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264 results for “saddle”
Aboveground net primary productivity data for Saddle grid, 1992 - ongoing.
Total aboveground live vascular biomass was clipped from 50x20 cm plots in areas near the saddle grid permanent plots on Niwot Ridge to measure net primary productivity. NDVI measurements were also included in some years.
Increased temperature, N and snowpack experiment for north of saddle, 2006 - ongoing.
In 2006 we established a global change experiment in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains to investigate how manipulations of warmer summer temperature, N deposition, and increased snowpack would affect the growth of alpine plants. The experiment was implemented on Niwot Ridge, where shrub cover has expanded by over 400% since 1946 (Formica et al. 2014). We established experimental plots north of the Niwot Ridge saddle, in an area of moist meadow tundra where willow shrub (Salix sp.) patches are present. Within experimental plots, Salix glauca seedlings were transplanted in 2006 and 2007 to test whether changing environmental conditions facilitated shrub survival and growth. In 2007 and 2008, phenological observations were recorded for all (2007) or abundant (2008) species in experimental plots. Measurements of plant species composition and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) are also made annually or biennially (ANPP, 2017-onward). In 2021, canopy height and NDVI began being measured annually. In July of 2016, a community transplant experiment was implemented to test whether changing environmental conditions support changes in alpine tundra plant communities. Two species characteristic of (1) dry meadow tundra (Tetraneuris acaulis, Erigeron pinnatisectus), (2) snowbed tundra (Ranunculus adoneus, Saxifraga rhomboidea) and (3) subalpine meadow (Trollius albiflorus, Polemonium pulcherrimum) were transplanted into experimental plots. Survival and growth of transplants was documented annually through 2021.
Stream water chemistry data for Saddle Stream site, 1994 - ongoing.
This is a summary of major ion concentrations for stream water samples collected at the Saddle Stream site, at the outflow of the Saddle Stream below Niwot Ridge.
Climate data for saddle catchment sensor network, 2017 - ongoing.
Spatial and temporal variability characterizes virtually all ecosystems, with resource supply changing over the course of growing season and across years due to climate variation. To better understand spatial heterogeneity in ecological response across landscape positions, we established a 16-node sensor array within a 45 hectare catchment landscape that measures temporal variability of important biogeochemical and hydrological controls on ecosystem processes. The array was established at the Niwot Saddle catchment in order to accompany long term water quality and discharge records taken at the top and bottom of this catchment. The region forms an important ecological linkage between the the terrestrial areas of the Niwot Ridge LTER and the aquatic component in the Green Lakes Valley.
Mercury in soil, vegetation, and organisms across Niwot Ridge, Saddle Catchment, and Green Lakes Valley, 2020 - 2023.
This dataset includes soil, vegetation, water, atmospheric deposition, litterfall, incubation, and organism data from the Niwot Ridge, Saddle Catchment, and Green Lakes Valley collected during 2020 and 2021 to investigate the storage, transformation, and mobilization of mercury in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. During Summer 2020, we collected soil cores (10cm x 3cm) across vegetation plant functional groups in wet meadows, moist meadows, dry meadows, krummholz, subalpine forest, shrub areas, as well as at the inlet and outlet of the Green Lakes in Green Lakes Valley. At each of these sites, we collected leaves from forbs, graminoids, and shrubs, as well as litter (and moss if present). For organisms, we sampled pika hairs from nine different pika trapped on the West Knoll, in addition to caddisfly pupae found in wet meadows in the Saddle Catchment. We analyzed hairs from weasel specimens at the CU Boulder Natural History Museum that were trapped either on, or near, Niwot Ridge. Finally, we analyzed dust samples collected by Dr. Ruth Heindel in 2018 and 2019 on Niwot Ridge. We analyzed soil samples for organic matter; pH; water content; percent carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur; stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes; total mercury; and methylmercury. We analyzed vegetation samples for percent carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur; stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes; total mercury; and methylmercury. We analyzed organism and dust samples for total mercury and methylmercury. During Spring 2021, we collected composite snow cores from 4 sites in the Saddle region and 3 sites in the subalpine forest. We measured snow depth and density to calculate snow water equivalent and then analyzed these samples for sulfate, nitrate, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, total mercury, and methylmercury concentrations. During Summer 2021, we collected soil cores (10cm x 3cm) every other week from June through September from a solifluction lobe, alpine wet
Snow depth data for Saddle grid, 1992 - ongoing.
The depth of snow was measured at 88 points on the saddle grid. The 500 x 350 m study area (17.5 ha) consisted of a grid of 8 rows of stakes in an east/west direction and 11 rows of stakes in a north/south direction (for a total of 88 stakes). The stakes were located 50 m apart. Each stake was given a point identification number starting with 1 in the southwest corner and progressing in an easterly direction for each of the east/west rows so that if head of this file represented the north compass point and the tail represented the south compass point, then the grid would look like this: 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 801(=80A) 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 701(=70A) 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 601(=60A) 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 501(=50A) 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 401(=40A) 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 301(=30A) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 201(=20A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 101(=10A) Note that stakes along the east boundary of the grid, i.e. those ending with the "A", were given new designations to facilitate incorporation of the data into the Saddle GIS. Snow depths at each of the stakes were recorded on a weekly to biweekly basis throughout the period during which snow accumulation existed on the Saddle.
Saddle soil temperature and moisture, 2024 - ongoing.
In rugged mountain terrain, microclimate variation may provide refugia that buffer the effects of climate change. We expect that complex terrain causes microsite variation in surface and subsurface temperature and soil moisture across hillslopes, thus mediating the extent to which organisms are exposed to warming conditions. Further, we expect that hillslope position will determine the microclimate that regulates ecological and biogeochemical responses.
Snow depth data for saddle snowfence, 1992 - ongoing.
A snowfence was built in 1993 on the Niwot Ridge Saddle grid to determine the effects of changes in snowpack on a number of variables. The study area was 60m x 125m. Snow depths were measured at each of 147 points within the snowfence experiment area and at 6 control locations outside of but near the snowfence experiment area. Of the 147 points, 84 were located on the leeward (east) side of the snowfence, 56 were located on the windward (west) side of the snowfence, and 7 were located along the snowfence itself. These measurements were made weekly to biweekly. Sampling locations were each given a unique point identification number so that these data could be incorporated into the Saddle GIS. The snowfence was oriented in a north/south direction and was 60 m long. Each of the point identification numbers had a coordinate within the experiment area. The first number of the coordinate was the distance in m from the snowfence in an east/west direction, negative numbers being west of the snowfence and positive numbers being east of the fence. The second number in the coordinate was the distance in m from the southern terminus of the snowfence in a northerly direction.
Climate data for saddle data loggers (CR23X and CR1000), 2000 - ongoing, daily.
Climatological data were collected from the saddle climate station on Niwot Ridge (3525 m elevation) throughout the year. From 2000-06-24 to 2012-03-24, data were recorded using a Campbell Instruments CR23X data logger. Subsequently, data were recorded using a Campbell Instruments CR1000 data logger. Maximum and minimum values were recorded instantaneously, with a sampling interval of 5 seconds. Daily means and totals were calculated from 17,280 individual measurements. The CR23X logger was programmed to generate both hourly and daily output. The CR1000 logger generated daily, hourly, and minute data until September 2014, and 10 minute and minute data thereafter.
Precipitation data for Saddle chart recorder, 1981 - ongoing.
Precipitation data were collected on a daily time-scale from the Saddle climate station (3525 m) since 1981. Over time, various circumstances have led to days with missing values. Some of these values were estimated from nearby climate stations for years up to 2008 using the methods described in METHODS.
Streamflow data for Saddle stream, 1999 - ongoing.
This is a summary of discharges from the stream draining Niwot Ridge Saddle to the south and is based on stage records gauged at a timber weir with a 120 degree V-notch plate, located 30 m upstream of Green Lakes road. It consists of daily flow volumes.
Stream water chemistry data for Saddle stream (007), 1994 - ongoing.
This is a summary of major ion concentrations for stream water samples collected at the outflow of the Saddle stream, near Saddle grid point 007 on Niwot Ridge.
Federal sampler data for Saddle and C1, 2016 - ongoing.
We use an aluminum Standard Federal Snow Sampler to measure snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE). This device, compared to traditional snow pit techniques, provides efficient measurement capabilities that are less disruptive to the snowpack. Manual Federal Sampler measurements provide high accuracy point data to determine the amount of water in the surrounding snowpack. With a high downstream reliance on water within the regional snowpack, our weekly measurements give a time series of SWE throughout the winter season, offering consistent and dependable information for water resource planning and preparation.
Homogenized, gap-filled, daily air temperature data for Saddle, 1986 - ongoing.
As part of its long-term climate data core collection, the Niwot Ridge LTER has collected daily air temperature at the Saddle site since 1981. The Saddle station is located at 3525 m.a.s.l. and is an important point location to capture local, ambient meteorological conditions for many biological and environmental datasets collected nearby. The location of the Saddle station has also presented challenges to its operation. Freezing temperatures, snow deposition from strong winds following storms, and exposure to lightning are some elements that have disrupted instrument functionality, affected data quality, and made access for research staff difficult over time, especially in winter months. These interruptions have led to missing or faulty data at times and inconsistent data gap-filling. Additionally, a mixture of mechanical hygrothermograph chart and temperature sensors with electronic data loggers have been used since the inception of the Saddle station to measure and record air temperature. Thus, a close inspection of potential influence from instrument turnover and relevant notes from research staff is required for a quality, daily air temperature time series for Saddle. Here we present a quality-controlled, gap-filled, daily time series of maximum, average, minimum, and diurnal air temperatures that accounts for instrument turnover at the Saddle. Methods follow those used to gap-fill long-term daily air temperature at the Niwot Ridge LTER D1 and C1 stations so there is consistency among core collection daily air temperature datasets. Metadata for this data package centralizes the most complete station history for Saddle air temperature and includes notes to data users on aspects and limitations of the dataset to consider when using these data in scientific analyses.
Plant species composition data for Saddle grid, 1989 - ongoing.
Permanent 1 m^2 vegetation plots were established near each of the 88 Saddle grid stakes in 1989 by Marilyn Walker, who led the sampling effort until 1997. To estimate plant canopy cover, point quadrat measurements have been made at irregular intervals from 1989 to the present (1989, 1990, 1995, 1997, 2006, 2008 and yearly from 2010 onward). The point-quadrat technique used for sampling was described in Spasojevic et al. (2013) and Auerbach (1992). Auerbach, N. 1992. Effects of road and dust disturbance in minerotrophic and acidic tundra ecosystems, northern Alaska. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Spasojevic, Marko J, William D Bowman, Hope C Humphries, Timothy R Seastedt, and Katharine N Suding. Changes in alpine vegetation over 21 years: Are patterns across a heterogeneous landscape consistent with predictions?” Ecosphere 4, no. 9 (2013): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1890/es13-00133.1.
Plant species composition and aboveground biomass data for Saddle snowfence, 1996 - ongoing.
Bowman et al. (1993) have demonstrated that alpine tundra is sensitive to nitrogen and phosphorus additions. Changes in productivity and species composition (belatedly) follow chronic fertilization. Exactly how this response is mediated by changes in precipitation is unknown but can be addressed using the snowfence experiment. Moreover, replication of the experiment will allow for additional sampling of biotic and abiotic components and processes not possible with the size of the Bowman plots. In 1993, 64 2x2m plots were placed in dry and mesic sites both within and outside of the snowfence area, so that 4 replicates of each treatment (nitrogen addition, phosphorus addition, nitrogen and phosphorus addition, and control) could be established in each meadow type with and without snowpack augmentation. 16 additional plots were established on a wet meadow site, but since a corresponding type site did not exist in the snowfence area, there was no snowpack manipulation for the wet meadow plots. In 2016, 9 existing plots were selected and 6 control plots added for assessing recovery from augmented snowpack treatment. Aboveground biomass, species richness, and species composition have been collected periodically since 1996.
Climate data for saddle data logger (CR1000), 2014 - ongoing, 10 minute.
Climatological data were collected from the saddle climate station on Niwot Ridge (3525 m elevation) throughout the year. Data were recorded using a Campbell Instruments CR1000 data logger. Maximum and minimum values are recorded instantaneously, with a sampling interval of 5 seconds. This instrument was programmed to generate 10 minute output starting in September 2014. These data represent the native (10-minute) resolution data from that point from onward, with quality flags applied but no data removed.
Infilled daily precipitation data for Saddle, 1981 - ongoing.
As part of its long-term climate data core collection, the Niwot Ridge LTER has collected daily precipitation at the Saddle site since 1981. The Saddle station is located at 3525 m.a.s.l. and is an important point location to capture local, ambient meteorological conditions for many biological and environmental datasets collected nearby. The location of the Saddle station has also presented challenges to its operation. Freezing temperatures, snow deposition from strong winds following storms, and exposure to lightning are some elements that have disrupted instrument functionality, affected data quality, and made access for research staff difficult over time, especially in winter months. Here we present a quality-controlled, gap-filled, daily precipitation time series corrected for blowing snow overcatch at the Saddle station. Methods follow those used to gap-fill long-term daily precipitation at the Niwot Ridge LTER D1 and C1 stations so there is consistency among core collection daily precipitation datasets. Metadata for this data package centralizes the most complete station history for Saddle precipitation and includes notes to data users on aspects and limitations of the dataset to consider when using these data in scientific analyses. Because of unresolved data quality concerns with winter precipitation the first several years of the record, gap-filled data for winter months (October–May) 1981-10-01 through 1987-05-30 are removed.
Air temperature data for Saddle chart recorder, 1981 - 2017.
Air temperature data were collected on a daily time-scale from the Saddle climate station (3525 m) since 1981. Over time, various circumstances have led to days with missing values. Some of these values were estimated from redundant sensors and nearby climate stations. Greenland 1987 was a basis for the methodology; however when it was not possible to use this methodology, new methods were developed.
Climate data for saddle data loggers (CR23X and CR1000), 2009 - 2021, hourly.
Climatological data were collected from the saddle climate station on Niwot Ridge (3525 m elevation) throughout the year. From 2000-06-24 to 2012-03-24, data were recorded using a Campbell Instruments CR23X data logger. Subsequently, data were recorded using a Campbell Instruments CR1000 data logger. This data set includes data beginning in 2009. Maximum and minimum values were recorded instantaneously, with a sampling interval of 5 seconds. Hourly means and totals were calculated from 720 individual measurements. The CR23X logger was programmed to generate both hourly and daily output. The CR1000 logger generated daily, hourly, and minute data until September 2014, and 10 minute and minute data thereafter. This dataset discontinued, see methods for instructions on accessing the 10 minute data instead.
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