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11 results for “rule of law”
WP3 Deliverable 3.1. Literature Review - The Making and Breaking of Rules in crisis situations: The Rule of Law and Democratic Participation
<p>The Covid-19 pandemic was a stress test to democracies. To date, literature lacks a comprehensive assessment of the political legitimacy of governments’ crisis responses in the context of multi-level political decision-making systems. LEGITIMULT aims to fill this gap in literature by analyzing the relationship between multilevel governance and political legitimacy from different angles. Work package 3 focuses on the role of democratic participation and the rule of law in a politically legitimate crisis governance. This working paper aims to develop a model of a democratic crisis governance and its empirical indicators based on the example of the Covid19 crisis. Thereby, it draws on the insights from a review of the extant literature on the democratic quality of the Covid-19 crisis governance. In addition, it presents an overview of the available datasets which assess the democratic quality and political legitimacy of governments’ Covid-19 crisis responses. Finally, it formulates first ideas on case selection for more in-depth analyses. Thus, this first deliverable provides the conceptual foundations of work package 3. Based on the suggested conceptualization and indicators of a democratic crisis governance, we will map the democratic quality of the Covid-19 crisis governance in 31 countries. To study the patterns of the results of this mapping, we will select a set of countries for an in-depth analysis of the impact of multi-level governance on the political legitimacy of Covid-19 crisis governance.</p>
Adherence to Menzerath's Law is the exception (not the rule) in three duetting primate species
Across diverse systems including language, music, and genomes, there is a tendency for longer sequences to contain shorter constituents; this phenomenon is known as Menzerath's law. Whether Menzerath's law is a universal in biological systems, is the result of compression (wherein shortest possible strings represent the maximum amount of information) or emerges from an inevitable relationship between sequence and constituent length remains a topic of debate. In nonhuman primates, the vocalizations of geladas, male gibbons, and chimpanzees exhibit patterns consistent with Menzerath's law. Here we utilize existing datasets of three duetting primate species (tarsiers, titi monkeys, and gibbons) to examine the widescale applicability of Menzerath's law. Primate duets provide a useful comparative model to test for the broad-scale applicability of Menzerath's law, as they evolved independently under presumably similar selection pressures and are emitted under the same context(s) across taxa. Only four out of the eight call types we examined were consistent with Menzerath's law. Two of these call types exhibited a negative relationship between position of the note in the call and note duration, indicating that adherence to Menzerath's law in these call types may be related to breathing constraints. Exceptions to Menzerath's law occur when notes are relatively homogenous, or when species-specific call structure leads to a deterministic decrease in note duration. We show that adherence to Menzerath's law is the exception rather than the rule in duetting primates. It is possible that selection pressures for efficient long-range communication of duets was stronger than that of compression. Future studies investigating adherence to Menzerath's law across the vocal repertoires of these species will help us better elucidate the pressures that shape both short- and long-distance acoustic signals.
Data from: Association of rule of law and health outcomes: an ecological study
Objectives: To explore whether the rule of law is a foundational determinant of health that underlies other socioeconomic, political and cultural factors that have been associated with health outcomes. Setting: Global project. Participants: Data set of 96 countries, comprising 91% of the global population. Primary and secondary outcome measures: The following health indicators, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, life expectancy, and cardiovascular disease and diabetes mortality rate, were included to explore their association with the rule of law. We used a novel Rule of Law Index, gathered from survey sources, in a cross-sectional and ecological design. The Index is based on eight subindices: (1) Constraints on Government Powers; (2) Absence of Corruption; (3) Order and Security; (4) Fundamental Rights; (5) Open Government; (6) Regulatory Enforcement, (7) Civil Justice; and (8) Criminal Justice. Results: The rule of law showed an independent association with infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, life expectancy, and cardiovascular disease and diabetes mortality rate, after adjusting for the countries' level of per capita income, their expenditures in health, their level of political and civil freedom, their Gini measure of inequality and women's status (p<0.05). Rule of law remained significant in all the multivariate models, and the following adjustment for potential confounders remained robust for at least one or more of the health outcomes across all eight subindices of the rule of law. Findings show that the higher the country's level of adherence to the rule of law, the better the health of the population. Conclusions: It is necessary to start considering the country's adherence to the rule of law as a foundational determinant of health. Health advocates should consider the improvement of rule of law as a tool to improve population health. Conversely, lack of progress in rule of law may constitute a structural barrier to health improvement.
Data from: Cope's rule and the universal scaling law of ornament complexity
Luxuriant, bushy antlers, bizarre crests, and huge, twisting horns and tusks are conventionally understood as products of sexual selection. This view stems from both direct observation and from the empirical finding that the size of these structures grows faster than body size (i.e., ornament size shows positive allometry). We contend that the familiar evolutionary increase in the complexity of ornaments over time in many animal clades is decoupled from ornament size evolution. Increased body size comes with extended growth. Since growth scales to the quarter power of body size, we predicted that ornament complexity should scale according to the quarter power law as well, irrespective of the role of sexual selection in the evolution and function of the ornament. To test this hypothesis, we selected three clades (ammonites, deer, and ceratopsian dinosaurs) whose species bore ornaments that differ in terms of the importance of sexual selection to their evolution. We found that the exponent of the regression of ornament complexity to body size is the same for the three groups and is statistically indistinguishable from 0.25. We suggest that the evolution of ornament complexity is a by-product of Cope's rule. We argue that although sexual selection may control size in most ornaments, it does not influence their shape.
Chinese Policy on the Rule of Law and Its Implementation WP3 - list of analysed sources
<p>The Excel file contains a list of resources studied for the WP3 Chinese Policy on the Rule of Law of the project Chinese Conceptualisation of the Rule of Law (CLAW): Challenges for the International Legal Order, funded by the OP JAC Project "MSCA Fellowships at Palacký University II." CZ.02.01.01/00/22_010/0006945 at Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic. The list includes original titles, approximate English translations, publication dates, and URLs. The zip file consists of the Zotero snapshots of the documents and the option to export the collection (Zotero RDF). In total, 364 documents in Mandarin Chinese discussing the concept of the rule of law published between 2012 and 2022 were selected. They were freely available on official Chinese websites, e.g., the Communist Party of China, the National People's Congress, and the State Council Information Office. </p> <p> </p> <p>The content analysis of listed resources will be used as a base to generate new open-access content.</p>
Rechtsstaatlichkeit (with État de droit) & Rule of Law
<p> [13:40]</p> <p>transubstantiation of the concept / now prescriptive use, instead of once descriptive one / notion overburdened and therefore self-emptying / particular a notion with hic et nunc determination / by expansion, living its honeymoon period / but transplantibility presupposes transfer of culture lived as well / it is an ideal, not operative a concept in/for law</p>
Data from: Cope’s rule and the universal scaling law of ornament complexity
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Adherence to Menzerath’s Law is the exception (not the rule) in three duetting primate species
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Data from: Association of rule of law and health outcomes: an ecological study
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Data from: Ornament complexity is correlated with sexual selection: (a comment on Raia et al., "Cope's rule and the universal scaling law of ornament complexity")
Raia et al. propose that the evolution of the shape and complexity of animal ornaments (e.g., deer antlers) can be explained by interspecific variation in body size and is not influenced by sexual selection. They claim to show that ornament complexity is related to body size by an 0.25-power law and argue that this finding precludes a role for sexual selection in the evolution of ornament complexity. However, their study does not test alternative hypotheses and mismeasures antler shape allometry by omitting much of the published data. We show that an index of sexual selection (sexual size dimorphism) is positively correlated with size-corrected antler complexity and that the allometric slope of complexity is substantially greater than 0.25, contra Raia et al. We conclude that sexual selection and physical constraints both affect the evolution of antler shape.
Data from: Ornament complexity is correlated with sexual selection: (a comment on Raia et al., "Cope's rule and the universal scaling law of ornament complexity")
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