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26 results for “salmon lice”
Illuminating the planktonic stages of salmon lice: a unique fluorescence signal for rapid identification of a rare copepod in zooplankton assemblages.
<p>The Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) measurements were taken with Shimadzu's proprietary software ‘LabSolutions RF’. All files are in the exported csv format with columns representing the excitation wavelengths and rows the emission wavelengths. Wavelengths range from 200-600 nm with a 2 nm increment. Fluorescence intensity was influenced by the fluctuating number of animals in the path of the excitation beam during the 5 minute measurement. We compensated for this artefact by repeating measurements of each sample five times, calculating the mean, and applying a smoothing function which found the median value within 10 nm. The fluorescence intensity was further normalized on a 0 to 1 scale by dividing intensity by the maximum fluorescence within each EEM measurement.</p> <p>Supplemental Table 1. The metadata of EEM measurements. The measurements were used for the spectrum section analysis and correspond to those depicted in Figures 2, 3, 4, & 5. See sections 3.1, 3.1.1, & 3.1.2. The Sample column indicates which lab culture cohort the sea lice came from (BGO*), which wild caught fish sample they came from (WC*), or the sampling date of non-target copepods (DDMMYY). The filename of each mean measurement is listed and indicates the first of 5 repeated measurements. Corresponding files can be found in the deposited.csv files at Zendo. In those files, data columns represent the excitation wavelengths, 200nm to 600nm increasing in 2 nm increments. Likewise, the rows represent the emission wavelengths. NaN’s are present where scattering layers were removed. All fluorescence intensity values are normalized to the maximum within each EEM.</p>
Data from: Timing and probability of arrival for sea lice dispersing between salmon farms
<p>Sea lice are a threat to the health of both wild and farmed salmon and an economic burden for salmon farms. With a free-living larval stage, sea lice can disperse tens of kilometers in the ocean between salmon farms, leading to connected sea lice populations that are difficult to control in isolation. In this paper, we develop a simple analytical model for the dispersal of sea lice between two salmon farms. From the model we calculate the arrival time distribution of sea lice dispersing between farms, as well as the level of cross-infection of sea lice. We also use numerical flows from a hydrodynamic model, coupled with a particle tracking model, to directly calculate the arrival time of sea lice dispersing between two farms in the Broughton Archipelago, BC, in order to fit our analytical model and find realistic parameter estimates. Using the parametrized analytical model we show that there is often an intermediate inter-farm spacing that maximizes the level of cross-infection between farms, and that increased temperatures will lead to increased levels of cross-infection.</p>
Data from: Timing and probability of arrival for sea lice dispersing between salmon farms
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Data from: Next-generation matrices for marine metapopulations: the case of sea lice and salmon farms
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Parasites under pressure: salmon lice may adapt to depth-based preventions in aquaculture
<p>Experiment 1. Vertical distribution of copepodids (mixed family groups) in 80 cm columns over time (min) at two pressures.</p> <p>Experiment 2. Vertical distribution of copepodids (individual families) in 80 cm columns at three pressures.</p> <p>Experiment 2 (traits). For each family: body size, egg string length, estimated fecundity and estimated egg size of mother; development times and column distributions (i.e. proportion of copepodids at top of columns) of offspring.</p>
IIb-RAD-seq coupled with random forest classification indicates regional population structuring and sex-specific differentiation in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
<p><span>The aquaculture industry has been dealing with salmon lice problems forming serious threats to salmonid farming. Several treatment approaches have been used to control the parasite. Treatment effectiveness must be optimized, and the systematic genetic differences between sub-populations must be studied to monitor louse species and enhance targeted control measures. We have used IIb-RAD sequencing in tandem with a random forest classification algorithm to detect the regional genetic structure of the Norwegian salmon lice and identify important markers for sex differentiation of this species. We identified 19428 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 95 individuals of salmon lice. These SNPs, however, were not able to distinguish differential structure of lice populations. Using the random forest algorithm, we selected 91 SNPs important for geographical classification and 14 SNPs important for sex classification. The geographically important SNP data substantially improved the genetic understanding of the population structure and classified regional demographic clusters along the Norwegian coast. </span><span>We also uncovered SNP markers that could help determine the sex of the salmon louse. </span><span>A large portion of the SNPs identified to be under directional selection were also ranked highly important by random forest. According to our findings, there is a regional population structure of salmon lice associated with the geographical location along the Norwegian coastline.</span></p>
The negative association of sea lice from fish farms on recreational fishing catches of Atlantic salmon
<p>The question of whether and to what extent sea-louse (<em>L. salmonis)</em> infestations from salmon farms influence wild Atlantic salmon survival has been subject to sustained scientific debate and political controversy. Documenting the population-level effects of sea lice on wild salmon remains inherently challenging. We employ comprehensive sea-lice data and recreational catch data from Norway to assess the impact of farm sea-louse infestations on wild salmon catches in different production areas (PAs). Our analysis finds a significant correlation between declines in wild Atlantic salmon catches and increasing amounts of adult female sea lice per km<sup>2</sup>. The effect is most pronounced in PA 4 on the west coast of Norway, an area within the government's "traffic light" management system where out-migrating salmon smolts are deemed to face high exposure to louse-induced mortality risk. Our model predicts below-average catches when the total sea louse load exceeds the government's limit of 0.1 average adult female sea louse per farmed fish within some production areas. Furthermore, our results indicate that the risk of below-average catches increases by approximately 47% when salmon farms exceed this limit (estimated risk ratio of 1.47, 95 % CI [1.10, 1.96]).</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications</em>: Our study expands the existing body of evidence demonstrating a negative association between fish farming and the ecosystem services provided by wild salmon stocks. It has important implications for aquaculture management. First, it shows that farm sea lice directly affect peoples, rights holders, and interest groups, such as landowners and anglers, who rely on viable populations of wild salmon. Second, it suggests that a >0.1 sea lice limit may be insufficient to prevent subpar catches in some areas. Furthermore, in the context of allowing further growth in farmed salmon biomass, setting absolute sea-louse limits for entire production areas may be a more effective regulatory instrument than setting average lice limits per farmed fish. Our findings contribute to advancing a scientific basis for setting appropriate louse limits on farm and area scales.</p>
The negative association of sea lice from fish farms on recreational fishing catches of Atlantic salmon
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Data from: Evidence for the evolution of resistance to non-chemical parasite controls: salmon lice from submerged cages produce larvae that swim deeper
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Parasite scars: The impact of salmon lice injury on sea trout populations
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Effects of salmon lice on numbers and size distributions of Atlantic salmon populations returning to spawn in Norwegian rivers
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IIb-RAD-seq coupled with random forest classification indicates regional population structuring and sex-specific differentiation in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
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Timing is everything: survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) postsmolts during events of high salmon lice densities
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Salmon louse infestation levels on sea trout can be predicted from a hydrodynamic lice dispersal model
<p>The abundance of the parasitic salmon louse has increased with the growth in aquaculture of salmonids in open net pens. This represents a threat to wild salmonid populations as well as a key limiting factor for salmon farming. The Norwegian 'traffic light' management system for salmon farming aims to increase aquaculture production while securing sustainable wild salmonid populations. However, this system is at present solely focusing on mortality in wild Atlantic salmon, while responses of sea trout with different ecological characteristics are not included.</p> <p>We analyze lice counts on sea trout from surveillance data and use Bayesian statistical models to relate the observed lice infestations to the environmental lice infestation pressure, salinity, and current speed. These models can be used in risk assessment to predict when and where lice numbers surpass threshold levels for expected serious health effects in wild sea trout.</p> <p>We find that in production areas with the highest density of salmon farms (West coast), more than 50 % of the sea trout experienced lice infestations above levels of expected serious health effects.</p> <p>We also observed high lice infestations on sea trout in areas with salinities below louse tolerance levels, indicating that the fish had been infested elsewhere but were returning to low-saline waters to avoid lice or delouse. This behavioural response may over time disrupt anadromy in sea trout.</p> <p>The observed infestations on sea trout can be explained by the hydrodynamic lice dispersal model, which provides continuous estimates of lice exposure along the whole Norwegian coast. These estimates, which are used in Atlantic salmon research and management, can also be used for sea trout.</p> <p>Synthesis and policy implications: Wild sea trout, spending its entire feeding migration in fjords and coastal areas, is at higher risk than Atlantic salmon to lice infestations from aquaculture. The observed high levels of lice infestation on sea trout question the environmental sustainability of the current aquaculture industry in areas with intensive farming. We discuss the complex responses of sea trout to salmon lice and how the 'traffic light' management system may include data on this species.</p>
Salmon louse infestation levels on sea trout can be predicted from a hydrodynamic lice dispersal model
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Data from: Evolution of virulence under intensive farming: salmon lice increase skin lesions and reduce host growth in salmon farms
Parasites rely on resources from a host and are selected to achieve an optimal combination of transmission and virulence. Human-induced changes in parasite ecology, such as intensive farming of hosts, might not only favor increased parasite abundances, but also alter the selection acting on parasites and lead to life history evolution. The trade-off between transmission and virulence could be affected by intensive farming practices such as high host density and the use of anti-parasitic drugs, which might lead to increased virulence in some host-parasite systems. To test this we therefore infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts with salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) sampled either from wild or farmed hosts in a laboratory experiment. We compared growth and skin damage (i.e. proxies for virulence) of hosts infected with either wild or farmed lice and found that, compared to lice sampled from wild hosts in unfarmed areas, those originating from farmed fish were more harmful; they inflicted more skin damage to their hosts and reduced relative host weight gain to a greater extent. We advocate that more evolutionary studies should be done using farmed animals as study species, given the current increase in intensive food production practices that might be compared to a global experiment in parasite evolution.
Data from: Evolution of virulence under intensive farming: salmon lice increase skin lesions and reduce host growth in salmon farms
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Differentiating size-dependent responses of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) to sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infections
GEO Series GSE27528. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Salmo salar. 36 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Dietary phytochemicals modulate skin gene expression and reduce lice counts after infection in Atlantic salmon
GEO Series GSE79393. Salmo salar; Oncorhynchus mykiss. 24 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Transcriptomic responses to emamectin benzoate in Pacific and Atlantic Canada salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis with differing levels of drug resistance
GEO Series GSE56024. Lepeophtheirus salmonis. 95 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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