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309 results for “scale of effect”
Urban Residential Surface and Subsurface Hydrology: Synergistic Effects of Low-Impact Features at the Parcel Scale
Accurately predicting the hydrologic effects of urbanization requires an understanding of how hydrologic processes are affected by low‐impact development practices. In this study, we explored how growing season surface runoff, deep drainage, and evapotranspiration on a residential parcel are affected by several low‐impact interventions, including three "impervious‐centric" interventions (disconnecting downspouts, disconnecting sidewalks, and adding a transverse slope to the driveway and front walk), two "pervious‐centric" interventions (decompacting soil and adding microtopography), and all possible "holistic" combinations. Results were compared to both a highly and moderately compacted baseline parcel under an average and a dry weather scenario for a temperate climate. We find that under reasonable assumptions for highly compacted soil, pervious areas are a major source of runoff and disconnecting impervious surfaces may be relatively less effective without improving soil conditions. Under both highly and moderately compacted soil conditions, combining efforts to decompact soil with impervious disconnection has a synergistic effect on reducing surface runoff and increasing deep drainage and evapotranspiration. All combinations of interventions enhance infiltration, but the partitioning of additional root zone water between deep drainage and evapotranspiration depends on the weather scenario. Importantly, when all low‐impact interventions are applied together, growing season deep drainage is higher than that from a vacant lot with no impervious surfaces. We infer that ecohydrologic interfaces between impervious and pervious areas are strong controls on urban hydrologic fluxes and that high‐resolution, process‐based models can be used to account for these interfaces and thereby improve predictions of the hydrologic effects of low‐impact interventions.
Microclimate temperature effects propagate across scales in forest ecosystems, Berchtesgaden National Park, Bavaria, Germany
Context: Forest canopies shape subcanopy environments, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Empirical forest microclimate studies are often restricted to local scales and short-term effects, but forest dynamics unfold at landscape scales and over long time periods. Objectives: We developed the first explicit and dynamic implementation of microclimate temperature buffering in a forest landscape model and investigated effects on simulated forest dynamics and outcomes. Methods: We adapted the individual-based forest landscape and disturbance model iLand to use microclimate temperature for three processes [decomposition, bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) development, and tree seedling establishment]. We simulated forest dynamics with or without microclimate temperature buffering in a temperate European mountain landscape under historical climate and disturbance conditions.
Nutrient amendment effects on phytoplankton, water chemistry, and cyanotoxins in the 2018 Large-Scale Mesocosm Experiment at the University of Kansas Field Station
This dataset includes water physicochemical parameters, phytoplankton community composition, and cyanobacteria metabolites collected during a 21-day nutrient amendment experiment conducted from 23 July to 13 August 2018 at the University of Kansas Biological Station, Lawrence, KS, United States (39.049674°N, 95.190777°W). The experiment was performed using 18 large-scale, closed-bottom fiberglass tanks (volume: 11,000 L; height: 1.25 m; diameter: 3 m). Three tanks served as ambient controls (CON), while the others received one of the following nutrient treatments: nitrogen only (280 µM) as either ammonium chloride (NH4) or sodium nitrate (NO3); nitrogen (280 µM) plus phosphorus (200 µM) as either ammonium chloride + dipotassium phosphate (NHP) or sodium nitrate + dipotassium phosphate (NOP); and phosphorus only (200 µM) as dipotassium phosphate (P). Each tank received an initial nutrient dose on Day 0.5, followed by weekly additions of 20% of the initial amendment to maintain treatment conditions. All data were quality controlled to correct basic errors and to remove measurements outside the manufacturer’s standard operational ranges.
Effects of Small-scale Armoring and Residential Development on the Salt Marsh/Upland Ecotone in Coastal Georgia, USA
Use of small-scale armoring placed near the marsh-upland interface to protect single-family homes from flooding is a widespread coastal development practice, but its effect on the environment is under studied. We compared the biota and environmental characteristics of 60 marshes on the coast of Georgia, USA, that were adjacent to either a bulkhead, a residential backyard with no armoring, or an intact forest during June-July 2013 using a nested, spatially blocked sampling design. For each plot in each sampling site, we used real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS to measure the location and elevation of the upper marsh. We collected cores to determine porewater salinity and nutrient concentrations as well as grain size distribution of marsh sediments. We quantified flora (vegetation composition) and fauna (snail, bivalve, and crab abundance) in the upper marsh ecotone. For sites with bulkheads, we recorded the height, thickness and condition of the bulkhead, as well as surveyed the animals living on and around the bulkheads.
Data and script for "On the emergence of ecosystem decay: a critical assessment of patch area effects across spatial scales"
<p>Data and R script necessary to replicate the results of Riva et al. 2024 ("On the emergence of ecosystem decay: a critical assessment of patch area effects across spatial scales"; minor revisions, Biological Conservation).</p>
Effects of a tropical stream poisoning: do they reflect effects of small-scale experiments?
Small-scale experiments in tropical streams have suggested that freshwater shrimps play a critical role in determining the quality and quantity of benthic organic matter and overall nutrient dynamics. We quantified the effects of a whole-reach shrimp poisoning event in the Sonadora, a second-order stream draining the Luquillo Experimental Forest in northeastern Puerto Rico. The illegal poisoning (for shrimp harvest) caused massive mortality of shrimps and aquatic insects. Atyid and xiphocaridid shrimp abundances in pools of the poisoned reach were reduced by ~95%, relative to abundances in an upstream reference reach. A survey of poisoned vs. reference pools, combined with a manipulative experiment (in which atyid and xiphocaridid shrimps were added to 3 poisoned pools), showed that reduced shrimp abundances due to the poisoning had strong impacts on benthic resources. The benthos of poisoned pools, where shrimp abundances were reduced, had 4 times more chlorophyll a, 6 times more algal biovolume, 4 times more fine particulate organic matter, 14 times more fine particulate inorganic matter, 5 times more carbon, and 4 times more nitrogen than did the benthos of pools in the reference reach. These increases in benthic resources were consistent with increases in algae, organic/inorganic matter, and nutrients in previous small-scale shrimp exclusion experiments conducted in the study river and tributaries. Effects of shrimp poisoning on the benthos varied by habitat, with riffles showing fewer significant differences than did pools. Compared to reference riffles, poisoned riffles had higher standing stocks of fine particulate inorganic matter, nitrogen, and biovolume of filamentous algae, and lower epilithic C:N ratios. Overall, previous small-scale exclusion experiments were highly predictive of the direction of effects due to large-scale shrimp removal by poisoning. Our study provides a tropical data set to add to the short list of stream studies that examine the pred
Data from a Large-Scale Experiment to Evaluate the Effects of Trapping to Control Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) in The Netherlands
<p>This data set supports the publication 'A Large-Scale Experiment to Evaluate the Effects of Trapping to Control Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) in The Netherlands' by Daan Bos, Emiel van Loon, Erik Klop and Ron Ydenberg. (the paper was accepted for publication in Wildlife Society Bulletin in 2020)</p> <p>The Muskrat is an invasive species in Europe and in the Netherlands muskrat burrowing can compromise the integrity of dykes and hence poses a public safety threat. For that reason a control programme has been in effect since the arrival of the species in 1941. To investigate the relation between catch and effort and enhance prediction models, a large randomized controlled experiment was designed and conducted from 2013 till 2016. The publication by Bos et al. (2020) analyses the experimental results and here we present and document the experimental data. See the readme.md file for further information.</p>
Subgrid-scale effects in cloud-like atmospheric flows: Colliding thermals - volume 2
<p>Datasets to perform surrogate modeling of subgrid-scale effects in cloud-like atmospheric flows. Please see README.md file for detailed description and metadata.</p>
Large scale and information effects on cooperation in public good games
<pre>This dataset accompanies the paper "Large scale and information effects on cooperation in public good games", https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50964-w It records participant decisions in a set of Public Goods Games (see details in the paper). Explanation of the data fields: #participant_id: identification number for each participant in each treatment #player_alive: (for each round) 1=participant is still playing; 0=participant has been banned for forgetting three decisions or did not show up the first day. #group_avg_contribution: Average contribution #player_contribution: participant individual contribution to the PGG #round_number: round number #gender #age #treatment: see the publication for details regarding the different treatments # IBSEN metadata # 2017A2ECOCOOPANSA01ONL0000ESPMAD </pre>
Raw data from Qin et al. (2018) "Modeling the kinetics of hydrogen formation by zerovalent iron: Effects of sulfidation on micro- and nano-scale particles"
<p>Raw hydrogen concentration vs. time data from Qin, H., X. Guan, J. Z. Bandstra, R. L. Johnson, and P. G. Tratnyek (2018) “Modeling the kinetics of hydrogen formation by zerovalent iron: Effects of sulfidation on micro- and nano-scale particles” Environ. Sci. Technol. 52(23): 13887-13896. [10.1021/acs.est.8b04436]</p> <p>This manuscript reports a large set of new concentration vs. time data for dihydrogen (H2) produced by corrosion of granular zerovalent iron (i.e., the hydrogen evolution reaction, HER) in aqueous media relevant to groundwater remediation. Four alternative kinetic models are evaluated by fitting the data using global non-linear regression. Details are given in the main text and supporting information of the (open access) manuscript. </p> <p>The data provided here are in two formats: (i) a .csv file that contains only data and labels, and (ii) a .pxp file that includes the data and graphs (without fits) in the same layout as figures in the original manuscript. The .pxp file was prepared with Igor Pro 8.02 (https://www.wavemetrics.com).</p>
Model outputs for update of occurrence and hunting yield-based data models for wild boar at European scale: new approach to handle the bioregion effect, May 2020 update
<p>These maps are models obtained in intermediate phases of the ENETWILD project based on available information. There are frequent updates in order to improve the results.<br> <br> Objectives:<br> <br> - Incorporate additional data to provide new maps of wild boar suitability with a resolution of 2x2 km >>> file 3_June_2020_suitability_2x2.tif<br> - New model based on hunting yield with different approaches to handle the biorregion effect >>> files 1_June_2020_HY_nut01_10x10_twostep.tif & 2_June_2020_HY_nut01_10x10_pca.tif<br> <br> Model settings and predictors: <br> - Hunting yield modeling including biorregion effect as bioclimatic PCA scores<br> - Hunting yield addressing biorregion effect in a two-step procedure with independent parametrization for each bioregion<br> <br> Conclusions guiding future methodological steps:<br> - For wild boar suitability maps at 2x2 km, additional data on survey effort is critical in the southern bioregion<br> - Hunting yield model predictions at 10x10 km grids overestimated the hunting bag numbers obtained from the external datasets<br> - HY model with independent parametrization for each bioregion performed better that previous and new strategies<br> <br> For further details and methodological approach see the paper:<br> ENETWILD-consortium, P. Acevedo, S .Croft, G C Smith, J. A. Blanco-Aguiar, J. Fernandez-Lopez, M. Scandura, M. Apollonio, E.Ferroglio, Oliver Keuling, M. Sange, S. Zanet, F. Brivio, T. Podgórski, K.Petrović, Soriguer, J. Vicente (2020) update of occurrence and hunting yield-based data models for wild boar at European scale: new approach to handle the bioregion effect. EFSA supporting publication 2020 TO BE COMPLETED<br> <br> Permission for reuse hunting yield outputs is granted under the terms indicated by EFSA.</p>
Data from: An effective method for ecosystem-scale manipulation of bird abundance and species richness
Manipulation experiments are a cornerstone of ecological research, but can be logistically challenging to execute – particularly when they are intended to isolate the ecological role of large, vagile species, like birds. Despite indirect evidence that birds are influential in many ecosystems, large-scale, multi-year bird manipulation experiments are rare. When these studies are conducted, they are typically realized with caged or netted exclosures, an approach that can be expensive, risky for wildlife, and difficult to maintain. In cases where caged exclosures are not appropriate, alternate approaches are needed to allow rigorous empirical studies on the ecological role of birds. Here, we present and validate a method for experimentally increasing the abundance and richness of birds at the scale of entire aquatic ecosystems. Unlike bird exclusion, this approach is experimentally tractable, appealing to land managers, and possible to deploy over large spatial scales. We tested the efficacy of our approach for increasing bird abundance and species richness at 16 central California ponds. Based on bird visitation data obtained by summer camera trapping, our approach significantly increased bird species richness and abundance at manipulated ponds compared to control ponds. Attractant treatments mitigated the negative effects of a major drought on bird species richness, and generated a near-doubling of bird abundance in the presence of attractants. Treatments had no effect on most mammal species, with the exception of ground squirrels, which increased in abundance in the presence of attractants. These results suggest that attractants are effective in increasing bird abundance and richness. We encourage researchers to consider this approach for experimentally isolating the ecological role of birds in aquatic and open terrestrial ecosystems, especially in cases where cost or logistical constraints preclude the use of caged or netted exclosures.
Computed results for Bayesian genome scale modelling temperature effect on yeast metabolism
<p>This repository contains the computed results for reproducing the figures in the manuscript "Li G., et al. Bayesian genome scale modelling identifies thermal determinants of yeast metabolism". The scripts can be found in Github (<a href="https://github.com/Gangl2016/BayesianGEM">https://github.com/Gangl2016/BayesianGEM</a>)</p>
Raw Data related to Research Article: Scaling of metal-clad InP nanodisk lasers: optical performance and thermal effects, Optics Express, volume 29, issue 3, 2021
<p>These are the plotted and raw data used to obtain figures shown in:</p> <p>P. Tiwari, P. Wen, D. Caimi, S. Mauthe, N. Vico Triviño, M. Sousa, and K. E. Moselund, Scaling of metal-clad InP nanodisk lasers: optical performance and thermal effects., Optics Express, volume 29, issue 3, 2021</p> <p>Please comply with copyright rules of the Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement.:</p> <p>https://www.osapublishing.org/library/license_v1.cfm#VOR-OA</p> <p> </p>
Data from: harnessing the power of regional baselines for broad-scale genetic stock identification: a multistage, integrated, and cost-effective approach
<p>In mixed-stock fishery analyses, genetic stock identification (GSI) estimates the contribution of each population to a mixture and is typically conducted at a regional scale using genetic baselines specific to the stocks expected in that region. Often these regional baselines cannot be combined to produce broader geographical baselines due to non-overlapping populations and genetic markers. In cases where the mixture contains stocks spanning across a wide area, a broad-scale baseline is created, but often at the cost of resolution. Here, we introduce a new GSI method to harness the resolution capabilities of baselines developed for regional applications in the analysis of mixtures containing individuals from a broad geographic range. This method employs a multistage framework that allows disparate baselines to be used in a single integrated process that produces estimates along with the propagated errors from each stage. All individuals in the mixture sample are required to be genotyped for all genetic markers in the baselines used by this model, but the baselines do not require overlap in genetic markers or populations representing the broad-scale or regional baselines.</p> <p>We demonstrate our integrated multistage GSI model using a synthesized data set made up of Chinook salmon, <em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>, from the North Bering Sea of Alaska. The data set is designed to be run using R package, Ms.GSI, and it does not represent the composition of the real fishery. The results show an improved accuracy for estimates using an integrated multistage framework, compared to the conventional framework of using separate hierarchical steps. The integrated multistage framework allows GSI of a wide geographic area without first developing a large scale, high-resolution genetic baseline or dividing a mixture sample into smaller regions beforehand. This approach is more cost-effective than updating range-wide baselines with all regionally important markers.</p>
Supplementary data to "The effects of small-scale heterogeneity on biomonitoring of desmid phytobenthos in Central European temperate mountain peatlands"
<p>The supplementary data consist of the files including the species-in-samples data and their associated NCV scores used for the analyses described in the manuscript submitted to hydrobiologia. In addition, two R scripts used for the analyses are included, too.</p> <p> </p>
Effectively controlling for sample relatedness in large-scale GWAS: application to 79 EHR-derived longitudinal traits
<p><span>Sample relatedness is a major confounder in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), potentially leading to inflated type I error rates if not appropriately controlled. A common strategy is to incorporate a random effect related to genetic relatedness matrix (GRM) into regression models. However, this approach is challenging for large-scale GWAS of complex traits, such as longitudinal traits. Here we propose a scalable and accurate analysis framework, SPA<sub>GRM</sub>, which controls for sample relatedness via a precise approximation of the joint distribution of genotypes. SPA<sub>GRM</sub> can utilize GRM-free models and thus is applicable to various trait types and statistical methods, including linear mixed models and generalized estimation equations for longitudinal traits. A hybrid strategy incorporating saddlepoint approximation greatly increases the accuracy to analyze low-frequency and rare genetic variants, especially in unbalanced phenotypic distributions. We also introduce SPA<sub>GRM(CCT)</sub> to aggregate the results following different models via Cauchy combination test. Extensive simulations and real data analyses demonstrated that SPA<sub>GRM</sub> maintains well-controlled type I error rates and SPA<sub>GRM(CCT)</sub> can serve as a broadly effective method. Applying SPA<sub>GRM</sub> to 79 longitudinal traits extracted from</span><span> </span><span>UK Biobank primary care data, we identified 7,463 genetic loci, making a pioneering attempt to conduct GWAS for these traits as longitudinal traits.</span></p>
Simulated treatment effects on bird communities inform landscape‐scale dry conifer forest management
<p>Human land use and climate change have increased forest density and wildfire risk in dry conifer forests of western North America, threatening various ecosystem services, including habitat for wildlife. Government policy supports active management to restore historical structure and ecological function. Information on potential contributions of restoration to wildlife habitat can allow assessment of tradeoffs with other ecological benefits when prioritizing treatments. We predicted avian responses to simulated treatments representing alternative scenarios to inform landscape‐scale forest management planning along the Colorado Front Range. We used data from the Integrated Monitoring in Bird Conservation Regions program to inform a hierarchical multispecies occupancy model relating species occupancy and richness with canopy cover at two spatial scales. We then simulated changes in canopy cover (remotely sensed in 2018) under three alternative scenarios, (1) a "fuels reduction" scenario representing landscape‐wide 30% reduction in canopy cover, (2) a "restoration" scenario representing more nuanced, spatially variable treatments targeting historical conditions, and (3) a reference, no‐change scenario. Model predictions showed areas of potential gains and losses for species richness, richness of ponderosa pine forest habitat specialists, and the ratio of specialists to generalists at two (1 km<sup>2</sup> and 250 m<sup>2</sup>) spatial scales. Under both fuels reduction and restoration scenarios, we projected greater gains than losses for species richness. Surprisingly, despite restoration more explicitly targeting ecologically relevant historical conditions, fuels reduction benefited bird species richness over a greater spatial extent than restoration, particularly in the lower montane life zone. These benefits reflected generally positive species associations with moderate canopy cover promoted more consistently under the fuels reduction scenario. In practice, contemporary forest management is likely to lie somewhere between the fuels reduction and restoration scenarios represented here. Therefore, our results inform where and how active forest management can best support avian diversity. Although our study raises questions regarding the value of including landscape‐scale heterogeneity as a management objective, we do not question the value of targeting finer-scale heterogeneity (i.e., stand and treatment level). Rather, our results combined with those from previous work clarify the scale at which targeting structural heterogeneity and historical reference conditions can promote particular ecosystem services.</p>
Datasets from Ganuza et al. 2022: Interactive effects of climate and land use on pollinator diversity differ among taxa and scales
<p>Datasets used in Ganuza et al. 2022: Interactive effects of climate and land use on pollinator diversity differ among taxa and scales. Local and regional data are provided in separate files for the environmental variables, plant species composition and the composition of the different pollinator taxa.</p>
Remarkable effects of microbial factors on soil phosphorus bioavailability: a country-scale study
<p><span>Low soil phosphorus (P) bioavailability causes the widespread occurrence of P-limited terrestrial ecosystems around the globe. Exploring the factors influencing soil P bioavailability at large spatial scales is critical for managing these ecosystems. However, previous studies have mostly focused on abiotic factors. In this study, we explored the effects of microbial factors on soil P bioavailability of terrestrial ecosystems using a <span>country</span><span>continental</span>-scale sampling effort. Our results showed that soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and acid phosphatase were important predictors of soil P bioavailability of agro- and natural ecosystems across China although they appeared less important than total soil P. The two microbial factors had a positive effect on soil P bioavailability of both ecosystem types and were able to mediate the effects of several abiotic factors (e.g., mean annual temperature). Meanwhile, we revealed that soil phytase could affect soil P bioavailability at the <span>country</span><span>continental</span> scale via ways similar to those of soil MBC and acid phosphatase, a pattern being more pronounced in agroecosystems than in natural ecosystems. Moreover, we obtained evidence for the positive effects of microbial genes encoding these enzymes on soil P bioavailability at the <span>country</span><span>continental </span>scale although their effect sizes varied between the two ecosystem types. Taken together, this study demonstrated the remarkable effects of microbial factors on soil P bioavailability at a large spatial scale, highlighting the importance to consider microbial factors in managing the widespread P-limited terrestrial ecosystems.</span></p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.