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18 results for “salmon louse”
Data: Methods for tagging an ectoparasite, the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis
<p>Monitoring individuals within populations is a cornerstone in evolutionary ecology, yet<span> </span>individual tracking of invertebrates and particularly parasitic organisms remains rare. To address this gap, we describe here a method for attaching radio frequency identification<span> </span>(RFID) tags to individual adult females of a marine ectoparasite, the salmon louse<span> </span><em><span>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</span></em>. Comparing two alternative types of glue, we found that one of them<span> </span>(2-octyl cyanoacrylate, <em><span>2oc</span></em>) gave a significantly higher tag retention rate than the other (ethyl<span> </span>2-cyanoacrylate, <em><span>e2c</span></em>). This glue comparison test also resulted in a higher loss rate of adult ectoparasites from the population where tagging was done using <em><span>2oc</span></em>, but this included males<span> </span>not tagged and thus could also suggest a mere tank effect. Corroborating this, a more extensive analysis using data collected over two years showed no significant difference in<span> </span>mortality after repeated exposure to the <em><span>2oc </span></em>glue, nor did it show any significant effect of the<span> </span>tagging procedure on the reproduction of female salmon lice. The proportion of RFID-tagged<span> </span>individuals followed a negative exponential decline, with tag retention among the living<span> </span>female population generally high. The projected retention was found to be about 88% after<span> </span>30 days or 80% after 60 days, although one of the four batches of glue used, purchased from<span> </span>a different supplier, appeared to give significantly lower tag retention and with greater initial<span> </span>loss (74% and 60% respectively). Overall, we find that RFID tagging is a simple and effective technology that enables documenting individual life histories for invertebrates of a suitable size, including marine and parasitic species, and that it can be used over long periods of study.</p>
Modelled hydrodynamic profiles and salmon louse larval densities at Norwegian salmon farms
<p>Data compiled for use by the PreventLice web app, a decision support tool intended to help Norwegian salmon farmers avoid salmon louse infestations: <a href="https://havforskningsinstituttet.shinyapps.io/preventlice">https://havforskningsinstituttet.shinyapps.io/preventlice</a></p> <p>Each file contains the relevant data for a registered salmonid farm in Norway, identified by its locality number according to the Norwegian <a href="https://sikker.fiskeridir.no/akvakulturregisteret/web/sites">Aquaculture Registry</a>. A total of 1023 localities are included in version 1.0.0.</p> <p>The data are in long rectangular format, with each row corresponding to a single depth interval on a single date. Each row provides variables for locality number ("loc"), date ("date"), depth (m, "depth"), daily mean temperature (°C, "meanTemp"), daily mean salinity (ppt, "meanSal"), daily mean current speed (ms<sup>-1</sup>, "meanCurrSpd"), daily 95th percentile current speed (ms<sup>-1</sup>, "95PercCurrSpd"), daily salmon louse infestation pressure (copepodids m<sup>-3</sup>, "meanCopDensity"), and daily mean significant wave height (m, "SignWaveHeight").</p> <p>Temperature, salinity and current speeds are taken from the NorFjords-160 model (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.107028">Dalsøren et al. 2020</a>), a finer-scale update of the NorKyst-800 model (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-020-01378-0">Asplin et al. 2020</a>). Wave height data are taken from the MyWaveWAM800m Norwegian coastal wave forecasting system (<a href="https://thredds.met.no/thredds/fou-hi/mywavewam800.html">Norwegian Meteorological Institute</a>). Salmon louse copepodid densities are estimated by coupling louse biology and behaviour parameters with hydrodynamic predictions from NorKyst-800 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201338">Myksvoll et al. 2018</a>).</p>
Supplementary Data for The salmon louse genome: copepod features and parasitic adaptations.
<p>This dataset contains supporting data for the manuscript: Skern-Mauritzen <em>et al. </em>The salmon louse genome: copepod features and parasitic adaptations.</p> <p>Copepods encompass a range of ecological roles from parasites to phytoplankton grazers linking primary producers to higher trophic levels. Despite these important roles, copepod genome assemblies are scarce. <em>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</em> is an economically and ecologically important ectoparasitic copepod found on salmonid fish. We present the 695.4 Mbp <em>L. salmonis</em> genome assembly containing ≈60% repetitive regions and 13081 annotated protein-coding genes. The genome comprises 14 autosomes and a ZZ-ZW sex chromosome system. Assembly assessment identified 92.4% of the expected arthropod genes. Transcriptomics supported annotation and indicated a marked shift in gene expression after host attachment, including down-regulation of genes related to circadian rhythm coinciding with abandoning diurnal migration. The genome shows evolutionary signatures including loss of genes needed for peroxisome biogenesis, presence of numerous FNII domains, and an incomplete heme homeostasis pathway suggesting heme proteins to be obtained from the host. Despite large capacity to develop resistance against chemical treatments <em>L. salmonis</em> exhibits low numbers of many genes involved in detoxification.</p> <ul> <li>Supplementary data is explained in detail and referenced in the manuscript and the file Supplementary Material 30062021 REVISED.pdf</li> <li>BUSCO-V5-results-species-comparison.tar.gz contains the raw output and results of all BUSCO V 5.0.0 runs on the genomes in Table 1 of the manuscript and Supplementary_Table_GenomeStats.xlsx </li> <li>GCA_000181255.2_ASM18125v2_genomic.fna.RepMasker.o ..., GCA_001005205.1_lsal_atl_canada_female_v1_genomic. ..., GCA_001005235.1_lsal_atl_canada_male_v1_genomic.fn ... and TableS4-1-LSalAtl2s.fasta.RepMasker.out.gz contain original output from RepeatMasker</li> <li>Lsalmonis-RepeatModeler-families.fa.gz and Lsalmonis-RepeatModeler-families.stk.gz contain all repeat families as original output from RepeatModeler</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Aquaculture-driven evolution of the salmon louse mtDNA genome
<p><span>Resistance towards the antiparasitic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, is reported in the Atlantic salmon louse (<em>Lepeophtheirus</em> <em>salmonis</em> <em>salmonis</em>), a persistent ectoparasite of farmed and wild salmonids. The resistance mechanism is linked to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), where genetic markers for resistance have been identified. Here, we investigated how widespread pyrethroid use in aquaculture may have influenced mtDNA variation in lice, and the dispersion of resistant haplotypes across the North Atlantic, using historical (2000–2002 "pre-resistance") and contemporary (2014–2017 "post-resistance") samples. To study this, we sequenced ATPase 6 and cytochrome b, genotyped two genetic markers for deltamethrin resistance, and genotyped microsatellites as "neutral" controls of potential population bottlenecks. Overall, we observed a modest reduction in mtDNA diversity in the period 2000–2017, but no reduction in microsatellite variation was observed. The reduction in mtDNA variation was especially distinct in two of the contemporary samples, fixed for one and two haplotypes respectively. By contrast, all historical samples consisted of close to one mtDNA haplotype per individual. No population genetic structure was detected among the historical samples for mtDNA nor microsatellites. By contrast, significant population genetic differentiation was observed for mtDNA among some of the contemporary samples. However, the observed population genetic structure was tightly linked with the pattern of deltamethrin resistance, and we therefore conclude that it primarily reflects the transient mosaic of pyrethroid usage in time and space. Two historically undetected mtDNA haplotypes dominated in the contemporary samples, both of which were linked to deltamethrin resistance, demonstrating primarily two origins of deltamethrin resistance in the North Atlantic. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the widespread use of pyrethroids in commercial aquaculture has substantially altered the patterns of mtDNA diversity in lice across the North Atlantic, and, that long-distance dispersion of resistance is rapid due to the high level of genetic connectivity that is observed in this species.</span></p>
Aquaculture-driven evolution of the salmon louse mtDNA genome
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Parasites perform poorly at high host densities: An experimental test in the salmon louse <em>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</em>
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Temperature-dependent effects of sea-louse infestation on juvenile Atlantic salmon
<p>Infectious diseases are key drivers of wildlife populations and agriculture production, but whether and how climate change will influence disease impacts remains controversial. One of the critical knowledge gaps that prevents resolution of this controversy is a lack of high-quality experimental data, especially in marine systems of significant ecological and economic consequence. Here, we performed a manipulative experiment in which we tested the temperature-dependent effects on Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) of sea lice (<i>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</i>) – a parasite that can depress the productivity of wild-salmon populations and the profits of the salmon-farming industry. We explored sea-louse impacts on their hosts across a range of temperatures (10, 13, 16, 19, and 22 °C) and infestation levels (zero, 'low' (mean abundance ± SE = 1.6 ± 0.1 lice per fish), and 'high' infestation (6.8 ± 0.4 lice per fish)). We found that the effects of sea lice on the growth rate, condition, and survival of juvenile Atlantic salmon all worsen with increasing temperature. Our results provide a rare empirical example of how climate change may influence the impacts of marine disease in a key social-ecological system. These findings underscore the importance of considering climate-driven changes to disease impacts in wildlife conservation and agriculture. This Dryad submission includes the growth-rate, condition, and survival data for the manuscript entitled "Increasing temperatures accentuate negative fitness consequences of a marine parasite" by Sean C. Godwin, Mark D. Fast, Anna Kuparinen, Kate E. Medcalf, and Jeffrey A. Hutchings. </p>
Depth-based preventions in aquaculture exert selection on salmon louse behaviour
<p>Model outputs from a biological-hydrodynamic dispersal model, summarising the horizontal and vertical dispersion of salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) larvae through the Hardangerfjord region, Norway.</p>
Salmon louse infestation levels on sea trout can be predicted from a hydrodynamic lice dispersal model
<p>The abundance of the parasitic salmon louse has increased with the growth in aquaculture of salmonids in open net pens. This represents a threat to wild salmonid populations as well as a key limiting factor for salmon farming. The Norwegian 'traffic light' management system for salmon farming aims to increase aquaculture production while securing sustainable wild salmonid populations. However, this system is at present solely focusing on mortality in wild Atlantic salmon, while responses of sea trout with different ecological characteristics are not included.</p> <p>We analyze lice counts on sea trout from surveillance data and use Bayesian statistical models to relate the observed lice infestations to the environmental lice infestation pressure, salinity, and current speed. These models can be used in risk assessment to predict when and where lice numbers surpass threshold levels for expected serious health effects in wild sea trout.</p> <p>We find that in production areas with the highest density of salmon farms (West coast), more than 50 % of the sea trout experienced lice infestations above levels of expected serious health effects.</p> <p>We also observed high lice infestations on sea trout in areas with salinities below louse tolerance levels, indicating that the fish had been infested elsewhere but were returning to low-saline waters to avoid lice or delouse. This behavioural response may over time disrupt anadromy in sea trout.</p> <p>The observed infestations on sea trout can be explained by the hydrodynamic lice dispersal model, which provides continuous estimates of lice exposure along the whole Norwegian coast. These estimates, which are used in Atlantic salmon research and management, can also be used for sea trout.</p> <p>Synthesis and policy implications: Wild sea trout, spending its entire feeding migration in fjords and coastal areas, is at higher risk than Atlantic salmon to lice infestations from aquaculture. The observed high levels of lice infestation on sea trout question the environmental sustainability of the current aquaculture industry in areas with intensive farming. We discuss the complex responses of sea trout to salmon lice and how the 'traffic light' management system may include data on this species.</p>
The planktonic stages of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are tolerant of end-of-century pCO2 concentrations
<p>Filename: <a href="https://datadryad.org/handle/10255/dryad.229362">WaterConditions</a><br> Routine measurements of water conditions including nutrient levels, alkalinity, water temperature and carbon chemistry as calculated from pH spectroscopy measurements and CO2SYS.</p> <p>Filename: <a href="https://datadryad.org/handle/10255/dryad.229363">Respiration data.xlsx </a><br> Oxygen Consumption rates of salmon lice according to age, stage, and pCO2 treatment.</p> <p>Filename: <a href="https://datadryad.org/handle/10255/dryad.229364">Lipid data.xlsx</a><br> Lipid volume of salmon lice measured with fluorescence microscopy.</p> <p>Filename: <a href="https://datadryad.org/handle/10255/dryad.229365">JC10 data.xlsx </a><br> Metabolic activity observed by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Membrane polarization in mitochondria is an indication of active cells. Polarized mitochondria were represented by red JC-10 aggregate (λ exc/λ em = 488/590 nm) while the green JC-10 monomer (λ exc/λ em = 488/525 nm) labeled the presence of mitochondrial membrane.</p> <p>Filename: <a href="https://datadryad.org/handle/10255/dryad.229368">Fatty Acid.xlsx</a><br> Fatty acid profiles of salmon lice according to stage and pCO2 treatment. Data is presented as mass (ng) of the identified fatty acid per individual animal. Columns are separated by the identified fatty acid, '?' indicate ambiguity in the location of the double bond.</p> <p>Filename: <a href="https://datadryad.org/handle/10255/dryad.229369">CHN data.xlsx</a><br> Carbon and nitrogen content of individual salmon lice eggs, nauplii, and copepodids.</p> <p> </p>
Temperature-dependent effects of sea-louse infestation on juvenile Atlantic salmon
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Salmon louse infestation levels on sea trout can be predicted from a hydrodynamic lice dispersal model
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Enhanced transcriptomic responses in the Pacific salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis oncorhynchi to the non-native Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar suggests increased parasite fitness
GEO Series GSE80220. Lepeophtheirus salmonis. 84 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Interacting effects of sea louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infection and formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida in Atlantic salmon skin transcriptome
GEO Series GSE186292. Salmo salar. 24 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Responses to ectoparasite salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in spleen of Atlantic salmon
GEO Series GSE26984. Salmo salar. 20 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Responses to ectoparasite salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in skin of Atlantic salmon
GEO Series GSE26981. Oncorhynchus mykiss; Salmo salar. 20 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Responses to ectoparasite salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in Atlantic salmon
GEO Series GSE27013. Oncorhynchus mykiss; Salmo salar. 40 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Assessing the Evolution of Virulence in the Salmon Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in the Bay of Fundy
GEO Series GSE295072. Lepeophtheirus salmonis; Salmo salar. 94 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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