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40 results for “rhodoliths”
Data from: In situ decrease in rhodolith growth associated with Arctic climate change
<p>Rhodoliths built by crustose coralline algae (CCA) are ecosystem engineers of global importance. In the Arctic photic zone, their three-dimensional growth emulates the habitat complexity of coral reefs but with a far slower growth rate, growing at micrometres per year rather than millimetres. While climate change is known to exert various impacts on the CCA's calcite skeleton, including geochemical and structural alterations, field observations of net growth over decade-long timescales are lacking. Here, we use a temporally-explicit model to show that rising ocean temperatures over nearly 100 years were associated with reduced rhodolith growth at different depths in the Arctic. Over the past 90 years, the median growth rate was 85 µm yr<sup>-1</sup> but each °C increase in summer seawater temperature decreased growth by a mean of 8.9 µm (95% CIs = 1.32 - 16.60 µm °C<sup>-1</sup>, p < 0.05). The decrease was expressed for rhodolith occurrences in 11 and 27 m water depth but not at 46 m, also having the shortest time series (1991 – 2015). Although increasing temperatures can spur plant growth, we suggest anthropogenic climate change has either exceeded the population thermal optimum for these CCA, or synergistic effects of warming, ocean acidification, and/or increasing turbidity impair rhodolith growth. Rhodoliths built by calcitic CCA are important habitat providers worldwide, so decreased growth would lead to yet another facet of anthropogenic habitat loss.</p>
Data from: In situ decrease in rhodolith growth associated with Arctic climate change
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FIGURES 26–32. Hippoporella maderensis n in New species of Bryozoa from Madeira associated with rhodoliths
FIGURES 26–32. Hippoporella maderensis n. sp. 26, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids (holotype); 27, same, group of autozooids showing oral spines and suboral umbones; 28, same, autozooid showing a primary orifice with the bases of the oral spines, avicularia, and a suboral umbo with its distal projection; 29, same, close-up of the orifice showing the lunula, the basal part of the spines and the suboral umbo; note the avicularia projecting above the frontal surface; 30, same, detail showing the orifice of the ovicell and five oral spines; 31, inner view of the frontal shield (large condyles are clearly visible) (paratype 4); 32, distal zooidal wall showing basal parts of the oral spines and basal pore chambers (holotype).
FIGURES 3–9. Coronellina atlantica n in New species of Bryozoa from Madeira associated with rhodoliths
FIGURES 3–9. Coronellina atlantica n. sp. 3, Unbleached zooids (holotype); 4, same, ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids; note the immersed ovicells, of which the ooecia are formed by either distal autozooids or kenozooids; 5, same, two ooecia formed by the same distal autozooid; 6, growing edge of a colony; note the various stages in the development of the cryptocyst and the tiny pores indicating the position of basal rootlets (paratype 1); 7, autozooids at the growing edge showing almost complete cryptocysts (paratype 2); 8, developing ooecium in autozooid with intramural budding (paratype 1); 9, ancestrula (arrow) and periancestrular zooids (paratype 3).
FIGURES 1–2. 1 in New species of Bryozoa from Madeira associated with rhodoliths
FIGURES 1–2. 1, Map of Madeira showing the sample locality (solid star). 2, Rhodoliths collected in Madeira (scale: 10 cm).
FIGURES 22–25 in New species of Bryozoa from Madeira associated with rhodoliths
FIGURES 22–25. Schizomavella sp. (MNCN 25.03/3865); 22, general view of the colony; 23, general view of autozooids; 24, primary orifices surrounded by a rim, and the suboral avicularia with elevated distal rims; 25, unbleached zooids with oral spines intact.
FIGURES 15–21. 15, Chorizopora rosaria n in New species of Bryozoa from Madeira associated with rhodoliths
FIGURES 15–21. 15, Chorizopora rosaria n. sp., view of a colony showing autozooids and abundant kenozooids (paratype 1); 16, (same, holotype) ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids and kenozooids; 17, 18, (same) details of ovicellate autozooids; 19 (same, paratype 2) development of distal kenozooid and ooecium; 20 (same, paratype 3) ancestrula and periancestrular zooids; 21, colony of Chorizopora brongniartii from Ría de Ferrol (NW Spain).
FIGURES 10–14. Hippothoa muripinnata n in New species of Bryozoa from Madeira associated with rhodoliths
FIGURES 10–14. Hippothoa muripinnata n. sp. 10, Part of a colony, with autozooids and female zooids (holotype); 11, autozooid showing the characteristic finger-like basal lobes (paratype 1); 12, autozooidal orifice (paratype 2); 13, 14, views of the ovicell and female zooid (holotype).
Legacy Partner Archive: (0685) Rhodoliths DwCA
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FIGURE 15 in Sporolithon yoneshigueae sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta), a new rhodolith-forming coralline alga from the southwest Atlantic
FIGURE 15. Phylogenetic tree inferred from ML, MP, and NJ analyses with SSU sequences for 19 specimens from the orders Sporolithales and Hapalidiales. Values at nodes represent percentage of 1,000 bootstrap replicates for ML (left), MP (middle) and NJ (right). Branches lacking values received <70 % support.
FIGURES 7–13 in Sporolithon yoneshigueae sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta), a new rhodolith-forming coralline alga from the southwest Atlantic
FIGURES 7–13. Tetrasporangial anatomy of Sporolithon yoneshigueae. 7. Magnified surface view of a protuberance showing a sorus with large tetrasporangial compartment pores (RB 505770). Scale bar = 500 μm. 8. SEM of the surface of a sorus showing tetrasporangial compartment pores (RB 569425). Scale bar = 80 μm. 9. SEM of a single tetrasporangial compartment pore surrounded by 24 rosette cells that are slightly raised towards the pore opening (RB 569425). Note the mucilage ring that forms inward of the rosette cells, which only partially occludes the pore (arrow). Scale bar = 30 μm. 10. Vertical section of the outer thallus showing numerous tetrasporangial compartments buried in distinct layers (RB 505770). Note the distinct layers of elongate cells at the base of tetrasporangial compartments. Scale bar = 300 μm. 11. Magnified view of the thallus showing the paraphyses (arrows) between tetrasporangial compartments (RB 505770). Scale bar = 60 μm. 12. Vertical section of the outer thallus showing a raised sorus (RB 505770). Note the tetrasporangial compartment bearing a single tetrasporangium (t) and an apical pore plug (arrow). Scale bar = 50 μm. 13. Magnified view of the base of a tetrasporangial compartment showing a tetrasporangium (t) subtended by a single stalk cell (arrow) (RB 505770). Scale bar = 25 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Sporolithon yoneshigueae sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta), a new rhodolith-forming coralline alga from the southwest Atlantic
FIGURE 1. Bathymetric map of the Abrolhos Shelf and Vitória–Trindade Chain showing the collecting sites (arrows) (data source: ETOPO 1).
FIGURES 2–6 in Sporolithon yoneshigueae sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta), a new rhodolith-forming coralline alga from the southwest Atlantic
FIGURES 2–6. Vegetative features of Sporolithon yoneshigueae. 2. General morphology of the holotype (RB 569425) showing a lumpy to fruticose growth-form. Scale bar = 3 cm. 3. General morphology of a paratype (RB 505770) showing a warty growth-form. Scale bar = 4 cm. 4. Vertical section of the inner thallus showing the monomerous, plumose (non-coaxial) internal construction (RB 569425). Scale bar = 150 μm. 5. Magnified view of the outer thallus showing a flared epithallial cell (e) and a squat subepithallial initials (i) (RB 569425). Scale bar = 10 μm. 6. SEM of a fracture showing a secondary pit connection (arrow) and cell fusions (arrowheads) (RB 569425). Scale bar = 20 μm.
FIGURE 14 in Sporolithon yoneshigueae sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta), a new rhodolith-forming coralline alga from the southwest Atlantic
FIGURE 14. Phylogenetic tree inferred from ML, MP, and NJ analyses with psbA sequences for 36 specimens from the orders Sporolithales and Hapalidiales. Values at nodes represent percentage of 1,000 bootstrap replicates for ML (left), MP (middle) and NJ (right). Branches lacking values received <70 % support.
FIGURES 7–8 in Rhodolith-forming species of the subfamilies Neogoniolithoideae and Hydrolithoideae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) from Espírito Santo State, Brazil
FIGURES 7–8. Neogoniolithon cf. brassica-florida. 7. Longitudinal sections showing a spermatangial conceptacle with simple, unbranched spermatangial systems borne on the floor, walls and roof of the conceptacle chamber (black arrows). Scale = 31 μm. 8. A carposporangial conceptacle. Scale = 64 μm.
FIGURES 15–18 in Rhodolith-forming species of the subfamilies Neogoniolithoideae and Hydrolithoideae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) from Espírito Santo State, Brazil
FIGURES 15–18. Hydrolithon sp. 15. Longitudinal sections showing cell fusions (black arrow) and rounded epithelial cells (grey arrow). Scale = 9 μm. 16. Monomerous thallus. Scale = 20 μm. 17. A tetrasporangial conceptacle with a tetrasporangial pore canal showing great thickness in tetrasporangial roof, with 8–9 cell layers. Scale = 30 μm. 18. Detail of a tetrasporangial conceptacle pore canal. Enlarged cell vertically orientated along the pore canal. Scale = 13 μm.
FIGURES 10–13. Hydrolithon rupestre. 10 in Rhodolith-forming species of the subfamilies Neogoniolithoideae and Hydrolithoideae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) from Espírito Santo State, Brazil
FIGURES 10–13. Hydrolithon rupestre. 10. Longitudinal sections showing solitary trichocytes (white arrow), rounded to flattened epithelial cells (grey arrow), fusion cells (black arrow). Scale = 14 μm. 11. Tetrasporangial conceptacle. Scale = 15 μm. 12. Monomerous growth (white arrow). Scale = 17 μm. 13. Tetrasporangial roof detail with large cells characteristic of genus Hydrolithon. Scale = 19 μm.
FIGURES 3–6 in Rhodolith-forming species of the subfamilies Neogoniolithoideae and Hydrolithoideae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) from Espírito Santo State, Brazil
FIGURES 3–6. Neogoniolithon cf. brassica-florida. 3. Longitudinal sections showing rounded epithelial cells (black arrow). Scale = 22 μm. 4. Monomerous, coaxial growth (black arrow). Scale = 18 μm. 5. Electron micrograph (SEM stubs: RB 480479) showing solitary trichocytes at the thallus surface (white arrow). Scale = 17 μm. 6. Cell fusions (white arrow). Scale = 6 μm.
FIGURE 15 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 15. Lithothamnion sp. J. Specimen PHYKOS7249. A. Thallus habit showing unbranched protuberances. Scale bar 20 mm. B. Longitudinal section of protuberance showing overgrown conceptacles (arrows), some filled with aragonite crystals (perforated arrows). Scale bar 400 μm. C. Longitudinal section of protuberance showing secondary hypothallium (lower right bracket) and perithallium (upper right bracket) growing over conceptacle roof (left bracket) with pores (arrows). Scale bar 70 μm. D. Overgrown conceptacle with aragonite infill in the form of spherical masses, forming from the conceptacle roof and floor (arrows). Scale bar 180 μm. E. Perithallium (lower bracket) with cell fusions ("F", circle arrow), meristematic cells ("M") and recently divided meristematic cells (black outline), and section and partial surface view of epithallium (upper bracket). Epithallial cells lacking intact roofs (arrows) showing trapezoidal shaped lumens. Scale bar 30 μm. F. Epithallial cells with intact roof (circle arrows) and proximal cell wall (arrows). Scale bar 12μm.
FIGURE 14 in Molecular and Morphological Diversity of Lithothamnion spp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta) from Deepwater Rhodolith Beds in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico
FIGURE 14. Lithothamnion sp. I. Specimen SPF57882. A. Habit of specimen showing typically unbranched protuberances (two fragments represent a single specimen which was fractured during preparation for DNA extraction and SEM). Scale bar 1 cm. B. Longitudinal section of protuberance showing location of new (white bracket) and older (black bracket) growth layers. Scale bar 300 μm. C. Same protuberance shown in Fig. 14B showing location of secondary hypothallium (white arrow) over surface of older growth layer (black bracket). Scale bar 350 μm. D. Magnified view of secondary hypothallium (arrow, white bracket) showing rectangular shaped cells. Scale bar 70 μm. E. Cross section of secondary hypothallium showing round and polygonal outlines (white bracket) growing over intact cells of the epithallium (arrow) of older growth layer (black bracket). Scale bar 17.5 μm. F. Longitudinal section of thallus showing layer of perithallium with thick, heavily calcified cell walls (lower bracket) and a layer with thin, weakly calcified cell walls (upper bracket). Scale bar 140 μm. G. Perithallium with cell fusions ("F"). Scale bar 35 μm. H. Epithallial cells with trapezoidal shaped cell lumens (arrows) and intact epithallial cell roofs (circle arrows) and meristematic cells ("M"). Scale bar 14 μm.
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