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Reconstruction of the 1938 Hurricane in New England and Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico
This study examined landscape and regional impacts of the 1938 Hurricane in New England and Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico, with a focus on the Harvard Forest and the Luquillo Expermental Forest. For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Boose, E. R., D. R. Foster and M. Fluet. 1994. Hurricane impacts to tropical and temperate forest landscapes. Ecological Monographs 64(4): 369-400). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "Hurricanes represent an important natural disturbance process to tropical and temperate forests in many coastal areas of the world. The complex patterns of damage created in forests by hurricane winds result from the interaction of meteorological, physiographic, and biotic factors on a range of spatial scales. To improve our understanding of these factors and of the role of catastrophic hurricane wind as a disturbance process, we take an integrative approach. A simple meteorological model (HURRECON) utilizes meteorological data to reconstruct wind conditions at specific sites and regional gradients in wind speed and direction during a hurricane. A simple topograhic exposure model (EXPOS) utilizes wind direction predicted by HURRECON and a digital elevation map to estimate landscape-level exposure to the strongest winds. Actual damage to forest stands is assessed through analysis of remotely sensed, historical, and field data. "These techniques were used to evaluate the characteristics and impacts of two important hurricanes: Hurricane Hugo (1989) in Puerto Rico and the 1938 New England Hurricane, storms of comparable magnitude in regions that differ greatly in climate, vegetation, physiography, and disturbance regimes. In both cases patterns of damage on a regional scale were found to agree with the predicted distribution of peak wind gust velocities. On a landscape scale there was also good agreement between patterns of forest damage and predicted exposure in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico and t
Landscape and Regional Impacts of Hurricanes in Puerto Rico 1508-1997
This project used a combination of historical research and computer modeling to study the impacts of hurricanes in Puerto Rico since 1508. For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Boose, E. R., M. I. Serrano and D. R. Foster. 2004. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in Puerto Rico. Ecological Monographs 74: 335-352). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "Puerto Rico is subject to frequent and severe impacts from hurricanes, whose long-term ecological role must be assessed on a scale of centuries. In this study we applied a method for reconstructing hurricane disturbance regimes developed in an earlier study of hurricanes in New England. Patterns of actual wind damage from historical records were analyzed for 85 hurricanes since European settlement in 1508. A simple meteorological model (HURRECON) was used to reconstruct the impacts of 43 hurricanes since 1851. Long-term effects of topography on a landscape scale in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) were simulated with a simple topographic exposure model (EXPOS). "Average return intervals across Puerto Rico for F0 damage (loss of leaves and branches) and F1 damage (scattered blowdowns, small gaps) on the Fujita scale were 4 and 6 years, respectively. At higher damage levels a gradient was created by the direction of the storm tracks and the weakening of hurricanes over the interior mountains. Average return intervals for F2 damage (extensive blowdowns) and F3 damage (forests leveled) ranged from 15 to 33 years and 50 to 150 years, respectively, from east to west. In the LEF, the combination of steep topography and constrained peak wind directions created a complex mosaic of topographic exposure and protection, with average return intervals for F3 damage ranging from 50 years to more than 150 years. Actual forest damage was strongly dependent on land-use history and the effects of recent hurricanes. Annual and decadal timing of hurricanes varied widely. There was n
Landscape-Scale Forest Dynamics in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico 1936-1989
This study examined landscape-scale forest dynamics in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (Puerto Rico). The analysis was based on vegetation maps created from aerial photographs taken in 1936 and 1989. For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Foster, D. R., M. Fluet and E. R. Boose. 1999. Human or natural disturbance: landscape-scale dynamics of the tropical forests of Puerto Rico. Ecological Applications 9: 555-572). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below. "Increasingly ecologists are recognizing that human disturbance has played an important role in tropical forest history and that many assumptions concerning the relative importance of natural processes warrant re-examination. To assess the historical role of broad-scale human versus natural disturbance on an intensively studied tropical forest we undertook a landscape-level analysis of forest dynamics in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF; 10,871 ha) in eastern Puerto Rico. Using aerial photographs (1936 and 1989), GIS, a model of topographic exposure to hurricane winds, and historical data, we sought to: (1) document historical changes in extent, cover and type of forest vegetation, (2) evaluate the distribution of land-use and hurricane impacts, (3) assess the contributions of these processes in controlling current vegetation patterns, and (4) relate these results to ongoing ecological, conservation and natural resource discussions. "With over 1000 m of relief in the LEF, the broad vegetation zones of Tabonuco (below 600 m a.s.l.), Colorado (600-900 m), Dwarf (above 900 m), and Palm forest are determined by environmental gradients. However, over the past 60-100 years forest extent, cover, and type have been transformed: in 1936, 40% of the LEF was unforested or secondary forest and less than 50% had continuous canopy (more than 80% cover); in 1989, less than 97% was continuous forest. Secondary forest and agricultural lands in 1936 were replaced largely by Tabonuco and Colo
Effects of biotic (shrimp) and abiotic (discharge) factors on the depositional environment quantified in a montane stream in Puerto Rico. (Shrimp/Algae/Can J. Fish Aquat. Sci. (1994))
Effects of biotic (shrimp) and abiotic (discharge) factors on the depositional environment were quantified in a montane stream in Puerto Rico. Electricity was used experimentally to exclude large (approximately >1cm in length) biota without artificially increasing sedimentation as in cage enclosure/exclosure experiments in stream systems. Shrimp (>1cm in length) were excluded from substrata by semicircular fence hooked up to battery-powered fence chargers which emitted continuous pulses of electricity. Unelectrified control substrata had natural high densities of atyid shrimp. Significantly greater masses of total sediment, fine and large organic particles, and algal biovolume occurred in shrimp exclusion treatments relative to controls. Shrimp exclusion treatments experienced slow and steady accumulation of sediments under base flow conditions and a large stepwise increase in sediment following a storm. No measurable sediment accrued in the presence of natural densities of shrimp under base flow conditions. Shrimp rapidly removed sediments that accrued during the storm (440-620 g*m2 dry mass-1), decreasing sediment mass in control treatments to near prestorm levels (5-13 g*m2 dry mass-1) within 30 h. Atyid shrimp can significantly affect the accumulation of organic and inorganic materials on rock substrata in stream pools between high-discharge events. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Litterfall in tabonuco (subtropical wet) forest in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico (MRCE Litterfall data)
Treatments common to both sites are quarterly fertilization (macro- and micronutrients) and unmanipulated. At El Verde, a third set of plots was subject to a one time removal of litter and woody debris generated by Hurricane Hugo (September 1989). Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Seedling and sapling dynamics of treefall pits and undisturbed florest floor in El Verde, Puerto Rico
Seedling and sapling dynamics in a Puerto Rican rain forest were compared between forest understory and soil pits created by the uprooting of 27 trees during Hurricane Hugo. No difference in N and P levels were found in pit or forest soils under two trees with N-fixing symbionts (Inga laurina and Ormosia krugii) compared to soils under a tree species without N-fixing symbionts (Casearia arborea), but other soil variables ( Al, Fe, K) did vary by tree species. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Short-term disappearance of foliar litter of three tree species native to rain forest of Puerto Rico
Litter disappearance was examined before (1989) and after (1990) Hurricane Hugo in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico using mesh litterbags containing abscised Cyrilla racemiflora or Dacryodes excelsa leaves or fresh Prestoea montana leaves. Biomass and nitrogen dynamics were compared among: i) species; ii) mid- and high-elevation forest types; iii) riparian and upland sites; and iv) among pre- and post-hurricane disturbed environments. Biomass disappearance was compared using multiple regression and negative exponential models in which the slopes were estimates of the decomposition rates subsequent to apparent leaching losses and the y-intercepts were indices of initial mass losses (leaching). C. racemiflora leaves with low nitrogen (0.39 %) and high lignin (22.1 %) content decayed at a low rate and immobilized available nitrogen. D. excelsa leaves had moderate nitrogen (0.67 %) and lignin (16.6 %) content, decayed at moderate rates, and maintained the initial nitrogen mass. P. montana foliage had high nitrogen (1.76 %) and moderate lignin (16.7 %) content and rapidly lost both mass and nitrogen. There were not significant differences in litter disappearance and nitrogen dynamics among forest types and slope positions. Initial mass loss of C. racemiflora leaves was lower in 1990 but the subsequent decomposition rate did not change. Initial mass losses and the overall decomposition rates were lower in 1990 than in 1989 for D. excelsa. D. excelsa and C. racemiflora litter immobilized nitrogen in 1990 but released 10-15% of their initial N in 1989, whereas P. montana released nitrogen in both years (25-40 %). Observed differences in litter disappearance rates between years may have been due to differences in the timing of precipitation. Foliar litter inputs during post-hurricane recovery of vegetation in Puerto Rico may serve to immobilize and conserve site nitrogen. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-00
Census of species, diameter and location at the Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot (LFDP), Puerto Rico
Censuses are performed every 5 years, the last one was finished in 2012 and the quality control process in 2013. File LFDP_CENSUS1 contains data for the Census 1 (Survey 1,2,and 3) of pre LFDP including the Tag number Species code, quadrat location and date and stem diameter D130 (diameter measured at 130 cm from the ground (DBH). It also contains the diameter as recorded for all stems in survey 1, 2 and 3. LFDP_CENSUS1a has the same structure as LFDP_census1. In LFDP_census1a file, however, the stem diameters have been calculated to allocate "missed" stems that were found in survey 2, 3 or Census 2 to either Census 1 survey 1 (stems >=10 cm D130) or Census 1 survey 3 (stems >=1, <10 cm D130). We calculated the diameter the stem would have had, if it had been recorded at the same time the quadrat it was located in was assessed, in the appropriate survey for that stem size. To extrapolate the stem size back in time, we used the actual growth rate of that individual stem if more than one measurement was available. If only one diameter measurement was available we used the median growth rate for that species in the appropriate size class (median growthrate of stems <10 cm, or median for stems >=10, <30 cm D130). Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Conservation and management of migratory fauna and dams in tropical streams of Puerto Rico
1. Compared to most other tropical regions, Puerto Rico appears to have dammed its running waters decades earlier and to a greater degree. The island has more large dams per unit area than many countries in both tropical and temperate regions (e.g., 3x that of the U.S.), and the peak rate of large dam construction occurred two and three decades prior to reported peak rates in Latin America, Asia and Africa.2. Puerto Rico is a potential window into the future of freshwater migratory fauna in tropical regions, given the island's extent and magnitude of dam development and the available scientific information on ecology and management of the island's migratory fauna.3. We review ecology, management and conservation of migratory fauna in relation to dams in Puerto Rico. Our review includes a synthesis of recent and unpublished observations on upstream effects of large dams on migratory fauna and an analysis of patterns in free crest spillway discharge across Puerto Rican reservoirs. Analyses suggest that large dams with rare spillway discharge cause near, not complete, extirpation of upstream populations of migratory fauna. They also suggest several management and conservation issues in need of further research and consideration. These include research on the costs, benefits and effectiveness of simple fish/shrimp passage designs involving simulating spillway discharge and the appropriateness of establishing predatory fishes in reservoirs of historically fishless drainages. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Indirect upstream effects of dams: consequences of migratory consumer extirpation in Puerto Rico
<p>Large dams degrade the integrity of a wide variety of ecosystems, yet direct downstream effects of dams have received the most attention from ecosystem managers and researchers. We investigated indirect upstream effects of dams resulting from decimation of migratory freshwater shrimp and fish populations in Puerto Rico, USA, in both high- and low-gradient streams. In high-gradient streams above large dams, native shrimps and fishes were extremely rare, whereas similar sites without large dams had high abundances of native consumers. Losses of native fauna above dams dramatically altered their basal food resources and assemblages of invertebrate competitors and prey. Compared to pools in high-gradient streams with no large dams, pool epilithon above dams had 9 times more algal biomass, 20 times more fine benthic organic matter (FBOM), 65 times more fine benthic inorganic matter (FBIM), 28 times more carbon (C), 19 times more nitrogen (N), and 4 times more non-decapod invertebrate biomass. High-gradient riffles upstream from large dams had 5 times more FBIM than did undammed riffles but showed no difference in algal abundance, FBOM, or non-decapod invertebrate biomass. For epilithon of low-gradient streams, differences in basal resources between pools above large dams vs. without large dams were considerably smaller in magnitude than those observed for pools in high-gradient sites. These results match previous stream experiments in which the strength of native shrimp and fish effects increased with stream gradient. Our results demonstrate that dams can indirectly affect upstream free-flowing reaches by eliminating strong top-down effects of consumers. Migratory omnivorous shrimps and fishes occur throughout the tropics, and the consequences of their declines upstream from many tropical dams are likely to be similar to those in Puerto Rico. Thus, ecological effects of migratory fauna loss upstream from dams encompass a wider variety of species interactions and
Rainfall at El Verde Field Station, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico since 1975
Rainfall at El Verde Field Station is measured manually using a rain collector placed on the station roof. The collector is mostly open, but some degree of interference from tall trees around the station is possible. A technician measures rainfall daily during workdays. For weekends and holidays, the amount of precipitation is measured on the next working day and divided equally among the days since the last reading. As of July 1st, 2022 we stopped the practice of redistributing rainfall totals after gaps in rainfall collection. Previously for example, If on a Monday rainfall of 15 millimeters was collected and rainfall wasn't collected on Saturday or Sunday but had been on Friday then Monday, Saturday, and Sunday would each have 5 millimeters. Since July 1st, 2022 rainfall is reported as the totals actually collected on the dates they are collected. Rainfall has been measured at the El Verde Field Station since 1964. McDowell and Estrada-Pinto, 1988 presents a description of the collection procedures, raw data from 1964 to 1986, and some summary statistics for this period of record. Precipitation for this period showed some seasonality in monthly means, with a peak in May. Monthly averages for the period of 1975 to current chart can be found at this site. The highest values for the monthly averages for the period of 1975 to 2000 are from August to December with a low in October and November the highest. In this period the highest amount of total annual rainfall was in 1998 with 5293.61 mm and the minimum in 1994 with 1402.87 mm. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Pattern morphology for frogs captured at 9 locations in northeastern Puerto Rico over a 25-year period from 1978 to 2002
We recorded the pattern morph for 9,950 frogs captured at 9 locations in northeastern Puerto Rico over a 25-year period from 1978 - 2002. Data revealed 21 distinct pattern morphs including a variety of stripes, bars, and spots. Analysis of morph frequencies between plots showed significant heterogeneity, with longitudinal stripes more common in grassland and disturbed areas, and spot and bar morphs more common in forests where palm and bromeliad axils are important habitat features. Comparison of morph frequencies through time at the same sites showed temporal shifts immediately following Hurricane Hugo in 1989. We suggest that the pattern polymorphism is maintained in part by local habitat matching resulting from selection pressure from visual predators. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Maximum temperature at El Verde Field Station, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico since October 1992
Daily maximum air temperature at the El Verde Field Station since October 1992. Temperature is measured daily using a manual Min-Max thermometer placed in a wooded box in the understory. The box is mostly shaded by surrounding trees, but it is more exposed to sunlight after hurricanes defoliate the forest canopy (e.g., hurricane Maria in 2017). Measurements are available for workdays only, as a technician at the station collects measurements. The thermometer is reset after each reading. Notes: • An automatic Hobo pendant sensor complements reading (see El Verde Field Station Air temperature from automatic sensor). • Daily minimum air temperature available in a separated data set. • Data from before 1992 is available in dataset #181 (1975 -August 1992). Data-missing gaps were filled in by extrapolated data from other sources, making the subsequent manipulations less valuable for interpreting long term trends. Daily emperature has been measured at the El Verde Field Station since 1975 (see methods). These data was divided into two data set: #16, having data from 1992 to current and #181 which has data from1975 till August 1992. Data-missing gaps where filled in by extrapolated data from other sources, making the subsequent manipulations less valuable for interpreting long term trends. Monthly averages have been calculated. Maximum values for maximum temperature were recorded from May to October with a range from 29 to 30 and peaks of 29.7 Centigrade in October. The months of October through December show the most dramatic increase, specially December (see chart). Highest average maximum temperatures during these years were recorded in 1998 and 1999 (See chart). Max monthly temperatures appear to be increasing from this years on. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as pa
Urban-Rural Temperature Data-relation between land-cover and the Urban Heat Island in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Our objective in this study is to quantify the UHI created by the San Juan Metropolitan Area over space and time using temperature data collected by mobile and fixed-station measurements. We used the fixed-station measurements to examine the relation between average temperature at a given location and the density of vegetation located upwind. We then regressed temperatures against regional land-cover to predict future temperature with projected land-cover change. Our data show the existence of a nocturnal UHI, with average nighttime urban-rural temperature differences (ΔTU-R) of up to 3.02°C. Each of the stations listed in this excel file were used to calculate the urban heat island created by the San Juan Metropolitan Area. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
2004 Estuarine Fish Sampling - Managing freshwater inflow to estuaries in northeast Puerto Rico
Historical data are often one of the only resources for documenting and assessing causes of environmental change, particularly in developing regions where funding for ecological studies is limited. In this study, previously unpublished data from a 1977 year-long study of the fish community of the Espiritu Santo estuary are presented. This dataset is among the oldest and most extensive surveys of a Caribbean island estuarine fish community. A comparison of these historical data with data collected in June and July 2004 using identical sampling methods allowed description of potential long-term changes in the fish community, identification of vulnerable species, and assessment of potential drivers of change. Results strongly suggest a decline in species richness and abundance in the Espiritu Santo estuarine fish community, with greater declines in freshwater-tolerant than marine or euryhaline species. Declines in freshwater inflow to the estuary, due to large-scale upstream water abstractions for municipal use, have increased since the initial 1977 survey. This is the first study to examine long-term change in the fish community of a tropical island estuary. Additional research and conservation efforts are needed to understand mechanisms of change and to protect Caribbean island estuarine fish communities. Chapter 2 (isotope and gut content data): The contribution of riverine-derived organisms and organic matter to four fishes along the salinity gradient in two Puerto Rican estuaries, the Espiritu Santo and Mameyes, was examined via stable isotope and gut content analyses. Stable isotope analyses indicated that riverine organic matter potentially contributed as much as 69% of the diet of one (caitipa mojarra, Diapterus rhombeus) of four fishes sampled. In contrast, riverine organic matter was of little direct importance to the three other fishes, tarpon snook (Centropomus pectinatus), ground croaker (Bairdiella ronchus), and white mullet (Mugil curema) contributing le
Minimum temperature at El Verde Field Station, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico since 1975
Daily minimum air temperature at the El Verde Field Station since October 1992. Temperature is measured daily using a manual Min-Max thermometer placed in a wooded box in the understory. The box is mostly shaded by surrounding trees, but it is more exposed to sunlight after hurricanes defoliate the forest canopy (e.g., hurricane Maria in 2017). Measurements are available for workdays only, as a technician at the station collects measurements. The thermometer is reset after each reading. Notes: • An automatic Hobo pendant sensor complements reading (see El Verde Field Station Air temperature from automatic sensor). • Daily maximum air temperature available in a separated data set. • Data from before 1992 is available in dataset #181 (1975 -August 1992). Data-missing gaps were filled in by extrapolated data from other sources, making the subsequent manipulations less valuable for interpreting long term trends. Daily emperature has been measured at the El Verde Field Station since 1975 (see methods). Monthly averages have been calculated. Lowest average values for minimum temperature were recorded from January to April with nearly 18 Centigrades during this period of time (see chart). During these months, the lowest average minimum temperature was recorded in 1976 ranging from 20 to 22 Centigrades (see chart). Highest minimum montly average records are shown from June to October with peak in the vecinity of 20 Centigrades. The year with lowest minimum tempearture was 1995 and 2000 with the low values near 14 and 15 Centigrades, respectively. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service
Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment I (LINX1): Stream nitrogen (N) dynamics in streams on the eastern side of Puerto Rico
This study was part of the Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment (LINX); a series of identical 15NH4 tracer additions to streams throughout North America. 15NH4Cl was added at tracer levels to a Puerto Rican stream for 42 days. Samples were collected from selected food web and dissolved nitrogen compartments throughout the addition and for several weeks afterwards to determine the uptake, retention and transformation pathways of nitrogen in the stream. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment II (LINX2): Stream nitrogen (N) dynamics in streams on the eastern side of Puerto Rico
Stream nitrogen (N) dynamics were studied in streams on the eastern side of Puerto Rico. Rates of nitrate uptake and denitrification were measured in nine tropical low-order streams with contrasting land use as part of the Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment II (LINX II) in Puerto Rico using short term (24-hour) additions of K15NO3 and NaBr. Background nitrate concentrations ranged from 105 to 997 µg N L-1 and stream nitrate uptake lengths were long, varying from 315 to 8480 m (median of 1200 m). Other indices of nitrate uptake (Vf,, cm s-1 and U, ïg N m-2 s-1) were low in comparison to other regions and were related to chemical, biological, and physical parameters. Denitrification rates were highly variable (0 to 133 ïg N m-2 min-1; median = 15), were dominated by the end product N2 (rather than N2O), and were best predicted by whole-stream respiration rates and stream NO3 concentration. Denitrification accounted for 1 to 97% of nitrate uptake with 5 of 9 streams having 35% or more of nitrate uptake via denitrification, showing that denitrification is a substantial sink for nitrate in tropical streams. Whole-stream nitrate uptake and denitrification in our study streams closely followed 1st order uptake kinetics, indicating that NO3 uptake is limited by delivery of substrate (NO3) to the organisms involved in uptake or denitrification. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Maximum temperature at El Verde Field Station, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico from January 1975 to August 1992
Daily emperature has been measured at the El Verde Field Station since 1975 (see methods). Average record show that maximum values for maximum temperature recorded from May to October with a range from 29 to 30 and peaks of 29.7 Centigrade in October. The months of October through December show the most dramatic increase, specially December. Highest average maximum temperatures during these years were recorded in 1998 and 1999. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Biodiversity and metacommunity structure of rocky intertidal invertebrates in some coastal ecosystems in Puerto Rico
The goals of this study were to determine the relative importance of environmental (wave power density, wave height) and habitat (e.g., algal cover, slope, complexity of rock surfaces) factors associated with the structure of local assemblages at multiple shore heights and the regional metacommunity of mobile invertebrates on oceanic rocky intertidal habitats. These characteristics and abundances of 41 species of invertebrate were estimated at 10 plots at each of three tidal heights at each of ten sites on the shoreline of Puerto Rico. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.