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14 results for “sandpipers”
Data from: Nest attentiveness drives nest predation in arctic sandpipers
Most birds incubate their eggs to allow embryo development. This behaviour limits the ability of adults to perform other activities. Hence, incubating adults trade-off incubation and nest protection with foraging to meet their own needs. Parents can either cooperate to sustain this trade-off or incubate alone. The main cause of reproductive failure at this reproductive stage is predation and adults reduce this risk by keeping the nest location secret. Arctic sandpipers are interesting biological models to investigate parental care evolution as they may use several parental care strategies. The three main incubation strategies include both parents sharing incubation duties ("biparental"), one parent incubating alone ("uniparental"), or a flexible strategy with both uniparental and biparental incubation within a population ("mixed"). By monitoring the incubation behaviour in 714 nests of seven sandpiper species across 12 arctic sites, we studied the relationship between incubation strategy and nest predation. First, we described how the frequency of incubation recesses (NR), their mean duration (MDR), and the daily total duration of recesses (TDR) vary among strategies. Then, we examined how the relationship between the daily predation rate and these components of incubation behaviour varies across strategies using two complementary survival analysis. For uniparental and biparental species, the daily predation rate increased with the daily total duration of recesses and with the mean duration of recesses. In contrast, daily predation rate increased with the daily number of recesses for biparental species only. These patterns may be attributed to two independent mechanisms: cryptic incubating adults are more difficult to locate than unattended nests and adults departing the nest or feeding close to the nest can draw predators' attention. Our results demonstrate that incubation behaviour as mediated by incubation strategy has important consequences for sandpipers' reproductive success.
Data from: Upland Sandpipers select for later time since fire and experience high nest survival in grasslands managed with patch-burn grazing
<p>Upland Sandpipers (<em>Bartramia longicauda</em>) are a grassland obligate shorebird that nests in dense vegetation structure near recently disturbed areas and could benefit from management practices that promote heterogenous vegetation structure. Although, Upland Sandpipers primary breeding range is generally managed for livestock production using traditional practices that lack patchy disturbances to facilitate higher levels of structural heterogeneity. Patch-burn grazing (PBG) could be an alternative management practice for Upland Sandpiper conservation for its ability to create areas of dense vegetation structure near recently disturbed areas. However, limited information is available regarding nest production of Upland Sandpipers within a PBG framework. To assess the compatibility of PBG with Upland Sandpiper conservation, we estimated nest site selection and survival of Upland Sandpiper nests on private lands managed with PBG in the unglaciated plains region of North Dakota. We located 59 nests from 2017–2020. Upland Sandpipers avoided 1 year since fire (YSF) patches and selected for 2 and 3 YSF patches for nest sites. Additionally, nest site selection decreased with increased bare ground and at intermediate distances to the nearest Upland Sandpiper nest. Upland Sandpipers experienced high overall nest survival during the study with 51 of 59 nests successfully hatching, which limited our ability to make inferences between daily survival rates and variables of interest. Our findings suggest that PBG can provide suitable nesting cover for Upland Sandpipers in later YSF patches despite annual prescribed fire and livestock grazing during the nesting season. PBG seems a suitable grassland management strategy that should be included in conservation planning within Upland Sandpiper's breeding distribution.</p>
Data from: Morphology of western and semipalmated Sandpipers 1978-2020
<p>Increasing predation danger can select for safety-enhancing modifications to prey morphology. We document multi-decade wing lengthening of a Pacific flyway migrant, the western sandpiper (<em>Calidris mauri</em>), and contrast this with contemporaneous wing shortening of the closely related semipalmated sandpiper (<em>C. pusilla</em>) on the Atlantic flyway. We measured > 12,000 southbound western sandpipers captured 1978–2020 at a major stopover site in British Columbia. Wing length increased at 0.074 mm y<sup>-1</sup> (SE = 0.017; p < 0.0003) for adults, and 0.087 mm y<sup>-1</sup> (SE = 0.029; p < 0.007) for juveniles. These rates are of similarly large magnitude (4–5% overall), but opposite in direction, to the rate we previously reported for semipalmated sandpiper adults (-0.103 mm y<sup>-1</sup>). In both species, the change is specific to wings rather than being part of general body size change. We interpret both trends as responses to the ongoing strong increase of peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) populations since the mid-1970s, an important predator encountered by these species in contrasting ways during migration. Western sandpiper and peregrine migrations have temporal and spatial overlap. Longer wings enhance migratory speed and efficiency, enabling western sandpipers to decrease overlap by advancing to safer zones ahead of falcon passage. In contrast, semipalmated sandpipers primarily encounter peregrines as residents at migratory staging sites. Shorter wings improve acceleration and agility, helping migrants to escape attacks. Juvenile western sandpiper wing length also shows a component additive to the lengthening trend, shifting between years at 0.055 mm d<sup>-1</sup> with the highly variable snowmelt date, with wings shorter following early springs. On the Pacific flyway, the timing of peregrine southward passage advances with snowmelt, increasing the relative exposure of juveniles to post-migratory resident peregrines. We interpret this annual wing length adjustment as an induced defense, made possible because snowmelt timing is a reliable cue to danger in the upcoming migration.</p>
Data from: Nest attentiveness drives nest predation in arctic sandpipers
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Data from: Morphology of western and semipalmated Sandpipers 1978-2020
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Data from: Upland Sandpipers select for later time since fire and experience high nest survival in grasslands managed with patch-burn grazing
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Data from: Consistent declines in wing lengths of Calidridine sandpipers suggest a rapid morphometric response to environmental change
A recent study demonstrated that semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) wing lengths have shortened from the 1980s to the present-day. We examined alternative and untested hypotheses for this change at an important stopover site, James Bay, Ontario, Canada. We evaluated morphometric patterns in wing length and bill length by age and sex, when possible, and assessed if wing shape has also changed during this time-period. We investigated patterns of morphological change in two additional Calidridine sandpipers, white-rumped sandpipers (Calidris fuscicollis) and least sandpipers (Calidris minutilla), to determine if shorter wing lengths are a widespread pattern in small sandpipers. We also examined allometric changes in wing and bill lengths to clarify if wing length declines were consistent with historical scaling relationships and indicative of a change in body size instead of only wing length change. We found that including sex and wing shape in analyses revealed important patterns in morphometric change for semipalmated sandpipers. Wing lengths declined for both sexes, but the magnitude of decline was smaller and not significant for males. Additionally, semipalmated sandpiper wings have become more convex, a shape that increases maneuverability in flight. Wing lengths, but not bill lengths, declined for most species and age classes, a pattern that was inconsistent with historical allometric scaling relationships. For juvenile semipalmated sandpipers, however, both bill and wing lengths declined according to historical scaling relationships, which could be a consequence of nutritional stress during development or a shift in the proportion of birds from smaller-sized, western breeding populations. Except for juvenile semipalmated sandpipers, we did not find evidence for an increase in the proportion of birds from different breeding populations at the stopover site. Given the wide, hemispheric distribution of these sandpipers throughout their annual cycles, our results, paired with those from a previous study, provide evidence for wide-spread reduction in wing lengths of Calidridine sandpipers since the 1980s. The shorter wing lengths and more convex wing shapes found in this study support the hypothesis that selection has favored more maneuverable wing morphology in small sandpipers.
Data from: Do the high energy lifestyles of shorebirds result in high maximal metabolic rates? - Basal and maximal metabolic rates in least and pectoral sandpipers during migration
Shorebirds have high resting and field metabolic rates relative to many other bird groups, and this is posited to be related to their high-energy lifestyle. Maximum metabolic outputs for cold or exercise are also often high for bird groups with energetically demanding lifestyles. Moreover, shorebirds demonstrate flexible basal and maximal metabolic rates, which vary with changing energy demands throughout the annual cycle. Consequently, shorebirds might be expected to have high maximum metabolic rates, especially during migration periods. We captured least (Calidris minutilla) and pectoral (C. melanotos) sandpipers during spring and fall migration in southeastern South Dakota and measured maximal exercise metabolic rate (MMR; least sandpipers only), summit metabolic rate (Msum, maximal cold-induced metabolic rate) and basal metabolic rate (BMR, minimum maintenance metabolic rate) with open-circuit respirometry. BMR for both least and pectoral sandpipers exceeded allometric predictions by 3-14%, similar to other shorebirds, but Msum and MMR for both species were either similar to or lower than allometric predictions, suggesting that the elevated BMR in shorebirds does not extend to maximal metabolic capacities. Old World shorebirds show the highest BMR during the annual cycle on the Arctic breeding grounds. Similarly, least sandpiper BMR during migration was lower than on the Arctic breeding grounds, but this was not the case for pectoral sandpipers, so our data only partially support the idea of similar seasonal patterns of BMR variation in New World and Old World shorebirds. We found no correlations of BMR with either Msum or MMR for either raw or mass-independent data, suggesting that basal and maximum aerobic metabolic rates are modulated independently in these species.
Figure 4 in A review of the subspecies status of the Icelandic Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima littoralis
Figure 4. Discriminant analysis of principal components based on multilocus sequence data for Calidris maritima from Canada, Iceland, and Svalbard. The first two principal axes are shown, with the first plotted on the vertical axis. The relative contribution of the two axes is shown in the panel. Ellipses are inertia ellipses calculated by the variance of both principal component axes, and represent 67% of the variance (Jombart et al., 2010).
Figure 3 in A review of the subspecies status of the Icelandic Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima littoralis
Figure 3. Haplotype networks for the different markers. Shadings represent the sampled populations: Iceland in black; Canada in dark grey; Svalbard in light grey; and Greenland in white. The size of the circle indicates the number of individuals scaled by a factor of log base 10, the greyscale indicates the population origin. The small black dots between connections represent the mutational distance between haplotypes, with one dot representing one mutational step. The list of haplotypes, their frequencies, and accession numbers are given in Table S2.
Figure 2. A in A review of the subspecies status of the Icelandic Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima littoralis
Figure 2. A multidimensional scaling plot of the pairwise Mahalanobis distances between populations identified in Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998), and by sex. The species names are given for the different subspecies; capital letters refer to samples from Canada (C), Greenland (G), and the North Atlantic (N); , males; ○, females.
Figure 1 in A review of the subspecies status of the Icelandic Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima littoralis
Figure 1. Breeding distribution of the three Calidris maritima subspecies recognized by Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998; redrawn from Cramp & Simmons, 1983). The breeding area for the nominate subspecies is coloured black, the breeding area for the Icelandic subspecies is shown by diagonal hatching, and the breeding area of Calidris maritima belcheri is coloured dark grey. Numbers refer to the sample sites listed in Engelmoer & Roselaar (1998: 1, Northern Canada (other than 2 and 3); 2, Baffin Island; 3, Hudson Bay; 4, Greenland; 5, Iceland; 6, Northern Fennoscandia; 7, Svalbard; 8, Franz Josef Land; 9, Novaya Zemlya; 10, Taymyr.
Data from: Consistent declines in wing lengths of Calidridine sandpipers suggest a rapid morphometric response to environmental change
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Data from: Do the high energy lifestyles of shorebirds result in high maximal metabolic rates? - Basal and maximal metabolic rates in least and pectoral sandpipers during migration
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