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11 results for “road density”
Varying genetic imprints of roads and human density in North American mammal populations
<p>Road networks and human density are major factors contributing to habitat fragmentation and loss, isolation of wildlife populations and reduced genetic diversity. Terrestrial mammals are particularly sensitive to road networks and encroachment by human populations. However, there are limited assessments of the impacts of road networks and human density on population-specific nuclear genetic diversity, and it remains unclear how these impacts are modulated by life history traits. Using generalized linear mixed models and microsatellite data from 1444 North American terrestrial mammal populations we show that taxa with large home range sizes, dense populations, and large body sizes had reduced nuclear genetic diversity with increasing road impacts and human density, but the overall influence of life history traits was generally weak. Instead, we observed a high degree of genus-specific variation in genetic responses to road impacts and human density. Human density negatively affected allelic diversity or heterozygosity more than road networks (13 versus 5-7 of 25 assessed genera, respectively); increased road networks and human density also positively affected allelic diversity and heterozygosity in 15 and 6-9 genera, respectively. Large bodied, human-averse species were generally more negatively impacted than small, urban-adapted species. Genus-specific responses to habitat fragmentation by ongoing road development and human encroachment likely depend on the specific capability to (i) navigate roads as either barriers or movement corridors, and (ii) exploit resource-rich urban environments. The non-uniform genetic response to roads and human density highlights the need to implement efforts to mitigate the risk of vehicular collisions, while also facilitating gene flow between populations of particularly vulnerable taxa.</p>
Varying genetic imprints of roads and human density in North American mammal populations
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Data from: One-stage spatial mark-resight analysis reveals an increasing grizzly bear population with declining density near roads
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Distance sampling: Comparing walked transects and road transects for rock ptarmigan densities and population trends
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High-resolution emission density dataset from on-road mobile source in Hong Kong
<p>This dataset provides the detailed emission density (g/m) of NOx, CO, CO2, PMs, NMVOC, and CH4 on each road segment in Hong Kong. </p>
Turkey Vulture survival is reduced in areas of greater road density
<p>The demography of, and factors that influence these metrics, are largely unknown for most vultures in the Americas. Survivorship of Turkey Vultures (<em>Cathartes</em> <em>aura</em>) may be influenced by landscape heterogeneity and human disturbance. We quantified the effects of landscape composition (Shannon's diversity index) and configuration (contagion, edge density, and largest patch index), and human disturbance (road density) on the annual and seasonal survival probabilities of the 3 North American breeding populations (western, central, and eastern) of Turkey Vultures that spend the nonbreeding season in the southeastern portion of the Nearctic and the northern Neotropics during a 17-yr period. We used Cox's proportional hazards models with time-varying covariates to estimate spatial and temporal changes in survival rates of adult Turkey Vultures. Road density, but not landscape composition or configuration, influenced survival rates in space and time. Overall annual survival averaged 0.87 (95% CI: 0.74–0.98). Mortality risk was low in western and central populations (hazard ratio &lt; 1) but was 3.7 times greater for vultures in the eastern population. Survival during the breeding (0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.98) and outbound migration (1.0, 95% CI: 1–1) seasons was significantly higher than the other seasons. Average survival tended to be higher for nonbreeding (0.81, 95% CI: 0.71–0.88) compared to return migration (0.69, 95% CI: 0.56–0.81) seasons. Risk of mortality for all vulture populations increased with road density, and this was greater during the nonbreeding and return migration seasons. The spatial variation in road density across the Americas may generate a network of ecological traps for Turkey Vultures induced to stop in areas of greater road-kill abundance. Road-killed animals acting as an attractant for vultures can increase the occurrence of vulture-vehicle collisions and potentially aggravate human-wildlife conflicts. Further analyses are needed to address survivorship and mortality factors for young birds. Our results may help the implementation of specific mitigation efforts to reduce human–vulture conflicts and vulture mortality. For instance, concentrating efforts to remove road-killed animals in areas where road density is highest can likely reduce vulture–vehicle collisions and associated mortalities of these birds.</p>
Turkey Vulture survival is reduced in areas of greater road density
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Data from: Song playback increases songbird density near low to moderate use roads
Many songbird species avoid roads. Although acoustic masking, vehicle collision, and edge effects are likely culprits, spatial avoidance also occurs along low use roads and at locations distant from the pavement. Neophobia may be one factor contributing to avoidance in these regions. In this case, playback of bird song, generally a signal of high-quality habitat, may reduce avoidance and increase territory establishment. We investigated whether playback of song from 6 migratory species increased territory establishment along low to moderate use roads in a community of songbird species. We determined whether the intensity and regularity of anthropogenic noise altered the pattern of response, and whether particular life-history traits predicted which species were responsive to playback. Territory density was significantly higher where song playback was present. Species-specific responses were variable, with 11 species increasing territory density by >30% at playback sites and 6 species decreasing in density. Noise level did not significantly impact establishment. Foraging behavior, habitat, and song frequency predicted which species were most responsive to playback. These results are similar to a companion study conducted near forest edges that did not contain roads, and suggests that song playback may be a viable method for increasing songbird use of near road habitats. Although additional work is needed to understand the variable responses of particular species and to address vital issues, such as the reproductive success of lured birds, this study highlights a behavioral management technique that may have significant conservation implications along the vast worldwide network of roads.
Data from: Song playback increases songbird density near low to moderate use roads
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Do all roads lead to resistance? State road density is the main impediment to gene flow in a flagship species inhabiting a severely fragmented anthropogenic landscape
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Additional data for "Settling velocities of tire and road wear particles: Analyzing finely graded density fractions of samples from a road simulator and a highway tunnel"
<p>This repository provides additional files for the publication "Settling velocities of tire and road wear particles: Analyzing finely graded density fractions of samples from a road simulator and a highway tunnel" by Stefan Dittmar, Steffen Weyrauch, Thorsten Reemtsma, Paul Eisentraut, Korinna Altmann, Aki Sebastian Ruhl and Martin Jekel (DOI: <em>tba</em>).</p> <p>It contains:<br>- single particle raw data from settling experiments (<strong>1_settling_data.zip</strong>)<br>- cumulative distributions of settling velocity and particle size for each investigated density fraction of both samples (<strong>2_measured_distributions.zip</strong>)<br>- composed cumulative distributions of settling velocity and particle size for incorporated tire material/TRWP from both samples (<strong>3_composed_distributions.zip</strong>)<br>- Python script to compute composed distributions (similar to 3) corrected for water properties differing from the experimental conditions (T=15 °C, salinity=0 g/kg)<br>(<strong>4_correct_temperature_salinity.zip</strong>)</p> <p>Please consider the included readme files (<strong>0_README</strong>{...}<strong>.txt</strong>) and revisit main publication and supplement information for further context on this data set, especially when you want to implement the data (e.g. from <strong>3_composed_distributions</strong>) or generate corrected composed distributions via the Python script <strong>4_correct_temperature_salinity.py</strong> yourself to be used in future studies.</p> <p>Please contact Stefan Dittmar (stefan.dittmar@tu-berlin.de), if you have questions in that regard.</p> <div> <div> <div> </div> <div> <div> <div> </div> <div> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div> </div> <div> <div> <div> </div> <div> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
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