to reduced function or biotic resistance.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Results:</span></strong><span> Interaction networks had fewer species in the expanded range and lower complementarity of parasitoid assemblages among host species. While networks were more generalized, interactions with the range-expanding species were more specialized in the expanded range. Specialist enemies effectively tracked the range-expanding host, and there was reduced apparent competition with co-occurring hosts by shared generalist enemies. Phenological divergence of enemy assemblages interacting with the range-expanding and co-occurring hosts was greater in the expanded range, potentially contributing to weak apparent competition. Biotic resistance was lower in the expanded range, where fewer parasitoids emerged from galls of the range-expanding host.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Main conclusions:</span></strong><span> Changes in interactions with generalist enemies created high niche opportunities, and limited biotic resistance, suggesting weak apparent competition may be a mechanism of enemy release for range-expanding insects embedded within generalist enemy networks.</span></p>
Data from: Limited intraspecific variation in drought resistance along a pronounced tropical rainfall gradient
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Allopatric divergence of cooperators confers cheating resistance and limits the effects of a defector mutation
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Low winter temperatures and divergent freezing resistance set the cold range limit of widespread alpine graminoids
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Host-enemy interactions provide limited biotic resistance for a range-expanding species via reduced apparent competition
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Data from: Chicken gut microbiome members limit the spread of an antimicrobial resistance plasmid in Escherichia coli
<p>Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance is a major contributor to the spread of resistance genes within bacterial communities. Successful plasmid spread depends upon a balance between plasmid fitness effects on the host and rates of horizontal transmission. While these key parameters are readily quantified in vitro, the influence of interactions with other microbiome members is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the influence of three genera of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) derived from the chicken gastrointestinal microbiome on the spread of an epidemic narrow-range ESBL resistance plasmid, IncI1 carrying <em>bla<sub>CTX-M-1</sub></em>, in mixed cultures of isogenic <em>Escherichia coli </em>strains. Secreted products of LAB decreased <em>E. coli</em> growth rates in a genus-specific manner but did not affect plasmid transfer rates. Importantly, we quantified plasmid transfer rates by controlling for density-dependent mating opportunities. Parametrization of a mathematical model with our in vitro estimates illustrated that small fitness costs of plasmid carriage may tip the balance towards plasmid loss under growth conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. This work shows that microbial interactions can influence plasmid success and provides an experimental-theoretical framework for further study of plasmid transfer in a microbiome context.</p>
Acclimation limits for embolism resistance and osmotic adjustment accompany the geographic dry edge of Mediterranean species
<p>Survival and growth of woody species in the Mediterranean are mainly restricted by water availability. We tested the hypothesis that Mediterranean species acclimate their xylem vulnerability and osmotic potential along a precipitation gradient.</p> <p>We studied five predominant co-occurring Mediterranean species; <em>Quercus calliprinos</em>, <em>Pistacia palaestina</em>, <em>Pistacia lentiscus</em>, <em>Rhamnus lycioides</em>, and <em>Phillyrea latifolia</em>, over two summers at three sites. The driest of the sites is the distribution edge for all the five species. We measured key hydraulic and osmotic traits related to drought resistance, including resistance to embolism (<span class="None">Ψ<sub>50)</sub></span> and the seasonal dynamics of water and osmotic potentials.</p> <p>The leaf water potentials (<span class="None">Ψ<sub>1</sub></span>) of all species declined significantly along the summer, reaching significantly lower <span class="None">Ψ<sub>l</sub></span> at the end of summer in the drier sites. Surprisingly, we did not find plasticity along the drought gradient in <span class="None">Ψ<sub>50</sub></span> or osmotic potentials. This resulted in much narrower hydraulic safety margins (HSM) in the drier sites, where some species experienced significant embolism.</p> <p>Our analysis indicates that reduction in HSM to null values put Mediterranean species in embolism risk as they approach their hydraulic limit near the geographic dry edge of their distribution.</p>
Acclimation limits for embolism resistance and osmotic adjustment accompany the geographic dry edge of Mediterranean species
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Data from: Chicken gut microbiome members limit the spread of an antimicrobial resistance plasmid in Escherichia coli
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Disentangling the influence of water limitation and simultaneous above and belowground herbivory on plant tolerance and resistance to stress
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FOcus on Reducing Dose-limiting Toxicities in Colon Cancer With Resistance Exercise Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03291951. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Data from: Resource limitation prevents the emergence of drug resistance by intensifying within-host competition
Slowing the evolution of antimicrobial resistance is essential if we are to continue to successfully treat infectious diseases. Whether a drug-resistant mutant grows to high densities, and so sickens the patient and spreads to new hosts, is determined by the competitive interactions it has with drug-susceptible pathogens within the host. Competitive interactions thus represent a good target for resistance management strategies. Using an in vivo model of malaria infection, we show that limiting a resource that is disproportionately required by resistant parasites retards the evolution of drug resistance by intensifying competitive interactions between susceptible and resistant parasites. Resource limitation prevented resistance emergence regardless of whether resistant mutants arose de novo or were experimentally added before drug treatment. Our work provides proof of principle that chemotherapy paired with an "ecological" intervention can slow the evolution of resistance to antimicrobial drugs, even when resistant pathogens are present at high frequencies. It also suggests that a broad range of previously untapped compounds could be used for treating infectious diseases.
Data from: Defensive chemicals of neighboring plants limit visits of herbivorous insects: associational resistance within a plant population
Despite our understanding of chemical defenses and their consequences for plant performance and herbivores, we know little about whether defensive chemicals in plant tissues, such as alkaloids, and their spatial variation within a population play unappreciated and critical roles in plant-herbivore interactions. Neighboring plants can decrease or increase attractiveness of a plant to herbivores, an example of a neighborhood effect. Chemical defensive traits may contribute to neighborhood effects in plant-herbivore interactions. We examined the effects of nicotine in leaves (a non-emitted defense chemical) on plant-herbivore interactions in a spatial context, using two varieties of <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> with different nicotine levels. A common garden experiment demonstrated that visits by grasshoppers decreased with increasing density of neighboring plants with a greater nicotine level. In contrast, visits of leaf caterpillars were not affected by neighbors, irrespective of nicotine levels. Thus, our results clearly highlighted that the neighborhood effect caused by the nicotine in leaves depended on the insect identity, and it was mediated by plant-herbivore interactions, rather than plant-plant interactions. This study demonstrates that understanding of effects of plant defensive traits on plant-herbivore interactions requires careful consideration of the spatial distribution of plant defenses, and provides support for the importance of spatial context to accurately capture the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant-herbivore interactions.
Resistance Training in Older Adults With Limitations in Mobility
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03083275. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Data from: The application of self-limiting transgenic insects in managing resistance in experimental metapopulations
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Data from: Defensive chemicals of neighboring plants limit visits of herbivorous insects: associational resistance within a plant population
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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