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3,682 results for “root”
20-Year Root Mass in Chronic Nitrogen Amendment Experiment at Harvard Forest 2008
Forests typically respond to nitrogen additions with increased productivity, hence a long-held paradigm was that chronic additions of anthropogenically-derived atmospheric deposition would have positive ecosystem effects. However, twenty years of work at the Harvard Forest Chronic N Deposition plots, and in other forest ecosystems as well, has shown that that this simplistic view is incomplete. For example, enhanced ammonium uptake increases soil acidity, leading to mobilization of aluminum, and loss of nutrient cations (e.g. Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ ) all of which influence root mass, turnover, and activity. To address long-term impacts of N additions on forest root mass, we removed O-horizon (forest floor) samples from the Chronic N hardwood and red pine stands to quantify the total mass of roots. We found that long term N additions had contrasting results in the two forests. In the hardwood plots, total root mass (less than 2mm) increased from 0.167 + 0.026 (S.E.) kg m-2 in the control plot to 0.434 + 0.170 kg m-2 in the high N plots. In contrast, in the red pine stand, roots declined from 0.074 + 0.011 (S.E.) kg m-2 in the control plot to 0.031 + 0.016 kg m-2 in the high N plots. These data are in agreement with data for aboveground productivity at the Chronic N plots, which show stimulated growth in the hardwoods and severe growth declines and enhanced mortality in the pine stand.
Root and Mycorrhizal Respiration at Harvard Forest Soil Warming Experiments 2007-2008
Soil heating typically causes large initial increases in soil respiration, with the enhancement lessening over time. This transient response is attributed to rapid decomposition of labile soil C compounds in the first years of heating, but the potential role of changes in root and mycorrhizal respiration is not well understood. To assess the degree to which root respiration adjusts to warmer soil temperature regimes, specific root respiration rates (nmol CO2/g/s) are being measured in three soil warming experiments at Harvard Forest. Soils in the experiments had been heated since 1991, 2003 and 2006. Respiration rates for fine roots (less than 1 mm) from control and heated plots were measured both at a common reference temperature of 18 deg C and at the ambient soil temperature of the measurement date for the control and heated (+ 5 deg C) treatments. Mycorrhizal respiration is being assessed through the use of hyphal ingrowth bags which allow determination both mycorrhizal hyphal biomass and respiration rate. Changes in mycorrhizal community composition are also being investigated. Specific questions we will address include: Does rapid temperature acclimation occur in roots of large perennial woody plants? How do root biomass, root N concentration, and root respiration rates adjust to long-term changes in soil temperature and moisture and concomitant changes in N availability? How is mycorrhizal biomass and activity influenced by the effects of warmer soil temperatures on host C balance and soil N availability? How do the short- and long-term responses of roots and mycorrhizae to warming and associated changes in soil nutrient cycling affect soil CO2 efflux and C availability for aboveground NPP? Are the interrelationships between warmer soil temperature regimes and C fluxes to and from roots and mycorrhizae adequately described by current ecophysiological models?
Root Exudation Simulation Experiment in a Red Oak Stand at Harvard Forest 2011
Root exudation is thought to increase the activity of microbes and the exoenzymes they synthesize, leading to accelerated rates of carbon (C) mineralization and nutrient cycling in rhizosphere soils relative to bulk soils. The nitrogen (N) content of microbial biomass and exoenzymes may introduce a stoichiometric constraint on the ability of microbes to effectively utilize the root exudates, particularly if the exudates are rich in C but low in N. We combined a theoretical model of microbial activity with an exudation experiment to test the hypothesis that the ability of soil microbes to utilize root exudates for the synthesis of additional biomass and exoenzymes is constrained by N availability. The field experiment simulated exudation by automatically pumping solutions of chemicals often found in root exudates (“exudate mimics”) containing C alone or C in combination with N (C:N ratio of 10) through microlysimeter “root simulators” into intact forest soils in two 50-day experiments. The delivery of C-only exudate mimics increased microbial respiration but had no effect on microbial biomass or exoenzyme activities. By contrast, experimental delivery of exudate mimics containing both C and N significantly increased microbial respiration, microbial biomass, and the activity of exoenzymes that decompose low molecular weight components of soil organic matter (SOM, e.g., cellulose, amino sugars), while decreasing the activity of exoenzymes that degrade high molecular weight SOM (e.g., polyphenols, lignin). The modeling results were consistent with the experiments; simulated delivery of C-only exudates induced microbial N-limitation, which constrained the synthesis of microbial biomass and exoenzymes. Exuding N as well as C alleviated this stoichiometric constraint in the model, allowing for increased exoenzyme production, the priming of decomposition, and a net release of N from SOM (i.e., mineralization). The quantity of N released from SOM in the model simulations was
Impacts of Deer and Moose on Soil Carbon, Soil Respiration, and Root Biomass at Harvard Forest since 2017
Over the past decade, several deer and moose exclosures have been built at Harvard Forest to study the effect of ungulate browsing on tree regeneration, species diversity, and composition. We built on the existing infrastructure to study the impacts of deer and moose browsing on soil carbon stocks (soil C, root biomass) in regenerating forests.
Coarse Roots and Rock Content in Oak, Hemlock, and Ash Stands at Harvard Forest 2020
When collecting soil samples in the very rocky soils of the Harvard Forest, researchers are forced to core the soil away from rocks. Thus, the resulting samples tend to underestimate the rock content of the soil and overestimate the sand, silt, and other fine particles content. When scaling the results to a spatial area larger than the sample’s (e.g., m2, hectare) it is important to know the actual rock content of the soil to apply the right correction factor. Therefore, we dug pits in three different stands at the Harvard Forest to determine the rock content. At the same time we also collected coarse roots (>2mm diameter) to measure their biomass, which can’t be easily done using the usual soil coring techniques.
Root Systems of Individual Plants Worldwide 2022
The above- and below-ground sizes and shapes of plants strongly influence plant competition, community structure, and plant-environment interactions, but the plant size and shape across climate regimes remain incompletely understood. In this study I seek to understand how plant geometries respond to varying climates via trade-offs in shoot height and width, and root depth and spread. I more than doubled the Root Systems of Individual Plants (RSIP) database to contain 5,647 observations, to our knowledge the largest database describing the maximum rooting depth, lateral spread, and shoot size of terrestrial plants in the world. Shoot size and root system size strongly covary. Across climatic gradients woody plants show deeper-narrower root systems in arid climates and taller shoots in humid climates. Phylogeny greatly influences shoot size. Rooting depth is primarily influenced by climate seasonality and lateral root spread is strongly influenced by shoot size. Using our newly expanded global database I found that shoot size covaries strongly with rooting system size; however, these relationships are not static across the climate space, as the geometries of plants shift considerably.
Effects of inoculation of restored and remnant prairie soils on growth, nodulation, and root colonization of three prairie legumes
In this dataset, we present legume biomass, nodule number, and % root colonization of three species of prairie legumes (Amorpha canescens, Lespedeza capitata, and Dalea purpurea) when inoculated with soil from one of 6 remnant or 10 restored prairies in southwest Michigan, USA. Plants were grown for 10 weeks in a growth chamber.
Forest tree, woody debris, root ingrowth, soil respiration and characterization data from long-term research plots for LTREB at the University of Michigan Biological Station
The NSF-funded project "LTREB: Drivers of temperate forest carbon storage from canopy closure through successional time" (2014-2024) supports research to meet the following goals: 1) elucidate mechanisms responsible for changes in C storage over decades to centuries; 2) link processes leading to persistence and resilience of forest C storage following disturbance; 3) quantify the effects of potential drivers such as forest structure, N availability, climate change, and atmospheric deposition on decadal and longer-term trajectories of C storage. Field activities for this research are conducted at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) on a pair of chronosequences and several old reference forests. Synthesis activities utilize data collected from these field sites in support of the LTREB project, as well as data synthesized from other sources (e.g., long-term UMBS plot data, AmeriFlux data, FIA data) all intended to address the core questions of the LTREB project. This dataset has been compiled and expanded over a series of versions, with new data types and observations appended periodically. Presently, the dataset includes observations from tree inventory censuses, woody debris sampling, fine root ingrowth cores, soil respiration measurements, and two sets of soil collections aimed at quantifying a range of physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil.
Above ground plant, belowground stem and root biomass in Arctic Long-term Ecological Research's 2006 moist acidic tussock tundra experimental sites, 2012, Toolik Lake, Alaska.
Above ground plant, belowground stem and root biomass was measured in moist acidic tussock tundra experimental sites established in 2006 by the Arctic Long-term Ecological Research site (ARC-LTER. Control plots and plots amended with three different levels of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P), F10 (10 g/m2 N and 5 g/m2 P); F5 (5 g/m2 N and 2.5 g/m2 P); F2 (2 g/m2 N and 1 g/m2 P), were sampled.
Phenology and Carbon Allocation of Roots at Harvard Forest 2011-2013
The objective of this study is to estimate the phenology and partitioning of C allocated belowground across the growing season at Harvard Forest in two hardwood stands dominated by Quercus rubra and Fraxinus americana, respectively, and one conifer stand dominated by Tsuga canadensis. The phenology of fine root production was characterized by multiple flushes of growth and mortality, especially in the red oak (Q. rubra) stand. Root exudation rate did not have a clear seasonal signal. The deciduous hardwood stands allocated C belowground earlier in the season compared to the conifer-dominated stand. Deciduous stands also allocated a greater proportion of total belowground C flux (TBCF) to root growth compared to the conifer-dominated hemlock (T. canadensis) stand. Of the three stands, red oak partitioned the greatest proportion of TBCF (~50%) to root growth, while hemlock partitioned the least.
Resilience estimates of Amazon and Congo rainforests based on mean annual precipitation and root zone storage capacity
<p>Resilience refers to the capacity of the ecosystem to absorb perturbations and remain in its native stable state. Here, we quantified forest resilience of South American and African ecosystems using mean annual precipitation and root zone storage capacity (2000-2019). We adopted Hirota et al. (2011) methodology for calculating resilience using logistic regression. This logistic regression predicts the probability of forest (tree cover > 50%) as a function of the independent variable. The predicted resilience estimates range between 0 to 1, where 1 represents the highest probability of finding forest – interpreted as highly resilient forest ecosystems.</p> <p>For more information, check: <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.16115">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.16115</a></p>
Flume Erosion Testing Data of Root-Permeated and Organic Matter Amended Soil Samples Using Three Streambank Boundary Conditions.
The data published here is expected to accompany one publicly available dissertation (Chapter 6 of dissertation) and one separate journal publication. Once published and available online, the metadata will be updated with the relevant article information. The journal article/dissertation will have additional information regarding the published datasets and the methods used to collect the data. All data collected from these studies, and the accompanying Acoustic Doppler Profiler MATLAB files, are presented here. Journal Article title: Artificial Roots and Soil Microorganisms Increase Soil Resistance to Fluvial Erosion
Flume Experiment Testing the Impact of Artificial Streambank Roots on Velocity, Reynold's Shear Stress, and Turbulent Kinetic Energy using an Acoustic Doppler Profiler
The data published here is expected to accompany one publicly available dissertation (Chapter 4 of dissertation) and one separate journal publication. Once published and available online, the metadata will be updated with the relevant article information. The journal article/dissertation will have additional information regarding the published datasets and the methods used to collect the data. All data collected from these studies, and the accompanying Acoustic Doppler Profiler MATLAB files, are presented here. Journal Article title: Impact of Flexible and Rigid Artificial Roots on Stream Hydrodynamics
Root Biomass, Fine Root Production, Soil Mass, and Soil pH in Limed and Control Plots at the Woods Lake Watershed, Adirondack Park, NY, USA, 2021-2022
In 1989, 6.89 Mg/ha of pelletized lime (CaCO3) was applied by helicopter to two subcatchments at the Woods Lake Watershed in Adirondack Park, New York, USA to ameliorate ecosystem acidification. Two unlimed (control) subcatchments were paired with limed subcatchments. In the same year, 99 permanent plots (20 m x 20 m) were established. Between 2008 and 2010, tree inventory and soil physicochemical measurements were made in five plots in each of the four subcatchments (20 plots total). This dataset contains soil physicochemical properties (dry mass, depth, and pH); root biomass (<1 mm, 1-2 mm, and >2 mm diameter); and annual fine root production (<1 mm and 1-2 mm) measurements made between 2021 and 2022 in 19 of these same plots (5 plots per control subcatchment and 4 or 5 plots per limed subcatchment). Data include measurements for all properties for Oe, Oa, and 0-10 cm mineral soil samples collected from 5 locations within each plot.
Root fungi isolated from common Louisiana marsh plants 2017-18.
Nearly all plants are colonized by fungal endophytes, and a growing body of work shows that both environment and host species shape plant-associated fungal communities. However, few studies place their work in a phylogenetic context to understand endophyte community assembly through an evolutionary lens. Here we collected data to investigate environmental and host effects on root endophyte assemblages in coastal Louisiana marshes. We isolated and sequenced culturable fungal endophytes from roots of three-four dominant plant species from each of three sites of varying salinity. We provide data on abundance and taxonomy of the isolated fungal taxa as well as phylogenetic diversity (mean phylogenetic distance, MPD) and phylogenetic composition (based on MPD).
Mangrove biomass and root architecture in recycled glass sand, SE Louisiana 2023-2024
As coastal regions experience accelerating land loss, artificial substrates may be useful in restoration efforts to replenish sediment and facilitate plant colonization. Recycled glass sand is a potential artificial substrate for marsh building due to its sustainability, availability, and similarity to natural substrates. However, differences in texture and availability of microbiota necessitate investigating how it affects plant growth. We tested the effect of three substrates (conventionally used dredged river sand, recycled glass sand, and a 50:50 mix) and inoculation with natural soil microbes on the biomass and root architecture of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) in a 5.5 month greenhouse experiment.
Environmental Data for Soil, Leaf, and Root samples Boston Street Trees and Massachusetts Rural and Urban Forests in Summer 2021
This dataset provides detailed environmental and tree-level data and metadata for over 850 samples collected from 91 trees across an urban-to-rural gradient in Massachusetts. The dataset captures key variables characterizing urban environmental gradients, including soil moisture, pH, temperature, and nitrogen availability. Tree-level attributes include species identification, diameter at breast height (DBH), and growth rate based on previous tree census data. Geographic coordinates and site-specific context (urban forest, rural forest, street tree, forest edge, forest interior) are included to enable spatial analyses. The microbial sequence data associated with this environmental metadata can be found in the NCBI SRA under BioProject accession number PRJNA1297772.
Red Oak Root and Soil Environmental Gradient Study, Midwest U.S., 2022-2023.
Fine root trait and soils data for Quercus rubra L. (northern red oak) sampled along a Midwestern latitudinal gradient. Fourteen sites spanning 5-14 degrees C were sampled. Each sample represents 2 6 cm deep x 5 cm wide soil cores obtained from near the base of a Q. rubra individuals, with 6 sampled plots per site. Plots were located approximately 40 m apart along a linear transect to be at a cluster of Q. rubra individuals. All 14 sites were visited twice in the growing season of 2022: between June 1st and June 21st, and between July 5th and July 21st. Root traits sampled include average diameter, root tissue density, specific root length, branching intensity, and specific respiration rate. A 1 mm diameter limit cut-off was used. These traits were measured in the field (respiration rates) or from output from RhizoVision Explorer image analysis. Traits are associated with the smaller fine root sample used for respiration measurement in the field (~2 g dry weight). Fine root biomass was also obtained by removing all remaining fine roots in the core, drying, and weighing, and then was multiplied by weight-normalized respiration rates to obtain estimates of fine root ecosystem respiration. This data package is complete, but will be associated with data from 4 sites revisited in 2023 to obtain repeat fine root trait measurements and fungal community community metrics.
Soil and root-associated fungal response to nitrogen and phosphorus addition from grasslands worldwide: 2011-2012.
Ecosystems across the globe receive elevated inputs of nutrients, but the consequences of this for soil fungal guilds that mediate key ecosystem functions remain unclear. We found that nitrogen and phosphorus addition to 25 grasslands distributed across four continents promoted the relative abundance of fungal pathogens, suppressed mutualists, but did not affect saprotrophs. Structural equation models suggested that responses were often indirect and primarily mediated by nutrient-induced shifts in plant communities. Nutrient addition also reduced co-occurrences within and among fungal guilds, which could have important consequences for belowground interactions. Focusing only on plots that received no nutrient addition, soil properties influenced pathogen abundance globally, whereas plant community characteristics influenced mutualists, and climate influenced saprotrophs. These guild-level responses enhance our ability to predict soil functional responses to anthropogenic eutrophication and the associated longer-term responses of plant communities to this important global change factor.
Plant and root biomass, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus concentrations in a mesic acidic tussock tundra experimental site established in 1981(MAT81) and harvested in 2015, Arctic LTER, Toolik Lake, Alaska.
Plant and root biomass, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus were measured in 2015 in the Arctic LTER tussock tundra experimental site (MAT81). This site was established in 1981 and has been harvested in previous years (see Shaver and Chapin Ecological Monographs, 61(1), 1991, pp.1-31, https://doi.org/10.2307/1942997). Data tables include the biomass for each harvested quadrat and block summaries for percent carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus for control and fertilized plots from the original 4-block design. New control plots, established in 2015, are in a separate data table and include biomass, percent carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus for each quadrat.
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