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635 results for “respiration”
20-Year Synthesis of Soil Respiration Data at Harvard Forest 1991-2008
All data on soil carbon flux (“soil respiration”) collected using chamber-based methods at Harvard Forest from a range of observational and experimental plots were collated, their units were harmonized, and geographic (locations) and environmental characteristics (soil series, drainage class, soil temperature, soil moisture, vegetation type, etc.) were identified for each observation. This yielded a dataset with 106,192 observations of soil respiration taken between 1991 and 2008. These data provide a unique resource for exploring spatial and temporal patterns in soil respiration in a range of common New England forest types. For the Giasson, et al. (2013) publication, we also used 24 site-years of eddy covariance measurements from two Harvard Forest sites (EMS and Hemlock towers) to examine the relationship between soil and ecosystem respiration. Here, we present all derived/synthetic datasets associated with the manuscript. M.-A. Giasson, A. M. Ellison, R. D. Bowden, P. M. Crill, E. A. Davidson, J. E. Drake, S. D. Frey, J. L. Hadley, M. Lavine, J. M. Melillo, J. W. Munger, K. J. Nadelhoffer, L. Nicoll, S. V. Ollinger, K. E. Savage, P. A. Steudler, J. Tang, R. K. Varner, S. C. Wofsy, D. R. Foster, and A. C. Finzi 2013. Soil respiration in a northeastern US temperate forest: a 22-year synthesis. Ecosphere 4:art140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13.00183.1
Cascade project at North Temperate Lake LTER – Daily Respiration Data for Whole Lake Nutrient Additions 2013-2015
Daily estimates of ecosystem respiration and values of covariates from surface waters of Paul, Peter, and Tuesday lakes from mid-May to early September for the years 2013, 2014, and 2015. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were added to Peter and Tuesday lakes each year while Paul Lake was an unfertilized reference.
Root and Mycorrhizal Respiration at Harvard Forest Soil Warming Experiments 2007-2008
Soil heating typically causes large initial increases in soil respiration, with the enhancement lessening over time. This transient response is attributed to rapid decomposition of labile soil C compounds in the first years of heating, but the potential role of changes in root and mycorrhizal respiration is not well understood. To assess the degree to which root respiration adjusts to warmer soil temperature regimes, specific root respiration rates (nmol CO2/g/s) are being measured in three soil warming experiments at Harvard Forest. Soils in the experiments had been heated since 1991, 2003 and 2006. Respiration rates for fine roots (less than 1 mm) from control and heated plots were measured both at a common reference temperature of 18 deg C and at the ambient soil temperature of the measurement date for the control and heated (+ 5 deg C) treatments. Mycorrhizal respiration is being assessed through the use of hyphal ingrowth bags which allow determination both mycorrhizal hyphal biomass and respiration rate. Changes in mycorrhizal community composition are also being investigated. Specific questions we will address include: Does rapid temperature acclimation occur in roots of large perennial woody plants? How do root biomass, root N concentration, and root respiration rates adjust to long-term changes in soil temperature and moisture and concomitant changes in N availability? How is mycorrhizal biomass and activity influenced by the effects of warmer soil temperatures on host C balance and soil N availability? How do the short- and long-term responses of roots and mycorrhizae to warming and associated changes in soil nutrient cycling affect soil CO2 efflux and C availability for aboveground NPP? Are the interrelationships between warmer soil temperature regimes and C fluxes to and from roots and mycorrhizae adequately described by current ecophysiological models?
Impacts of Deer and Moose on Soil Carbon, Soil Respiration, and Root Biomass at Harvard Forest since 2017
Over the past decade, several deer and moose exclosures have been built at Harvard Forest to study the effect of ungulate browsing on tree regeneration, species diversity, and composition. We built on the existing infrastructure to study the impacts of deer and moose browsing on soil carbon stocks (soil C, root biomass) in regenerating forests.
Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Carbon Sequestration and Respiration at Harvard Forest since 2016
Forest loss/fragmentation can have profound impacts on the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle by reducing forest uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2; the primary driver of anthropogenic climate change) through photosynthesis and C storage in forest biomass. Relative to intact rural forests, trees growing in forest fragments within developed landscapes typically experience conditions that can enhance growth such as warmer and longer growing seasons (i.e. urban heat island effect) and greater light and nutrient availability (e.g., nitrogen deposition) as well as conditions that can hinder growth such as increased exposure to damaging pollutants such as ozone and higher rates of disturbance. Our research quantifies the impact of fragmentation on C uptake and respiration near forest edges. In 2016 six 600‐m2 plots were installed along forest edges at the HF, measuring 20 m along the forest edge and extending 30 m into the forest perpendicular to the forest edge. Plot biomass was mapped and tree cores were taken in all trees >10cm diameter. The plots were installed at multiple edge aspects and adjacent land cover types (three meadows, two pastures, and one road). Within each plot, a pair of polyvinyl chloride soil respiration collars 20 cm in diameter × 7 cm tall and located 10 m apart was inserted approximately 2 cm into the soil at four distances from the edge (0, 10, 20, and 30m). Each plot had n = 8 collars for a total of n = 48 collars. Following installation, collars were left in the soil for at least 2 weeks to equilibrate. Air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature, and soil moisture were logged along the center plot transect.
Soil Respiration Along a Hydrological Gradient at Harvard Forest EMS Tower 2003-2006
Soil respiration is an important component of the terrestrial carbon budget. Spatial variation of organic matter and plant cover induce temperature and moisture gradations that obscure direct response of soil respiration to radiative forcing. Separation of spatial patterns from microclimate and substrate availability is vital to predict the response to global change. We are measuring temporal and spatial patterns of soil CO2 flux across a hydrological gradient from wetland to upland soils. A system of 8 automated opaque chambers were installed in 2003 along a hydrological gradient on the northeast margin of the "Beaver Swamp" north of the EMS tower (+42.537755,-72.171478). Two additional clear chambers were installed in the wetland in 2006. Each automated chamber closes for a measurement every four hours. The resulting semi-continuous data has been providing a high-temporal density characterization of soil flux during the growing season since 2003. Soil temperature and moisture were recorded in the litter, organic, and mineral soils during 2004 at three locations along the slope. These structures will provide a database of soil respiration flux, temperature, and soil moisture with both high spatial and temporal resolution, across multiple cover types and ground water levels. The analysis will seek to determine the appropriate spatial scale of soil respiration measurement in eastern hardwood forests.
PsPM-FER02: PSR, SCR, ECG and respiration measurements from a 3 conditions x 3 experimental sessions repeated-measures design to assess the return of fear
<p>This dataset includes pupil size response (PSR), skin conductance response (SCR), electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration measurements. Also included are CS and US information, keypress responses, keypress response times, key correctness and shock expectancy ratings at the end of the experiment for 74 healthy unmedicated participants (33 males and 41 females aged 24.2+/-3.9 years) participating in a 3 conditions x 3 experimental sessions repeated-measures design to assess the return of fear. CS were colored triangles (yellow/red/blue). US consisted of a 500 ms train of 250 square pulses with individual pulse width of 0.2 ms. SOA between the CS onset and US was 3.5 s. CS and US co-terminated. The ITI was randomly determined as discrete values between 7-11 seconds (mean 9 seconds).</p>
PsPM-REW2: SCR, ECG, respiration, and eyetracking measurements in a Pavlovian appetitive conditioning task with juice delivery with acquisition and recall test after one week
<p>This dataset contains skin conductance responses (SCR), electrocardyogram (ECG), respiration, pupil size (PSR), and gaze coordinates measurements for 34 healthy unmedicated participants (20 females and 14 males aged 24.9 +/- 4.1) participating in a Pavlovian differential cued rewarding conditioning experiment with 2 sessions. <br>CSs were isoluminant colored triangles presented on the screen center with grey background.<br>US was a sip of the favourite juice selected individually. SOA between the CS onset and US was 5.5 s. Participants underwent the conditioning task with CSs (CS+ 50% reinforced) and US delivery in session 1 with 2 blocks, and were tested in a retention/extinction task one week later in session 2 with 2 blocks. No US was delivered during session 2. The ITI was jittered on each trial uniformly at random between 9 to 16 s. The blocks in each session were recorded on the same day with self-paced breaks.</p>
PsPM-REW1: SCR, ECG, respiration, and eyetracking measurements in a Pavlovian appetitive conditioning task with juice delivery with acquisition and recall test after one week
<p>This dataset contains skin conductance responses (SCR), electrocardyogram (ECG), respiration, pupil size (PSR), and gaze coordinates measurements for 37 healthy unmedicated participants (26 females and 11 males aged 24.2 +/- 4.2) participating in a Pavlovian differential cued rewarding conditioning experiment with 2 sessions. <br>CSs were isoluminant colored triangles presented on the screen center with grey background.<br>US was a sip of the favourite juice selected individually. SOA between the CS onset and US was 5.5 s. Participants underwent the conditioning task with CSs (CS+ 50% reinforced) and US delivery in session 1 with 2 blocks, and were tested in a retention/extinction task one week later in session 2 with 2 blocks. No US was delivered during session 2. The ITI was jittered on each trial uniformly at random between 9 to 16 s. The blocks in each session were recorded on the same day with self-paced breaks.</p>
Soil nitrogen availability vs. acidification: effects on soil respiration, heterotrophic respiration, and soil physicochemical properties in mixed temperate forests in central New York, USA (2019-2022)
In 2011, an experimental nitrogen x pH manipulation study was initiated in mixed temperate forests in central New York, USA to disentangle the often-confounded roles of nitrogen (N) and soil pH in driving various ecosystem processes. This data package contains soil physicochemical properties (soil pH, resin available nitrogen), soil temperature, in situ soil respiration, and heterotrophic respiration measured from laboratory incubations of soils collected from experimental plots. Soil pH was measured both pre-treatment (2009-2010) and after 8 and 11 years of experimental treatment. All other properties were measured between 9 and 12 years after treatment initiation.
Forest tree, woody debris, root ingrowth, soil respiration and characterization data from long-term research plots for LTREB at the University of Michigan Biological Station
The NSF-funded project "LTREB: Drivers of temperate forest carbon storage from canopy closure through successional time" (2014-2024) supports research to meet the following goals: 1) elucidate mechanisms responsible for changes in C storage over decades to centuries; 2) link processes leading to persistence and resilience of forest C storage following disturbance; 3) quantify the effects of potential drivers such as forest structure, N availability, climate change, and atmospheric deposition on decadal and longer-term trajectories of C storage. Field activities for this research are conducted at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) on a pair of chronosequences and several old reference forests. Synthesis activities utilize data collected from these field sites in support of the LTREB project, as well as data synthesized from other sources (e.g., long-term UMBS plot data, AmeriFlux data, FIA data) all intended to address the core questions of the LTREB project. This dataset has been compiled and expanded over a series of versions, with new data types and observations appended periodically. Presently, the dataset includes observations from tree inventory censuses, woody debris sampling, fine root ingrowth cores, soil respiration measurements, and two sets of soil collections aimed at quantifying a range of physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil.
Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE): Soil respiration at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Bartlett Experimental Forest and Jeffers Brook, central NH USA, 2008 - present
Abstract Soil respiration in 15 stands across 3 sites within the White Mountain National Forest was measured between 2008 and 2020. Stands included in the dataset are part of the Multiple Element in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE) study, a full-factorial NxP fertilization experiment. Pre- and post-treatment data are included, with treatment beginning in 2011. Soil temperature, soil moisture, and relative air humidity at the time of measurement were also recorded next to or above the soil respiration collar at the time of the soil respiration measurement. Having been cut between 1883 and 1990, stands are representative of different successional stages.
Soil Respiration in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest 2003-2009
Soil respiration (SR) is a combination of autotrophic (root respiration) and heterotrophic (microbial respiration). As a combination of these two belowground processes, separating their relative contributions to SR from is difficult. The hemlock removal experiment provided an opportunity to look at these two components of SR. Girdling and logging result in the death and/or removal of aboveground biomass (trees) and subsequently death of root biomass. As a result the measured respiration in these treatment plots should then be comprised primarily of the microbial respiration component of SR. By measuring SR in control plots, and taking the difference with girdled and logged plots, we may determine the relative contribution of root and microbial respiration.
Soil Respiration in CRUI Land Use Project at Harvard Forest 1997
Soil properties and processes were evaluated on three types of colonial agricultural land-use - plowing, pasturing, and selective tree removal in a woodlot that ceased in the mid to late 1800s. Plowing, the most intensive type of agricultural disturbance, mixes soil to a depth of approximately 15cm, homogenizing the soil resources and likely reducing diversity in microenvironments. Removing trees and replacing them with grasses for pasture decreases the organic matter amount and types of inputs to the system, decreasing resource diversity. Woodlots, altered by selective and chronic tree removal, would have more limited decreases in resources and microenvironments. This study examined soil surface (at 10cm above the soil surface) CO2 concentrations and soil respiration at the land use sites. Soil respiration and surface CO2 concentrations were highest in the woodlot sites and lowest in the formerly plowed sites.
Soil Respiration at Harvard Forest HEM and LPH Towers 1996-2007
Soil respiration, including both CO2 produced during decomposition of organic matter in soil and surface litter, and CO2 produced during respiration of living roots, is a major component of forest-atmosphere carbon exchange, typically comprising 60 to 80% of whole-forest respiration. Soil respiration data can explain a major part of a forest ecosystem’s response to changing climate, and help in evaluating the accuracy of nighttime eddy flux data as estimates of whole-ecosystem respiration measurements. Soil respiration in the footprint areas of the Harvard Forest Hemlock and Little Prospect Hill eddy flux towers has shown generally similar responses to soil temperature and precipitation as soil respiration near the EMS flux tower (see data set HF006), but also some differences. Soil respiration at the Hemlock tower site has been lower than at the other tower sites during very wet summer weather, but higher during dry summer periods. Average estimated annual total soil respiration has been close to the same for all three tower footprint areas, however. There has been some evidence of lower soil respiration in the parts of the Little Prospect Hill tower footprint with lowest soil moisture (those with a high slope position, 100 m from the tower), as compared with other sites during very dry summer periods, but such periods have been very rare during the period of data collection. Soil respiration measured near the Little Prospect Hill tower in summer has also been higher than ecosystem respiration as estimated from nighttime carbon flux measured by an eddy covariance system. This indicates that during some nighttime periods, CO2 is being removed from the volume of air below the eddy flux system by a route other than through the top of the forest canopy near the flux tower, possibly by downslope advection, even under conditions when it initially appeared that atmospheric turbulence was high enough to prevent removal of CO2 by these other mechanisms.
Respiration of Coarse Woody Debris in the Clearcut Site at Harvard Forest in 2011
This study explored the effects of log position and microclimate variability on the rates of coarse woody debris (CWD) respiration. The rates of respiration of downed Norway spruce (Picea abies) logs were repeatedly measured in-situ using an LI-6200 gas analyzer. Treatments included native logs in the clearcut site, native logs in a neighboring mature spruce stand, and logs transferred from the clearcut site to the mature spruce stand.
Partitioning the Components of Soil Respiration in a Trenching Experiment at Harvard Forest 2009-2010
Total soil respiration (Rt) is a combination of autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh). Several methods have been developed to tease out the components of Rt, such as isotopic analyses, and removing Ra input through tree girdling and root exclusion experiments. Trenching involves severing the rooting system surrounding a plot to remove the Ra component within the plot. This method has some potential limitations. Reduced water uptake in trenched plots could change soil water content, which is one of the environmental controllers of Rt in many ecosystems. Eliminating root inputs could reduce heterotrophic decomposition of SOM via lack of priming. On the other hand, the severed dead roots may temporarily increase available carbon substrate for Rh. We utilized the trenching method to partition the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration in an oak dominated forest with the footprint of the LPH tower.
Partitioning the Components of Soil Respiration in a Trenching Experiment at Harvard Forest 2011
Total soil respiration (Rt) is a combination of autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh). We used a trenching method to sever the rooting system surrounding a plot to remove the Ra component within the plot. We used a custom-made automated chamber system to measure soil respiration within the trenched plot and the control in an oak dominated forest with the footprint of the LPH tower. This method has some potential limitations. Reduced water uptake in trenched plots could change soil water content, which is one of the environmental controllers of Rt in many ecosystems. Eliminating root inputs could reduce heterotrophic decomposition of SOM via lack of priming.
Soil Respiration at Forest Edges along an Urban to Rural Gradient in Massachusetts 2018-2019
As urbanization and forest fragmentation increase around the globe, it is critical to understand how rates of respiration and carbon losses from soil carbon pools are affected by these processes. This study characterizes soils in fragmented forests along an urban to rural gradient, evaluating the sensitivity of soil respiration to changes in soil temperature and moisture near the forest edge. While previous studies found elevated rates of soil respiration at temperate forest edges in rural areas compared to the forest interior, we find that soil respiration is suppressed at the forest edge in urban areas. At urban sites, respiration rates are 25% lower at the forest edge relative to the interior, likely due to high temperature and aridity conditions near urban edges. While rural soils continue to respire with increasing temperatures, urban soil respiration rates asymptote as temperatures climb and soils dry. Soil temperature- and moisture-sensitivity modeling show that respiration rates in urban soils are less sensitive to rising temperatures than those in rural soils. Scaling these results to Massachusetts (MA), which encompasses 0.25 Mha of urban forest, we find that failure to account for decreases in soil respiration rates near urban forest edges leads to an overestimate of growing-season soil carbon fluxes of greater than 350,000 MgC. This difference is almost 2.5 times that for rural soils in the analogous comparison (underestimate of less than 143,000 MgC), even though rural forest area is more than four times greater than urban forest area in MA. While a changing climate may stimulate carbon losses from rural forest edge soils, urban forests may experience enhanced soil carbon sequestration near the forest edge. These findings highlight the need to capture the effects of forest fragmentation and land use context when making projections about soil behavior and carbon cycling in a warming and increasingly urbanized world. We provide soil respiration, soil temp
Soil Respiration, Temperature and Moisture at Harvard Forest EMS Tower 1995-2014
We have been making long-term soil respiration measurements at our transect sites since the summer of 1995. The rainfall exclusion experiment began in May of 2001 and autochamber measurements began in 2003. A root exclusion experiment (trenching) was conducted from 2012-2014.
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