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202 results for “sap”
Linking Xylem Diameter Variations with Sap Flow Measurements at Harvard Forest 2003-2006
Measurements of variation in the diameter of tree stems provide a rapid response, high resolution tool for detecting changes in water tension inside the xylem. Water movement inside the xylem is caused by changes in the water tension and theoretically, the sap flow rate should be directly proportional to the water tension gradient and, therefore, also linearly linked to the xylem diameter variations. The coefficient of proportionality describes the water conductivity and elasticity of the conducting tissue. Xylem diameter variation measurements could thus provide an alternative approach for estimating sap flow rates, but currently we lack means for calibration. On the other hand, xylem diameter variation measurements could also be used as a tool for studying xylem structure and function. If we knew both the water tension in the xylem and the sap flow rate, xylem conductivity and/or elasticity could be calculated from the slope of their relationship. In this study we measured diurnal xylem diameter variation simultaneously with sap flow rates (Granier-type thermal method) in six deciduous species (Acer rubrum L., Alnus glutinosa Miller, Betula lenta L., Fagus Sylvatica L. Quercus rubra L., and Tilia vulgaris L.) for 7-91 day periods during summers 2003, 2005 and 2006 and analyzed the relationship between these two measurements. We found that in all species xylem diameter variations and sap flow rate were linearly related in daily scale (daily average R 2 = 0.61-0.87) but there was a significant variation in the daily slopes of the linear regressions. The largest variance in the slopes, however, was found between species, which is encouraging for finding a species specific calibration method for measuring sap flow rates using xylem diameter variations. At a daily timescale, xylem diameter variation and sap flow rate were related to each other via a hysteresis loop. The slopes during the morning and afternoon did not differ statistically significantly from each other,
Sap Flow of Northern Red Oak Trees Under Ecosystem Warming at Harvard Forest 2011
Over the next century, air temperature increases up to 5 °C are projected for the northeastern USA. Because evapotranspiration dominates water loss from terrestrial ecosystems, tree ecophysiological response to warming will have important consequences for forest water budgets. We measured growing season sap flow rates in mature northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees in a combined air (up to 5.5 °C above ambient) and soil (up to 1.85 °C above ambient at 6-cm depth) warming experiment at Harvard Forest, MA, USA. Principal components analysis found air and soil temperatures had the largest effects on sap flow. On average, each 1 °C increase in temperature increased sap flow rates by approximately 1100 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1 throughout the growing season and by 1200 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1 during the early growing season. Reductions in the number of cold winter days correlated positively with increased sap flow at night during the early growing season (a decrease of 100 heating-degree-days was associated with a sapflow increase of approximately 5 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1). Soil moisture declined with increased treatment temperatures, and each soil moisture percentage increase resulted in an increase in sap flow of approximately 360 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1. At night, soil moisture correlated positively with sap flow rate. These results demonstrate that warmer air and soil temperatures in winter and throughout the growing season lead to increased sap flow rates, which could affect forest water budgets throughout the year.
Maple Reproduction and Sap Flow at Harvard Forest since 2011
Seed production assures the persistence of tree populations and forest cover over the long-term, and so has long interested plant demographers and foresters. Many forest tree species produce seeds synchronously and at irregular intervals across large areas, a phenomenon known as masting. Initiated in spring 2011, this study addresses the mechanisms of mast seeding in sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and its impact on pollinators, seed consumers, and forest carbon dynamics at the Harvard Forest. We monitor seed production (via counts of seeds on trees), flower production, and resource status (via sap collection) on 20 trees. Pollinator dynamics and seed predation (by weevils) are also monitored. In 2015, we added sap and seed monitoring of red maple (Acer rubrum) trees to explore the hypothesis that this non-masting species would have muted dynamics compared to its masting congener.
Sap Flow in Red Maple and Red Oak in the Harvard Forest Snow Removal Study 2011
The climate is changing in mid and high latitude environments with the depth and duration of snowpack shrinking for many temperate forest ecosystems. A reduced snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost can injure fine roots, which are essential for plant water uptake. Water uptake is a crucial component of ecosystem functioning because this process strongly impacts other biological processes, such as primary productivity and nutrient uptake. We evaluated the effects of changing winter climate, including snow and soil frost dynamics, on rates of water uptake (i.e. sap flow) in a snow manipulation study at Harvard Forest. We had three reference and tree plots from which we removed snow and induced soil freezing.
Sap-flux and associated environmental data from ash tree monitoring at four urban parks in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, from May to November of 2023.
We measured the sap flux density of eighteen ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) of varying health and canopy conditions across four urban parks in the City of St. Paul, MN, USA in summer 2023 with a low-cost, compact data logger system we designed in-house. Although many ash trees in the city have either been killed or removed to control the spread of Emerald Ash Borer, chemical insecticide treatments are available for trees that are in early stages infestation. The trees selected for the research have all been receiving insecticide treatment for a few years, but their health and canopy conditions vary. We also have collocated temperature, soil moisture, and precipitation measurements at the same site for summer 2023.
Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE): Sugar Maple Sap Sweetness and Nutrients, and Foliar Gas Exchange and Nutrients, 2013
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) sap sweetness and elemental concentrations, foliar gas exchange, and foliar elemental concentrations were measured in 2013 in Bartlett Experimental Forest stands C6, C8, and C9 and Jeffers Brook stands JBM and JBO. In February and March 2013, sugar maples were sampled for sap sweetness and elemental concentrations of potassium (K), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), and strontium (Sr). In July 2013, leaves from four sugar maple trees per plot, representing the two highest and lowest sap sugar concentrations, were sampled for foliar gas exchange and foliar elemental analyses of Ca, K, Mn, P, nitrogen (N), and silicon (Si). Additional detail on the MELNHE project, including a datatable of site descriptions and a pdf file with the project description and diagram of plot configuration can be found in this data package: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-hbr&identifier=344 These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Survey data of xylem-sap feeding Auchenorrhyncha
<p>The recent outbreaks of the xylem-limited bacterium <em>Xylella fastidiosa</em> in Europe require the improvement of prevention measures and of integrated management strategies for the diseases caused by this destructive pathogen. These needs are adressed by the XF-ACTORS consortium. Within the workpackage 5 of this project, faunistic surveys have been carried out in various habitats of southern and central Europe and in olive groves in Brazil to monitor the presence of xylem-sap feeding Auchenorrhyncha as confirmed or potential vectors of <em>X. fastidiosa</em>. The metadata of the collection are reported in this database. It provides general information about the occurrence and abundance of xylem-sap feeder species in Europe.</p> <p>This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No. 727987 - XF-ACTORS “Xylella Fastidiosa Active Containment Through a multidisciplinary-Oriented Research Strategy”</p>
Detailed sap flow monitoring data at Weierbach catchment, Luxembourg
<p>The current repository contains the dasometric data of monitored trees, hourly sap flow data, and tree surveys carried out at the Weierbach catchment during 2019 and 2020. The monitored trees include the following species:</p> <p>- Beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica </em>L.)</p> <p>- Douglas Fir (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em> (Mirbel) Franco)</p> <p>- Spruce (<em>Picea abies </em>L.)</p> <p>- Oak (hybrids of <em>Quercus petraea</em> (Matt.) Liebl. and <em>Quercus robur </em>L.)</p> <p>The sap flow data for all the trees is presented in cm/hr.</p> <p>The bark data presented in the "dasometry_individual_trees.csv" was obtained from the literature.</p>
del 15N Values for Tanana River Floodplain Soils and Xylem Sap Samples
Because soil microoorganisms preferencially discriminate either for or against heavy nitrogen isotopes in organic compounds we can learn something about the route these compounds take through any given system by looking at the isotopic ratio of heavy to light nitrogen within a pool as compared to the ratio for the system as a whole. An enriched pool means that 15N has been discriminated for, while a depleted pool means 15N has been discriminated against. By determining the del 15N values for soil protein, amino acids, ammonium, the soil microbial population, and plant roots and xylem we can learn something about where plants are deriving there nitrogen nutrition.
Self-Assembled Proteomimetic (SAP) with Antibody-like Binding from Short PNA-Peptide Conjugates
<p><span><span>Affinity proteins </span><span>based on </span><span>a </span><span>three-helix </span><span>bundle</span> <span>(</span><span>affibodies, </span><span>alphabodies</span><span> and computationally </span></span><span><span>de novo</span></span><span> <span>designed</span><span> ones)</span><span> have shown to be a general platform to discover binders with properties reminiscent of </span><span>antibodies</span><span>, combining </span><span>high </span><span>target </span><span>specificity</span><span> with </span><span>affinities reaching well below</span> <span>the </span><span>nanomolar</span><span>.</span> <span>Herein</span><span>,</span><span> we report a new strategy</span><span>, coined self-assembled proteomimetic (SAP)</span><span>,</span><span> to mimic </span><span>such</span><span> three-helix bundle</span><span> architecture with a hybridization-enforced two-helix </span><span>coiled</span> <span>coil</span><span> that is obtained by templated</span> <span>native chemical ligation (</span><span>T-</span><span>NCL) of PNA-peptide conjugates.</span> <span>This SAP </span><span>strategy</span> <span>stands out by</span><span> its</span><span> synthetic accessibility reducing the length on the longest </span><span>synthetic</span><span> peptide to </span><span>less than 30 amino acids, readily attainable by standard SPPS methodologies</span><span>. We show that the </span><span>T</span><span>-NCL dramatically accelerates the </span><span>ligation</span><span>, enabling this chemistry to </span><span>proceed</span> <span>in a combinatorial fashion </span><span>at</span><span> low</span> <span>micromolar</span><span> concentration</span><span>s</span><span>.</span> <span>We </span><span>demonstrate</span> <span>that small </span><span>combinatorial </span><span>libraries of </span><span>SAP</span><span>s</span><span> can be prepared in one operation and used directly in </span><span>affinity selection</span><span>s</span><span> against a target of interest </span><span>with an</span><span> LC-MS </span><span>analysis</span><span> of the fittest binders</span><span>.</span> <span>Moreover, we </span><span>show</span><span> that </span><span>the underlying</span> <span>design</span><span> paradigm</span><span> is functional for</span><span> SAPs based on structurally distinct three-helix peptides </span><span>aimed at</span><span> different </span><span>therapeutic </span><span>targets, namely</span> <span>HER2 </span><span>and</span><span> spike’s RBD</span><span>,</span></span> <span><span>reaching picomolar </span><span>affinities</span></span><span><span>. We further </span><span>illustrate </span><span>that the</span> <span>affinity </span><span>of the </span><span>S</span><span>AP</span><span> can be allosterically regulated using a toehold displacement</span><span> of the hybridizing PNAs</span><span> to disrupt the </span><span>coiled coil</span><span> stabilization.</span> <span>Finally, w</span><span>e show that </span><span>an RBD-targeting </span><span>SAP effectively inhibits viral </span><span>entry </span><span>of SARS-CoV-2</span> <span>with an IC</span></span><span><span>50</span></span><span><span> of </span><span>2.8</span> <span>nM</span><span>.</span></span><span> </span></p>
Linked collectors and determiners for: Type designations and taxonomic remarks for Nearctic sap beetles in the subfamily Carpophilinae Erichson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Type designations and taxonomic remarks for Nearctic sap beetles in the subfamily Carpophilinae Erichson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/d444d56e-9031-4ffa-85f8-687c745b761e">https://bionomia.net/dataset/d444d56e-9031-4ffa-85f8-687c745b761e</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/d444d56e-9031-4ffa-85f8-687c745b761e">https://gbif.org/dataset/d444d56e-9031-4ffa-85f8-687c745b761e</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Figures 2–3 in A checklist of the sap beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) fauna of Indiana, with notes on effective trapping methods
Figures 2–3. Examples of trap designs. 2) Plastic "jug" trap baited with fermenting mixture hung from tree branch in an open wooded area. 3) Plastic "boat" trap baited with apple cider vinegar placed in the crotch of a large tree. The lid is propped open to allow attractant to spread but still shield the container from rain.
Figure 4–5 in A checklist of the sap beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) fauna of Indiana, with notes on effective trapping methods
Figure 4–5. Dorsal habitus of two species of Nitidulidae. 4) Amphotis ulkei LeConte. 5) Glischrochilus confluentus (Say).
Datasets of sap flow, meteorological, leaf gas measurements in urban green areas in Helsinki
<p>Datasets of sap flow, meteorological, leaf gas measurements used in the manuscript “Sap flow and leaf gas exchange response to drought and heatwave in urban green spaces in a Nordic city”. Data contains cleaned half-hourly sap flow data and half-hourly meteorological datasets (Tair, Tsoil, RH, soil temperature, soil moisture) at four different urban green areas in Helsinki.</p> <p>Manual measurements of leaf gas exchanges using GFS instruments. Datasets contains mainly the Amax parameters derived from curve fitting and instantaneous values of G and E at PAR 1100 W m<sup>-2</sup>.</p> <p>Folders contain:</p> <ul> <li>Leaf gas exchange data <ul> <li>Leaf_gas_data_all_v2.csv</li> <li>Metadata_leaf gas exchange data.csv</li> </ul> </li> <li>Meteo data <ul> <li>Meteo_Forest_data_30min.csv</li> <li>Meteo_Orchard_data_30min.csv</li> <li>Meteo_Park_data_30min.csv</li> <li>Meteo_Street_data_30min.csv</li> <li>Metainfo_meteo.xlsx</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sap flow data <ul> <li>Sap_Forest_30min_cleaned.csv</li> <li>Sap_Orchard_30min_cleaned.csv</li> <li>Sap_Park_30min_cleaned.csv</li> <li>Sap_Street_30min_cleaned.csv</li> <li>Metadata_info_sap.csv</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Sap Flux Density at the CWRU Farm
This dataset reflects a short term study on Beech Leaf Disease's affect on sap flux density in three American Beech Trees at the Case Western Reserve University Farm.
Sap Flux and Microclimate Data for Co-Occurring White Spruce and Paper Birch at an Intermediate Aged Stand in the Bonanza Creek LTER Regional Site Network 2013-2018
This dataset contains hourly mean sap flux density and microclimate data for co-occurring white spruce and Alaska paper birch from early June of 2013 to mid-September of 2018. The data were published as part of a 2021 article in Journal of Ecology.
Sap Flow in the Soil Freezing Study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 2010
The climate is changing in many temperate forests with the amount of forest area dominated by sugar maple experiencing an insulating snowpack expected to shrink between 49 and 95% compared to 1951-2005 values. A reduced snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost can injure fine roots, which are essential for plant water uptake. Water uptake is a crucial component of ecosystem functioning because this process strongly impacts other biological processes, such as primary productivity and nutrient uptake. We evaluated the effects of changing winter climate, including snow and soil frost dynamics, by measuring sap flow rates in the Soil Freezing Study plots at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Analysis of these data are published in: Harrison, J.L., Reinmann, A.B., Maloney, A.S. et al. Transpiration of Dominant Tree Species Varies in Response to Projected Changes in Climate: Implications for Composition and Water Balance of Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Ecosystems (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00490-y
Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Sap Flow
Sap flow was measured on all Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) plots. There are six plots total (each 11 x 14m). Two are warmed 5 degrees C throughout the growing season (Plots 3 and 4). Two others are warmed 5 degrees C in the growing season and have snow removed during winter to induce soil freezing and then warming cables turn on to create thaws; Each soil freeze/thaw cycles includes 72-hours of soil freezing followed by 72-hours of thaw (Plots 5 and 6). Four kilometers (2.5 mi) of heating cable are buried in the soil to warm these four plots. Two additional plots serve as controls for our experiment (Plots 1 and 2). This data set includes sap flow measurements for 2015 and 2017 growing seasons. These sap flow data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Ecosystem-Scale Rainfall Manipulation in a Piñon-Juniper Forest at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico: Sap Flow Data (2006-2013)
Climate models predict that water limited regions around the world will become drier and warmer in the near future, including southwestern North America. We developed a large-scale experimental system that allows testing of the ecosystem impacts of precipitation changes. Four treatments were applied to 1600 m2 plots (40 m × 40 m), each with three replicates in a piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniper monosperma) ecosystem. These species have extensive root systems, requiring large-scale manipulation to effectively alter soil water availability.  Treatments consisted of: 1) irrigation plots that receive supplemental water additions, 2) drought plots that receive 55% of ambient rainfall, 3) cover-control plots that receive ambient precipitation, but allow determination of treatment infrastructure artifacts, and 4) ambient control plots. Our drought structures effectively reduced soil water potential and volumetric water content compared to the ambient, cover-control, and water addition plots. Drought and cover control plots experienced an average increase in maximum soil and air temperature at ground level of 1-4° C during the growing season compared to ambient plots, and concurrent short-term diurnal increases in maximum air temperature were also observed directly above and below plastic structures. Our drought and irrigation treatments significantly influenced tree predawn water potential, sap-flow, and net photosynthesis, with drought treatment trees exhibiting significant decreases in physiological function compared to ambient and irrigated trees.  Supplemental irrigation resulted in a significant increase in both plant water potential and xylem sap-flow compared to trees in the other treatments. This experimental design effectively allows manipulation of plant water stress at the ecosystem scale, permits a wide range of drought conditions, and provides prolonged drought conditions comparable to historical droughts in the past – drought events for w
Data from: Chromosome-level genome of the melon thrips yields insights into evolution of a sap-sucking lifestyle and pesticide resistance
<p>Thrips are tiny insects from the order Thysanoptera (Hexapoda: Condylognatha), including many sap-sucking pests that are causing increasing damage to crops worldwide. In contrast to their closest relatives of Hemiptera (Hexapoda: Condylognatha) including numerous sap-sucking species, there are few genomic resources available for thrips. In this study, we assembled the first thrips genome at the chromosome level from the melon thrips, <i>Thrips palmi</i>, a notorious pest in agriculture, using PacBio long-read and Illumina short-read sequences. The assembled genome was 270.43 Mb in size with 4,120 contigs and a contig N50 of 426 kb. All contigs were assembled into 16 linkage groups assisted by the Hi-C technique. In total, 16,333 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 88.13% were functionally annotated. Among sap-sucking insects, polyphagous species usually possess more detoxification genes than oligophagous species. The polyphagous thrips genomes characterized so far have relatively more detoxification genes in the GST and CCE families than polyphagous aphids, but they have fewer UGTs. HSP genes, especially from the Hsp70s group, have expanded in thrips compared to other hemipteran insects. These differences point to different genetic mechanisms associated with detoxification and stress responses in these two groups of sap-sucking insects. The expansion of these gene families may contribute to the rapid development of pesticide resistance in thrips, as supported by a transcriptome comparison of resistant and sensitive populations of <i>T. palmi</i>. The high-quality genome developed here provides an invaluable resource for understanding the ecology, genetics and evolution of thrips as well as their relatives more generally.</p>
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